The document provides guidelines for reporting speech and questions in indirect speech. It notes that tenses change to the past in indirect speech. Pronouns, time/place adverbs, and demonstratives may need to change depending on the context. The verbs "say" and "tell" are used differently, with an object pronoun only used after "tell". Indirect questions use "ask" plus the question word or "if/whether" for yes/no questions. "Tell" and "ask" are followed by the person/pronoun and an infinitive with "to".
This 135-hour B2 English course runs from September 2023 to May 2024, with classes on Tuesdays and online work on Thursdays. Students will develop communication skills through speaking, listening, reading, and writing activities. Grammar and vocabulary will also be reviewed. Students must attend at least 70% of classes and complete online work to pass. There will be continuous assessment as well as exams in February, April, and May to evaluate progress and determine if students pass the course.
This document provides information on defining and non-defining relative clauses. It discusses the different relative pronouns used such as who, which, that, whose, where, why and when. It also covers optional relative pronouns when the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. Finally, it discusses placement of prepositions in relative clauses.
This document discusses modal verbs and expressions related to permission, obligation, necessity, and prohibition in English at a B2 level. It outlines strong and mild forms of obligation expressed by verbs like must, have to, should, ought to. It also covers lack of obligation and prohibition using verbs such as not have to, mustn't, and aren't allowed to. Finally, it provides examples of modal verbs and discusses their irregularities in terms of tense and use in questions and negatives.
The document provides guidelines for reporting speech and questions in indirect speech. It notes that tenses change to the past in indirect speech. Pronouns, time/place adverbs, and demonstratives may need to change depending on the context. The verbs "say" and "tell" are used differently, with an object pronoun only used after "tell". Indirect questions use "ask" plus the question word or "if/whether" for yes/no questions. "Tell" and "ask" are followed by the person/pronoun and an infinitive with "to".
This 135-hour B2 English course runs from September 2023 to May 2024, with classes on Tuesdays and online work on Thursdays. Students will develop communication skills through speaking, listening, reading, and writing activities. Grammar and vocabulary will also be reviewed. Students must attend at least 70% of classes and complete online work to pass. There will be continuous assessment as well as exams in February, April, and May to evaluate progress and determine if students pass the course.
This document provides information on defining and non-defining relative clauses. It discusses the different relative pronouns used such as who, which, that, whose, where, why and when. It also covers optional relative pronouns when the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. Finally, it discusses placement of prepositions in relative clauses.
This document discusses modal verbs and expressions related to permission, obligation, necessity, and prohibition in English at a B2 level. It outlines strong and mild forms of obligation expressed by verbs like must, have to, should, ought to. It also covers lack of obligation and prohibition using verbs such as not have to, mustn't, and aren't allowed to. Finally, it provides examples of modal verbs and discusses their irregularities in terms of tense and use in questions and negatives.
This document provides a course description for a C2 level English course from September 2021 to May 2022. The 135-hour course will be held in-person on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 4-6pm and 6-8:30pm. Students will develop advanced communication skills across speaking, reading, listening and writing competencies. Grammar and vocabulary will also be reviewed. Continuous assessment includes classwork, assignments, an oral presentation and final exams in May. A minimum of 70% attendance is required to pass.
This document discusses defining and non-defining relative clauses. Defining relative clauses provide essential information about the noun they refer to without commas. Non-defining relative clauses provide non-essential extra information and use commas. It also discusses relative pronouns like who, which, that, whose, where, why, when and relative phrases. Optional relative pronouns are omitted when the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. Prepositions are usually placed at the end of relative clauses in everyday speech.
This document provides a course description for an intermediate English course (CEFR C2 level) lasting approximately 135 hours from September 2020 to May 2021. The course will focus on developing communication skills through speaking, listening, reading, and writing activities using a textbook and other authentic materials. Assessment will be based on continuous classwork as well as short tests in December, February, and April, with an exam in June. Students are expected to regularly attend in-person or online classes and complete independent study work.
This document discusses various ways to talk about the future in English using different verb tenses and expressions. It outlines how to discuss plans and intentions using "be going to", arrangements using the present continuous, uncertain plans using "might" and "may", and instant decisions and promises using "will". It also covers predicting the future using modal verbs like "will", "might", and "could" as well as expressions involving "due to", "about to", and "likely to". Finally, it discusses talking about fixed future events and schedules using the present simple and future facts using "will".
This document discusses advanced modal verbs in English. It explains that modal verbs behave like forms of "to be" and don't require auxiliaries. They are followed by an infinitive without "to" and express meanings like possibility, probability, certainty, permission, obligation and ability. It then provides examples to illustrate the use and meanings of various modal verbs like must, could, can't, should, will, shall, have to, ought to, need to, can, may and be able to.
