This document provides an overview of the CSC 447 course on Organization of Programming Languages taught at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. The course will cover topics like language definition structures, data types, control structures, runtime considerations, and language evaluation over weeks 1 and 2. It also outlines various programming language paradigms, implementation methods, influences on language design, and criteria for comparing languages.
The document provides an overview of programming languages and the program development life cycle (PDLC). It discusses several types of programming languages including machine/assembly languages, algorithmic languages, business-oriented languages, education-oriented languages, and object-oriented languages. It also describes the six main steps of the PDLC: defining the problem, designing the program, coding the program, testing and debugging the program, documenting the program, and deploying and maintaining the program.
The document discusses key concepts related to programming languages including:
1. Programming languages are influenced by computer architecture, particularly the von Neumann architecture, and programming methodologies like structured programming and object-oriented programming.
2. There are different types of programming languages including imperative, functional, logic, and object-oriented languages.
3. When designing languages, there are trade-offs between factors like reliability and performance that must be considered.
4. Programming languages can be implemented via compilation, interpretation, or hybrid approaches like just-in-time compilation. Compilers translate to machine code while interpreters execute programs directly.
Perl is a scripting language originally developed for text manipulation and report generation. It is now used for a variety of purposes including web development, GUI development, and system administration. Perl scripts are interpreted, providing ease of use and rapid development at the cost of efficiency. Perl supports features like regular expressions, strings, arrays, references, and modules that make it well-suited for tasks like extracting information from files and converting text from one format to another.
The document presents a comparative study of several object-oriented programming languages: FreeBasic, Falcon, Perl, Python, and C#. It surveys these languages based on parameters like reusability, portability, reliability, readability, efficiency, and more. It then evaluates a single program implemented in each language based on criteria like program length, programming effort, runtime efficiency, memory consumption, and reliability.
This document provides an overview of programming paradigms and the Java programming language. It discusses imperative, declarative, and object-oriented programming paradigms. Imperative programming is procedure-based and focuses on how to achieve tasks through state changes. Declarative programming focuses on what needs to be done rather than how. The document also outlines the Java programming hierarchy from machine language to high-level languages. It provides details on Java features like being simple, object-oriented, portable, platform independent, secure, robust, and supporting multithreading.
This document provides an overview of programming paradigms and the Java programming language. It discusses imperative, declarative, and object-oriented paradigms. For Java specifically, it outlines the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), key features of Java like being portable, object-oriented, and secure. It also describes the Java programming hierarchy from machine language to high-level languages. The document provides details on Java concepts like classes, inheritance, and the classloader.
This document discusses programming languages and their key concepts. It defines a programming language as a set of rules that tells a computer what operations to perform. It describes the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of languages. It also discusses different language paradigms like imperative, functional, object-oriented, and rule-based languages. Finally, it outlines criteria for evaluating languages, including readability, writability, reliability, and cost.
Programming involves writing computer programs and algorithms using programming languages. There are different types of programming languages from low-level machine languages close to hardware to high-level languages that are more abstract. Popular programming paradigms have evolved over time like structured programming, modular programming, object-oriented programming, and declarative programming to help manage complex programs. The most commonly used programming languages today include Java, Python, and JavaScript.
The document provides an overview of programming languages and the program development life cycle (PDLC). It discusses several types of programming languages including machine/assembly languages, algorithmic languages, business-oriented languages, education-oriented languages, and object-oriented languages. It also describes the six main steps of the PDLC: defining the problem, designing the program, coding the program, testing and debugging the program, documenting the program, and deploying and maintaining the program.
The document discusses key concepts related to programming languages including:
1. Programming languages are influenced by computer architecture, particularly the von Neumann architecture, and programming methodologies like structured programming and object-oriented programming.
2. There are different types of programming languages including imperative, functional, logic, and object-oriented languages.
3. When designing languages, there are trade-offs between factors like reliability and performance that must be considered.
4. Programming languages can be implemented via compilation, interpretation, or hybrid approaches like just-in-time compilation. Compilers translate to machine code while interpreters execute programs directly.
Perl is a scripting language originally developed for text manipulation and report generation. It is now used for a variety of purposes including web development, GUI development, and system administration. Perl scripts are interpreted, providing ease of use and rapid development at the cost of efficiency. Perl supports features like regular expressions, strings, arrays, references, and modules that make it well-suited for tasks like extracting information from files and converting text from one format to another.
