The document proposes two approaches for remotely transmitting data from hydromet stations in Afghanistan - Iridium's Short Burst Data transmission using existing satellite modems or developing an in-house GSM-GPRS solution using SMS. It analyzes the costs of reactivating the existing satellite solution versus a new SMS-based approach. A pilot SMS solution has been implemented at one station in Kabul successfully transmitting data. A mixed approach is proposed, using SMS where there is network coverage and satellite where there is none.
GPRS Technology, Cellular Mobile CommunicationPVishalNarayan
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a standard for wireless communication that improves data transmission for cellular networks. It allows faster data transmission than previous cellular data services. GPRS uses a packet-based transmission method which improves network capacity and efficiency. The core network elements include SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node). SGSN manages data transmission to and from mobile stations, while GGSN acts as an interface between the GPRS network and external packet data networks. GPRS supports bandwidth from 5-40kbps and introduces volume-based billing rather than charging by connection time.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) improves upon existing cellular data services by using a packet switched network rather than a circuit switched network. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and bandwidth. GPRS supports IP and X.25 networks and provides higher maximum data rates and shorter connection times compared to previous technologies. GPRS mobility management includes procedures for attachment, detachment, and tracking a user's location as they move between different areas covered by the network.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) improves on existing cellular data services by using a packet switched network rather than a circuit switched one. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and bandwidth. GPRS allows multiple users to share the same physical channel and users are billed based on the amount of data transferred rather than connection time. Maximum transfer rates are improved to 171.2 kbps.
This document describes a bus tracking system that uses GPS and GSM modules to track the location of buses in real-time and provide that information to users. The system hardware installed on buses uses a GPS module to detect location and a GSM module to send the location data to the cloud. An Android mobile app then allows users to view buses' current locations on a map. The system aims to address issues with public transportation systems like not knowing arrival times or available seats. It provides real-time bus tracking to improve the user experience.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service that allows users to send and receive data, including via mobile browsers, across mobile networks. It requires a GPRS-enabled mobile device and subscription. GPRS uses protocols like IP and PPP and provides higher speeds than previous GSM networks, allowing new mobile applications. Key network components that support GPRS include the SGSN, GGSN, MSC, and BSC. Common applications include web browsing, chat, and file transfers. Security, cost savings, and easier application development are benefits of GPRS compared to prior circuit-switched networks.
Techniques to Minimize State Transfer Cost for Dynamic Execution Offloading I...IJERA Editor
The recent advancement in cloud computing in cloud computing is leading to and excessive growth of the mobile devices that can become powerful means for the information access and mobile applications. This introducing a latent technology called Mobile cloud computing. Smart phone device supports wide range of mobile applications which require high computational power, memory, storage and energy but these resources are limited in number so act as constraints in smart phone devices. With the integration of cloud computing and mobile applications it is possible to overcome these constraints by offloading the complex modules on cloud. These restrictions may be alleviated by computation offloading: sending heavy computations to resourceful servers and receiving the results from these servers. Many issues related to offloading have been investigated in the past decade.
Prototypic Gps-Gsm Integration for Enhancing Public Transportation and Manage...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes and implements a solution for enhancing public transportation management services based on GPS and GSM. Travel time information is a vital component of many intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications. In recent years, the number of vehicles in India has increased tremendously, leading to severe traffic congestion and pollution in urban areas, particularly during peak periods. A desirable strategy to deal with such issues is to shift more people from personal vehicles to public transport by providing better service (comfort, convenience and so on). In this proposed system we introduced advanced public transportation systems (APTS) for public service. Advanced public transportation systems (APTS) are one of the most important ITS applications, which can significantly improve the traffic situation in India. One such application will be to provide accurate information about bus arrivals to passengers, leading to reduced waiting times at bus stops. This needs a real-time data collection technique, a quick and reliable prediction technique to calculate the expected travel time based on real-time data and informing the passengers regarding the same. The scope of this proposed system is to use global positioning system data collected from public transportation buses on urban roadways in the city of Chennai, India, to predict travel times. The performance of the proposed system is found to be promising and expected to be valuable in the development of advanced public transportation systems (APTS) in India. The work presented here is one of the first attempts at real-time short-term prediction of travel time for ITS applications in Indian traffic conditions.