This document discusses the main uses and formation of continuous tenses in English. It notes that continuous tenses are normally used with action verbs and the passive voice. They are used to describe unfinished activities or events in the present, past, present perfect, and past perfect. Continuous tenses can also emphasize the temporary nature of an activity or situation. They focus on the duration of an activity in some cases. Continuous tenses describe arrangements and activities based on previous decisions using the present, past, and future continuous forms. They can also show trends over time using the present continuous or present perfect. Some stative verbs can take continuous forms for emphasis, annoyance, or repeated habits.
This document discusses various uses of inversion in formal English grammar. It provides examples of inversion occurring after negative adverbials like never, not until, nowhere else, and under no circumstances for emphasis. Inversion also occurs with auxiliaries like do or did after adverbials involving time or extent like not until, not only, at no time, in no way, and little. Additional contexts for inversion include after adverbial clauses, with expressions like so and such, in conditional sentences, and after expressions of place or direction in literary style.
This course description outlines a C2 level English course consisting of around 100 hours from September 2019 to May 2020. Classes will be held on Tuesdays for all students and Thursdays for those in the regular group. The course aims to develop communication skills through speaking, reading, listening and writing activities covering a variety of topics. Students will review grammar, vocabulary, and read authentic materials. Assessment will be continuous along with a midterm exam in February and final exam in May. Students are expected to study independently each week and attend at least 70% of classes.
The document discusses the formation and use of the passive voice in English. It describes how the passive is formed using various tenses like the present simple and past simple. The passive voice is used when the person performing the action is unknown, unimportant, or obvious from context. It is also commonly used in scientific writing, news reports, and with impersonal expressions like "it is said" to focus on the recipient of the action rather than the actor.
This 135-hour English course at CEFR B1 level aims to develop communication skills. Students will speak to improve fluency and accuracy, learn grammar, read texts, listen to audio, and write for various purposes. The course uses the textbook "English File Intermediate" and requires students to read and submit a report on at least one additional book. Students will be continuously assessed with in-class work, assignments, and oral tasks. Exams include a mock exam in February and a certification exam in May or June testing reading, listening, writing, oral interaction, and mediation skills. An average of 60% is needed to pass. The course is taught Tuesdays and Thursdays from 3:30-4
This document discusses modal verbs used to express obligation, necessity, advice, prohibition, and lack of obligation. It provides examples of modal verbs like have to, must, should, don't have to, mustn't/can't, and should/ought to. It also describes characteristics of modal verbs, noting that they are followed by infinitives without "to", questions and negatives are formed differently, and they have irregular conjugations across tenses. The document is an overview of common modal verbs and their functions in English.
This document provides information on the formation and uses of different past tenses in English:
- The simple past is formed regularly with verbs ending in -ed or irregularly. It is used for completed past actions.
- The past continuous is formed with was/were + verb + -ing and expresses actions in progress at a time in the past.
- The past perfect uses had + past participle to express an action that occurred before another past action. It indicates the order of events.
The document discusses the uses of the present perfect tense in English. It explains that the present perfect tense is used to talk about actions that began in the past and continue in the present or have present consequences. It provides examples of how the present perfect is used with unfinished states, recent past actions, expressions of duration like "for" and "since", and contrasts it with the simple past tense.
This document outlines several cases where inversion of subject and verb is used for emphasis in formal English, including after phrases like "not only", "not until", and "never". It also provides examples of how to use inversion with phrases like "no sooner...than", "only then", "only when", "rarely", and "hardly". Finally, it discusses how to structure conditional sentences in English, including examples of the first, second, and third conditional forms.
Finland's education system is consistently ranked as one of the best in the world. Teachers are given significant autonomy over their teaching methods and are trusted to design lessons appropriately. Finland also focuses on equality, with all children receiving free school meals, healthcare, and psychological counseling regardless of family income or background.
This document discusses the proper uses of various verb tenses and expressions when narrating stories or describing events in the past. It explains that the past simple is used for main actions, the past continuous for descriptions and ongoing actions, and the past perfect for completed actions before other past actions. It also discusses using "used to" and "would" to describe repeated past actions or states, and provides examples of their correct uses.
This document provides a course description for a C2 level English course from September 2021 to May 2022. The 135-hour course will be held in-person on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 4-6pm and 6-8:30pm. Students will develop advanced communication skills across speaking, reading, listening and writing competencies. Grammar and vocabulary will also be reviewed. Continuous assessment includes classwork, assignments, an oral presentation and final exams in May. A minimum of 70% attendance is required to pass.
This document discusses defining and non-defining relative clauses. Defining relative clauses provide essential information about the noun they refer to without commas. Non-defining relative clauses provide non-essential extra information and use commas. It also discusses relative pronouns like who, which, that, whose, where, why, when and relative phrases. Optional relative pronouns are omitted when the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. Prepositions are usually placed at the end of relative clauses in everyday speech.
This document provides a course description for an intermediate English course (CEFR C2 level) lasting approximately 135 hours from September 2020 to May 2021. The course will focus on developing communication skills through speaking, listening, reading, and writing activities using a textbook and other authentic materials. Assessment will be based on continuous classwork as well as short tests in December, February, and April, with an exam in June. Students are expected to regularly attend in-person or online classes and complete independent study work.