The document presents a comparative study of several object-oriented programming languages: FreeBasic, Falcon, Perl, Python, and C#. It surveys these languages based on parameters like reusability, portability, reliability, readability, efficiency, and more. It then evaluates a single program implemented in each language based on criteria like program length, programming effort, runtime efficiency, memory consumption, and reliability.
This document provides an overview of programming paradigms and the Java programming language. It discusses imperative, declarative, and object-oriented programming paradigms. Imperative programming is procedure-based and focuses on how to achieve tasks through state changes. Declarative programming focuses on what needs to be done rather than how. The document also outlines the Java programming hierarchy from machine language to high-level languages. It provides details on Java features like being simple, object-oriented, portable, platform independent, secure, robust, and supporting multithreading.
This document provides an overview of programming paradigms and the Java programming language. It discusses imperative, declarative, and object-oriented paradigms. For Java specifically, it outlines the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), key features of Java like being portable, object-oriented, and secure. It also describes the Java programming hierarchy from machine language to high-level languages. The document provides details on Java concepts like classes, inheritance, and the classloader.
This document discusses programming languages and their key concepts. It defines a programming language as a set of rules that tells a computer what operations to perform. It describes the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of languages. It also discusses different language paradigms like imperative, functional, object-oriented, and rule-based languages. Finally, it outlines criteria for evaluating languages, including readability, writability, reliability, and cost.
Programming involves writing computer programs and algorithms using programming languages. There are different types of programming languages from low-level machine languages close to hardware to high-level languages that are more abstract. Popular programming paradigms have evolved over time like structured programming, modular programming, object-oriented programming, and declarative programming to help manage complex programs. The most commonly used programming languages today include Java, Python, and JavaScript.
Procedural Programming Of Programming LanguagesTammy Moncrief
Here is a summary of the key points about the specification of the Java programming language:
Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. Some of the main specifications of the Java programming language include:
- Platform independence: Java code can run on any platform that has a Java virtual machine (JVM) without needing to be recompiled. This allows Java programs to run on various operating systems like Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.
- Object-oriented: Java follows the OOP paradigm with concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, etc. Everything in Java is an object.
- Simple, familiar and general-purpose: Java syntax is based on C and C++ but
The document provides an overview of an introductory programming course titled "Principles of Programming CP 111". The summary is:
The course covers basic programming concepts like data types, program structure, algorithms, and decision and loop structures. It includes 3 tests, 3 quizzes, 9 lectures, and tutorials. Students will learn about programming languages, their history and uses in different domains like science, business and AI. The course also discusses compilation, interpretation, and different programming paradigms.
The film Cold Mountain follows the journey of Inman as he tries to return home to Ada after being separated by the Civil War. The movie shows flashbacks of Inman and Ada's relationship before the war. It also shows Ada struggling to survive on her own after being left alone. The film focuses on Inman's dangerous journey back to Cold Mountain and Ada learning to take care of herself in his absence.
Programming And Programming languages.pptxRohan Basnet
Programming involves writing instructions for a computer to perform tasks. A programming language is a system of rules that allows programmers to communicate with computers. Some major early programming languages are FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, and PL/I. FORTRAN was designed for scientific calculations. COBOL has English-like syntax and focuses on business data processing. ALGOL emphasized clarity and algorithms. PL/I combined features of ALGOL and COBOL to support multiple applications. C became widely popular and influenced many modern languages with its efficiency and portability. Programming languages play a fundamental role in computer science by enabling communication between humans and machines.
Guide to programming using object oriented languages such as java, python, c, c++ among other programming languages that focus on tying data closely to the function that operates on it rather than procedural oriented programming.
The document discusses various topics related to programming languages including:
- The definitions and generations of programming languages from machine language to fifth generation languages like Prolog.
- The differences between structured and object-oriented programming approaches. Structured programming uses top-down design while object-oriented programming packages data and functions into objects.
- The translation methods of assemblers, interpreters, and compilers in converting source code to machine-readable code. Assemblers translate assembly language, interpreters interpret code line-by-line, and compilers convert entire programs.
- Common programming elements like variables, data types, operators, and the phases of program development from problem analysis to documentation.
Programming Languages Categories / Programming Paradigm By: Prof. Lili Saghafi Professor Lili Saghafi
A programming language is a notation designed to connect instructions to a machine or a computer.
Programming languages are mainly used to control the performance of a machine or to express algorithms.
At present, thousands of programming languages have been implemented.
In the computer field, many languages need to be stated in an imperative form, while other programming languages utilize declarative form.
The program can be divided into two forms such as syntax and semantics.
The document describes the evolution of programming languages from machine languages to high-level languages. It discusses four programming paradigms: procedural, object-oriented, functional, and declarative. The procedural paradigm views a program as an active agent that manipulates passive data objects using procedures. Some key procedural languages mentioned include FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C, and Ada.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages. It defines a programming language as a set of rules that tells a computer what operations to perform. There are three major families of languages: machine languages, assembly languages, and high-level languages. High-level languages are easier for programmers to use and represent programs as similar to English rather than binary. Programs in high-level languages need to be compiled or interpreted to run on computers. Programming languages serve different roles like scientific, business, and artificial intelligence applications. Studying programming languages improves algorithm development, increases vocabulary, allows better language choice, and aids in learning new languages.
A Short Communication On Computer Programming Languages In Modern EraKatie Naple
This document provides an overview of computer programming languages throughout history. It discusses how programming languages have evolved from machine languages to modern high-level languages. Key points include:
1) Programming languages have developed from low-level machine languages and assembly languages to modern high-level languages to simplify programming and communication between humans and computers.
2) Popular modern languages include C++, Java, Python, and JavaScript, which are often used to build web applications.
3) Programming languages continue to be developed to meet new needs, such as languages for scientific computing, business applications, education, and more specialized domains.
The document discusses computer programming and provides details about:
- The process of programming which involves analysis, algorithm development, coding, and testing
- Common programming languages like C, C++, Java, and Python
- The roles of programmers and the different phases of programming like planning, coding, testing, and documentation
- Key aspects of programming like reliability, robustness, usability, portability, and maintainability
The document discusses computer programming and provides details about:
- The process of programming which involves analysis, algorithm development, coding, and testing
- Common programming languages like C, C++, Java, and Python
- The roles of programmers and the different phases of programming like planning, coding, testing, and documentation
- Key aspects of programming like reliability, robustness, usability, portability, and maintainability
The document discusses various aspects of system development including programming languages, paradigms, and software development lifecycles. It describes the key characteristics of programming languages including syntax and semantics. It also outlines the main programming paradigms - imperative, object-oriented, logic, and functional. The document then discusses software design paradigms such as design patterns, components, architecture, and frameworks. It provides an overview of common software development lifecycles including build and fix, waterfall, and spiral models.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts and the Java programming language. It discusses the basic syntax of Java, including classes, objects, methods, and variables. It also covers Java data types, operators, and expressions. The document is part of a course on applying object-oriented programming language skills and includes self-check questions for students.
The document describes the evolution of programming languages from machine languages to high-level languages, and how a program written in a high-level language is translated into machine language. It discusses four main programming paradigms - procedural, object-oriented, functional, and declarative - and provides details on the procedural paradigm. Key aspects of the procedural paradigm include programs made up of procedures that manipulate passive data items, and common procedural languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C, and Ada.
This document discusses several topics related to computer programming including:
1. It defines what a program and programming are, comparing a program to a recipe.
2. It explains different programming languages like BASIC, Pascal, C, and Smalltalk as well as careers in programming like a programmer, programmer analyst, computer scientist, and software engineer.
3. It describes the different generations of programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages like C++ and the differences between structured and object-oriented programming.
The document discusses basic programming concepts including definitions of programs and programming languages. It describes the generations of programming languages from first to fifth generation with examples. It also explains structured and object-oriented programming approaches, differentiating between them. Structured programming uses a top-down design model while object-oriented programming combines data and functions to create objects.
This document discusses different programming paradigms and languages. It begins by defining unstructured programming as a paradigm where the entire program logic is written as a single continuous block, making it difficult to modify and debug. It then covers structured programming which divides programs into smaller, independently testable modules or functions. Object-oriented programming models programs around real-world objects. The document also discusses machine language, assembly language, procedural languages, and different generations of languages from low-level to high-level.
The document provides an introduction to programming languages. It discusses the different levels of programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are close to hardware, and high-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are more abstract. It also covers procedural languages which specify steps to complete tasks and object-oriented languages which model real-world objects. Examples are given of popular languages from each paradigm like C, Pascal, and PHP for procedural and C++, Java, Ruby for object-oriented.