This document discusses various ways to talk about the future in English using different verb tenses and expressions. It outlines how to discuss plans and intentions using "be going to", arrangements using the present continuous, uncertain plans using "might" and "may", and instant decisions and promises using "will". It also covers predicting the future using modal verbs like "will", "might", and "could" as well as expressions involving "due to", "about to", and "likely to". Finally, it discusses talking about fixed future events and schedules using the present simple and future facts using "will".
This document discusses advanced modal verbs in English. It explains that modal verbs behave like forms of "to be" and don't require auxiliaries. They are followed by an infinitive without "to" and express meanings like possibility, probability, certainty, permission, obligation and ability. It then provides examples to illustrate the use and meanings of various modal verbs like must, could, can't, should, will, shall, have to, ought to, need to, can, may and be able to.
This document discusses the main uses and formation of continuous tenses in English. It notes that continuous tenses are normally used with action verbs and the passive voice. They are used to describe unfinished activities or events in the present, past, present perfect, and past perfect. Continuous tenses can also emphasize the temporary nature of an activity or situation. They focus on the duration of an activity in some cases. Continuous tenses describe arrangements and activities based on previous decisions using the present, past, and future continuous forms. They can also show trends over time using the present continuous or present perfect. Some stative verbs can take continuous forms for emphasis, annoyance, or repeated habits.
This document discusses various uses of inversion in formal English grammar. It provides examples of inversion occurring after negative adverbials like never, not until, nowhere else, and under no circumstances for emphasis. Inversion also occurs with auxiliaries like do or did after adverbials involving time or extent like not until, not only, at no time, in no way, and little. Additional contexts for inversion include after adverbial clauses, with expressions like so and such, in conditional sentences, and after expressions of place or direction in literary style.
This course description outlines a C2 level English course consisting of around 100 hours from September 2019 to May 2020. Classes will be held on Tuesdays for all students and Thursdays for those in the regular group. The course aims to develop communication skills through speaking, reading, listening and writing activities covering a variety of topics. Students will review grammar, vocabulary, and read authentic materials. Assessment will be continuous along with a midterm exam in February and final exam in May. Students are expected to study independently each week and attend at least 70% of classes.
The document discusses the formation and use of the passive voice in English. It describes how the passive is formed using various tenses like the present simple and past simple. The passive voice is used when the person performing the action is unknown, unimportant, or obvious from context. It is also commonly used in scientific writing, news reports, and with impersonal expressions like "it is said" to focus on the recipient of the action rather than the actor.
This 135-hour English course at CEFR B1 level aims to develop communication skills. Students will speak to improve fluency and accuracy, learn grammar, read texts, listen to audio, and write for various purposes. The course uses the textbook "English File Intermediate" and requires students to read and submit a report on at least one additional book. Students will be continuously assessed with in-class work, assignments, and oral tasks. Exams include a mock exam in February and a certification exam in May or June testing reading, listening, writing, oral interaction, and mediation skills. An average of 60% is needed to pass. The course is taught Tuesdays and Thursdays from 3:30-4
This document discusses modal verbs used to express obligation, necessity, advice, prohibition, and lack of obligation. It provides examples of modal verbs like have to, must, should, don't have to, mustn't/can't, and should/ought to. It also describes characteristics of modal verbs, noting that they are followed by infinitives without "to", questions and negatives are formed differently, and they have irregular conjugations across tenses. The document is an overview of common modal verbs and their functions in English.
This document provides information on the formation and uses of different past tenses in English:
- The simple past is formed regularly with verbs ending in -ed or irregularly. It is used for completed past actions.
- The past continuous is formed with was/were + verb + -ing and expresses actions in progress at a time in the past.
- The past perfect uses had + past participle to express an action that occurred before another past action. It indicates the order of events.
The document discusses the uses of the present perfect tense in English. It explains that the present perfect tense is used to talk about actions that began in the past and continue in the present or have present consequences. It provides examples of how the present perfect is used with unfinished states, recent past actions, expressions of duration like "for" and "since", and contrasts it with the simple past tense.
This document outlines several cases where inversion of subject and verb is used for emphasis in formal English, including after phrases like "not only", "not until", and "never". It also provides examples of how to use inversion with phrases like "no sooner...than", "only then", "only when", "rarely", and "hardly". Finally, it discusses how to structure conditional sentences in English, including examples of the first, second, and third conditional forms.
Finland's education system is consistently ranked as one of the best in the world. Teachers are given significant autonomy over their teaching methods and are trusted to design lessons appropriately. Finland also focuses on equality, with all children receiving free school meals, healthcare, and psychological counseling regardless of family income or background.
This document discusses the proper uses of various verb tenses and expressions when narrating stories or describing events in the past. It explains that the past simple is used for main actions, the past continuous for descriptions and ongoing actions, and the past perfect for completed actions before other past actions. It also discusses using "used to" and "would" to describe repeated past actions or states, and provides examples of their correct uses.