A Research Study of Data Collection and Analysis of Semantics of Programming ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on data collection and analysis of programming language semantics. It discusses several key programming languages like C++, C, Pascal, Fortran, Java, Perl, PHP, and Scheme. It analyzes the features and usage of these languages. It also compares Python and R as good options for beginners in data science and discusses why Python may have a lower learning curve. Finally, it discusses the importance of incorporating semantic results into practical systems to help language designers and programmers better understand languages.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
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Procedural Programming Of Programming LanguagesTammy Moncrief
Here is a summary of the key points about the specification of the Java programming language:
Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. Some of the main specifications of the Java programming language include:
- Platform independence: Java code can run on any platform that has a Java virtual machine (JVM) without needing to be recompiled. This allows Java programs to run on various operating systems like Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.
- Object-oriented: Java follows the OOP paradigm with concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, etc. Everything in Java is an object.
- Simple, familiar and general-purpose: Java syntax is based on C and C++ but
The document provides an overview of an introductory programming course titled "Principles of Programming CP 111". The summary is:
The course covers basic programming concepts like data types, program structure, algorithms, and decision and loop structures. It includes 3 tests, 3 quizzes, 9 lectures, and tutorials. Students will learn about programming languages, their history and uses in different domains like science, business and AI. The course also discusses compilation, interpretation, and different programming paradigms.
The film Cold Mountain follows the journey of Inman as he tries to return home to Ada after being separated by the Civil War. The movie shows flashbacks of Inman and Ada's relationship before the war. It also shows Ada struggling to survive on her own after being left alone. The film focuses on Inman's dangerous journey back to Cold Mountain and Ada learning to take care of herself in his absence.
Programming And Programming languages.pptxRohan Basnet
Programming involves writing instructions for a computer to perform tasks. A programming language is a system of rules that allows programmers to communicate with computers. Some major early programming languages are FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, and PL/I. FORTRAN was designed for scientific calculations. COBOL has English-like syntax and focuses on business data processing. ALGOL emphasized clarity and algorithms. PL/I combined features of ALGOL and COBOL to support multiple applications. C became widely popular and influenced many modern languages with its efficiency and portability. Programming languages play a fundamental role in computer science by enabling communication between humans and machines.
Guide to programming using object oriented languages such as java, python, c, c++ among other programming languages that focus on tying data closely to the function that operates on it rather than procedural oriented programming.
The document discusses various topics related to programming languages including:
- The definitions and generations of programming languages from machine language to fifth generation languages like Prolog.
- The differences between structured and object-oriented programming approaches. Structured programming uses top-down design while object-oriented programming packages data and functions into objects.
- The translation methods of assemblers, interpreters, and compilers in converting source code to machine-readable code. Assemblers translate assembly language, interpreters interpret code line-by-line, and compilers convert entire programs.
- Common programming elements like variables, data types, operators, and the phases of program development from problem analysis to documentation.
Programming Languages Categories / Programming Paradigm By: Prof. Lili Saghafi Professor Lili Saghafi
A programming language is a notation designed to connect instructions to a machine or a computer.
Programming languages are mainly used to control the performance of a machine or to express algorithms.
At present, thousands of programming languages have been implemented.
In the computer field, many languages need to be stated in an imperative form, while other programming languages utilize declarative form.
The program can be divided into two forms such as syntax and semantics.
The document describes the evolution of programming languages from machine languages to high-level languages. It discusses four programming paradigms: procedural, object-oriented, functional, and declarative. The procedural paradigm views a program as an active agent that manipulates passive data objects using procedures. Some key procedural languages mentioned include FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C, and Ada.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages. It defines a programming language as a set of rules that tells a computer what operations to perform. There are three major families of languages: machine languages, assembly languages, and high-level languages. High-level languages are easier for programmers to use and represent programs as similar to English rather than binary. Programs in high-level languages need to be compiled or interpreted to run on computers. Programming languages serve different roles like scientific, business, and artificial intelligence applications. Studying programming languages improves algorithm development, increases vocabulary, allows better language choice, and aids in learning new languages.
A Short Communication On Computer Programming Languages In Modern EraKatie Naple
This document provides an overview of computer programming languages throughout history. It discusses how programming languages have evolved from machine languages to modern high-level languages. Key points include:
1) Programming languages have developed from low-level machine languages and assembly languages to modern high-level languages to simplify programming and communication between humans and computers.
2) Popular modern languages include C++, Java, Python, and JavaScript, which are often used to build web applications.
3) Programming languages continue to be developed to meet new needs, such as languages for scientific computing, business applications, education, and more specialized domains.
The document discusses computer programming and provides details about:
- The process of programming which involves analysis, algorithm development, coding, and testing
- Common programming languages like C, C++, Java, and Python
- The roles of programmers and the different phases of programming like planning, coding, testing, and documentation
- Key aspects of programming like reliability, robustness, usability, portability, and maintainability
The document discusses computer programming and provides details about:
- The process of programming which involves analysis, algorithm development, coding, and testing
- Common programming languages like C, C++, Java, and Python
- The roles of programmers and the different phases of programming like planning, coding, testing, and documentation
- Key aspects of programming like reliability, robustness, usability, portability, and maintainability
The document discusses various aspects of system development including programming languages, paradigms, and software development lifecycles. It describes the key characteristics of programming languages including syntax and semantics. It also outlines the main programming paradigms - imperative, object-oriented, logic, and functional. The document then discusses software design paradigms such as design patterns, components, architecture, and frameworks. It provides an overview of common software development lifecycles including build and fix, waterfall, and spiral models.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts and the Java programming language. It discusses the basic syntax of Java, including classes, objects, methods, and variables. It also covers Java data types, operators, and expressions. The document is part of a course on applying object-oriented programming language skills and includes self-check questions for students.
The document describes the evolution of programming languages from machine languages to high-level languages, and how a program written in a high-level language is translated into machine language. It discusses four main programming paradigms - procedural, object-oriented, functional, and declarative - and provides details on the procedural paradigm. Key aspects of the procedural paradigm include programs made up of procedures that manipulate passive data items, and common procedural languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C, and Ada.
This document discusses several topics related to computer programming including:
1. It defines what a program and programming are, comparing a program to a recipe.
2. It explains different programming languages like BASIC, Pascal, C, and Smalltalk as well as careers in programming like a programmer, programmer analyst, computer scientist, and software engineer.
3. It describes the different generations of programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages like C++ and the differences between structured and object-oriented programming.
The document discusses basic programming concepts including definitions of programs and programming languages. It describes the generations of programming languages from first to fifth generation with examples. It also explains structured and object-oriented programming approaches, differentiating between them. Structured programming uses a top-down design model while object-oriented programming combines data and functions to create objects.
This document discusses different programming paradigms and languages. It begins by defining unstructured programming as a paradigm where the entire program logic is written as a single continuous block, making it difficult to modify and debug. It then covers structured programming which divides programs into smaller, independently testable modules or functions. Object-oriented programming models programs around real-world objects. The document also discusses machine language, assembly language, procedural languages, and different generations of languages from low-level to high-level.
The document provides an introduction to programming languages. It discusses the different levels of programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are close to hardware, and high-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are more abstract. It also covers procedural languages which specify steps to complete tasks and object-oriented languages which model real-world objects. Examples are given of popular languages from each paradigm like C, Pascal, and PHP for procedural and C++, Java, Ruby for object-oriented.
A Research Study of Data Collection and Analysis of Semantics of Programming ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on data collection and analysis of programming language semantics. It discusses several key programming languages like C++, C, Pascal, Fortran, Java, Perl, PHP, and Scheme. It analyzes the features and usage of these languages. It also compares Python and R as good options for beginners in data science and discusses why Python may have a lower learning curve. Finally, it discusses the importance of incorporating semantic results into practical systems to help language designers and programmers better understand languages.
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One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
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CSCorganization of programming languages
1. CSC 447: Organization of Programming Languages
Department of Computer Science
College of Physical Sciences
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta.
WEEK 1 & 2 (Language definition structure)
PART-TIME
2022/2023 session
DR. O.E OJO
2. Course Outline
Language definition structure
Data types and structures.
Review of basic data types, including list and trees,
Control structure and data flow.
Runtime consideration
Interpretative languages,
Lexical analyses and parsing.
Evaluation of programming languages.
2
3. REASONS FOR STUDYING CONCEPTS OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1. Increased ability to express ideas/algorithms
In Natural language, the depth at which people think is influenced
by the expressive power of the language they use.
In programming language, the complexity of the algorithms that
people implement is influenced by the set of constructs available
in the programming language.
2. Improved background for choosing appropriate Languages
Many programmers use the language with which they are most
familiar, even though poorly suited for their new project. It is ideal
to use the most appropriate language.
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4. REASONS FOR STUDYING CONCEPTS OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
3. Increased ability to learn new languages
For instance, knowing the concept s of object oriented
programming OOP makes learning Java significantly easier and
also, knowing the grammar of one’s native language makes it
easier to learn another language.
4. Better Understanding of Significance of implementation
5. Better use of languages that are already known
6. The overall advancement of computing
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5. APPLICATION DOMAINS
SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS: can be characterized as those
which predominantly manipulate numbers and arrays of numbers,
using mathematical and statistical principles as a basis for the
algorithms.
These algorithms encompass such problem as statistical
significance test, linear programming, regression analysis and
numerical approximations for the solution of differential and
integral equations. FORTRAN, Pascal, Math lab are programming
languages that can be used here.
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6. APPLICATION DOMAINS
DATA PROCESSING APPLICATIONS: can be characterized as
those programming problems whose predominant interest is in the
creation, maintenance, extraction and summarization of data in
records and files.
COBOL is a programming language that can be used for data
processing applications.
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7. APPLICATION DOMAINS
TEXT PROCESSING APPLICATIONS: are characterized as
those whose principal activity involves the manipulation of natural
language text, rather than numbers as their data.
SNOBOL and C language have strong text processing
capabilities.
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8. APPLICATION DOMAINS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS: are characterized
as those programs which are designed principally to emulate
intelligent behavior.
They include game playing algorithms such as chess, natural
language understanding programs, computer vision, robotics and
expert systems.
LISP has been the predominant AI programming language, and
also PROLOG using the principle of ‘’Logic programming’’
Lately AI applications are written in Java, C++ and python.
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9. APPLICATION DOMAINS
SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING APPLICATIONS: involve developing
those programs that interface the computer system ( the
hardware) with the programmer and the operator.
These programs include compilers, assembles, interpreters, input-
output routines, program management facilities and schedules for
utilizing and serving the various resources that comprise the
system.
Ada, Modula – 2 and C are examples of programming languages
used here.
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10. APPLICATION DOMAINS
SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING APPLICATIONS: involve developing
those programs that interface the computer system ( the
hardware) with the programmer and the operator.
These programs include compilers, assembles, interpreters, input-
output routines, program management facilities and schedules for
utilizing and serving the various resources that comprise the
system.
Ada, Modula – 2 and C are examples of programming languages
used here.
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11. APPLICATION DOMAINS
WEB SOFTWARE: Web software is a collection of languages
which include:
Markup (e.g. XHTML)
Scripting for dynamic content under which we have the
Client side, using scripts embedded in the XHTML documents e.g.
JavaScript, PHP
Server side, using the common Gateway interface e.g. JSP, ASP, PHP
General- purpose, executed on the web server through cGI e.g.
Java, C++.
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12. CRITERIA FOR LANGUAGE EVALUATION AND
COMPARISION
Expressivity : means the ability of a language to clearly reflect
the meaning intended by the algorithm designer. It encourages the
use of statement forms associated with structured programming
(usually “while “loops and “if – then – else” statements).
Well-definiteness: that the language’s syntax and semantics are
free of ambiguity, are internally consistent and complete.
Data types and Structures: the ability of a language to support a
variety of data values (integers, real, strings, pointers etc.) and
non-elementary collections of these.
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13. CRITERIA FOR LANGUAGE EVALUATION AND
COMPARISION
Modularity: It has two aspects: the language’s support for
sub-programming and the language’s extensibility in the
sense of allowing programmer – defined operators and data
types.
By sub programming, we mean the ability to define
independent procedures and functions (subprograms), and
communicate via parameters or global variables with the
invoking program.
Input-Output facilities: In evaluating a language’s “Input-
Output facilities” we are looking at its support for sequential,
indexed, and random access files, as well as its support for
database and information retrieval functions.
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14. CRITERIA FOR LANGUAGE EVALUATION AND
COMPARISION
Portability: A language which has “portability” is one which is
implemented on a variety of computers. That is, its design is
relatively “machine – independent”. Languages which are well-
defined tend to be more portable than others.
Efficiency: An “efficient” language is one which permits fast
compilation and execution on the machines where it is
implemented. Traditionally, FORTRAN and COBOL have been
relatively efficient languages in their respective application areas.
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15. CRITERIA FOR LANGUAGE EVALUATION AND
COMPARISION
Pedagogy: Some languages have better “pedagogy” than others.
That is, they are intrinsically easier to teach and to learn, they
have better textbooks; they are implemented in a better program
development environment, they are widely known and used by the
best programmers in an application area.
Generality: Means that a language is useful in a wide range of
programming applications. For instance, APL has been used in
mathematical applications involving matrix algebra and in
business applications as well.
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16. INFLUENCES ON LANGUAGE DESIGN
Computer Architecture: Languages are developed around the
prevalent computer architecture, known as the Von Neumann
architecture (the most prevalent computer architecture).
The connection speed between a computer’s memory and its
processor determines the speed of that computer.
Program instructions often can be executed much faster than the
speed of the connection; the connection speed thus, results in a
bottleneck (Von Neumann bottleneck).
It is the primary limiting factor in the speed of computers.
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18. INFLUENCES ON LANGUAGE DESIGN
Programming Methodologies: New software development
methodologies
(e.g. object Oriented Software Development) led to new
paradigms in programming and by extension, to new programming
languages.
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19. LANGUAGE PARADIGMS
1. Imperative
This is designed around the Von Neumann architecture. Computation is
performed through statements that change a program’s state. Central
features are variables, assignment statements and iteration, sequence
of commands, explicit state update via assignment. Examples of such
languages are FORTRAN, Algol, Pascal, e/c++, Java, Perl, JavaScript,
Visual BASIC.NET.
2. Functional
Here, the main means of making computations is by applying functions
to parameters. Examples are LISP, Scheme, ML, Haskell. It may also
include OO (Object Oriented) concepts.
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20. LANGUAGE PARADIGMS
3. Logic
This is Rule-based (rules are specified in no particular order).
Computations here are made through a logical inference process.
Examples are PROLOG and CLIPS. This may also include OO
concepts.
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21. TRADE-OFFS IN LANGUAGE DESIGN
Reliability vs. Cost of Execution: For example, Java demands
that all references to array elements be checked for proper
indexing, which leads to increased execution costs.
Readability vs. Write ability: - APL provides many powerful
operators land a large number of new symbols), allowing complex
computations to be written in a compact program but at the cost of
poor readability.
Write ability (Flexibility) vs. reliability: The pointers in C++ for
instance are powerful and very flexible but are unreliable.
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22. IMPLEMENTATION METHODS
Compilation – Programs are translated into machine Language &
System calls.
Interpretation – Programs are interpreted by another program (an
interpreter).
Hybrid – Programs translated into an intermediate language for
easy interpretation.
4. Just –in-time – Hybrid implementation, then compile sub
programs code the first time they are called.
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23. COMPILATION
Translated high level program (source language) into machine
code (machine language)
Slow translation, fast execution
Compilation process has several phases:
Lexical analysis converts characters in the source program into
lexical units (e.g. identifiers, operators, keywords).
Syntactic analysis: transforms lexical units into parse trees
which represent the syntactic structure of the program.
Semantics analysis check for errors hard to detect during
syntactic analysis; generate intermediate code.
Code generation – Machine code is generated.
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24. INTERPRETATION
Easier implementation of programs (run-time errors can easily and
immediately be displayed).
‐ Slower execution (10 to 100 times slower than compiled
programs)
Often requires more memory space and is now rare for traditional
high level languages.
Significant comeback with some Web scripting languages like
PHP and JavaScript.
Interpreters act as a virtual machine for the source language
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25. HYBRID IMPLEMENTAITON
This involves a compromise between compilers and pure
interpreters.
A high level program is translated to an intermediate language
that allows easy interpretation.
Hybrid implementation is faster than pure interpretation. Examples
of the implementation occur in Perl and Java.
Perl programs are partially compiled to detect errors before
interpretation.
Initial implementations of Java were hybrid. The intermediate
form, byte code, provides portability to any machine that has a
byte code interpreter and a run time system (together, these are
called Java Virtual Machine).
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26. JUST-IN-TIME IMPLEMENTATION
This implementation initially translates program to an intermediate
language then compile the intermediate language of the
subprograms into machine code when they are called.
Machine code version is kept for subsequent calls. Just-in-time
systems are widely used for Java programs. Also .NET languages
are implemented with a JIT system.
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