GPRS Technology, Cellular Mobile CommunicationPVishalNarayan
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a standard for wireless communication that improves data transmission for cellular networks. It allows faster data transmission than previous cellular data services. GPRS uses a packet-based transmission method which improves network capacity and efficiency. The core network elements include SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node). SGSN manages data transmission to and from mobile stations, while GGSN acts as an interface between the GPRS network and external packet data networks. GPRS supports bandwidth from 5-40kbps and introduces volume-based billing rather than charging by connection time.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) improves upon existing cellular data services by using a packet switched network rather than a circuit switched network. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and bandwidth. GPRS supports IP and X.25 networks and provides higher maximum data rates and shorter connection times compared to previous technologies. GPRS mobility management includes procedures for attachment, detachment, and tracking a user's location as they move between different areas covered by the network.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) improves on existing cellular data services by using a packet switched network rather than a circuit switched one. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and bandwidth. GPRS allows multiple users to share the same physical channel and users are billed based on the amount of data transferred rather than connection time. Maximum transfer rates are improved to 171.2 kbps.
This document describes a bus tracking system that uses GPS and GSM modules to track the location of buses in real-time and provide that information to users. The system hardware installed on buses uses a GPS module to detect location and a GSM module to send the location data to the cloud. An Android mobile app then allows users to view buses' current locations on a map. The system aims to address issues with public transportation systems like not knowing arrival times or available seats. It provides real-time bus tracking to improve the user experience.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service that allows users to send and receive data, including via mobile browsers, across mobile networks. It requires a GPRS-enabled mobile device and subscription. GPRS uses protocols like IP and PPP and provides higher speeds than previous GSM networks, allowing new mobile applications. Key network components that support GPRS include the SGSN, GGSN, MSC, and BSC. Common applications include web browsing, chat, and file transfers. Security, cost savings, and easier application development are benefits of GPRS compared to prior circuit-switched networks.
Techniques to Minimize State Transfer Cost for Dynamic Execution Offloading I...IJERA Editor
The recent advancement in cloud computing in cloud computing is leading to and excessive growth of the mobile devices that can become powerful means for the information access and mobile applications. This introducing a latent technology called Mobile cloud computing. Smart phone device supports wide range of mobile applications which require high computational power, memory, storage and energy but these resources are limited in number so act as constraints in smart phone devices. With the integration of cloud computing and mobile applications it is possible to overcome these constraints by offloading the complex modules on cloud. These restrictions may be alleviated by computation offloading: sending heavy computations to resourceful servers and receiving the results from these servers. Many issues related to offloading have been investigated in the past decade.
Prototypic Gps-Gsm Integration for Enhancing Public Transportation and Manage...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes and implements a solution for enhancing public transportation management services based on GPS and GSM. Travel time information is a vital component of many intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications. In recent years, the number of vehicles in India has increased tremendously, leading to severe traffic congestion and pollution in urban areas, particularly during peak periods. A desirable strategy to deal with such issues is to shift more people from personal vehicles to public transport by providing better service (comfort, convenience and so on). In this proposed system we introduced advanced public transportation systems (APTS) for public service. Advanced public transportation systems (APTS) are one of the most important ITS applications, which can significantly improve the traffic situation in India. One such application will be to provide accurate information about bus arrivals to passengers, leading to reduced waiting times at bus stops. This needs a real-time data collection technique, a quick and reliable prediction technique to calculate the expected travel time based on real-time data and informing the passengers regarding the same. The scope of this proposed system is to use global positioning system data collected from public transportation buses on urban roadways in the city of Chennai, India, to predict travel times. The performance of the proposed system is found to be promising and expected to be valuable in the development of advanced public transportation systems (APTS) in India. The work presented here is one of the first attempts at real-time short-term prediction of travel time for ITS applications in Indian traffic conditions.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service that extends GSM capabilities to provide Internet access and other data services. It requires modifications to GSM network elements including new mobile stations, a packet control unit added to base station controllers, and new GPRS support nodes. The GPRS architecture introduces a serving GPRS support node and gateway GPRS support node that interface with the internal IP-based backbone network to route data traffic through the correct nodes. Routing areas, which are smaller than GSM location areas, help optimize the routing of data packets.
Dimensioning and cost structure analysis of a Wide area data service networkAhmad Bazzari
This is a a HW work, in a Master's course (Wireless Infrastructure Deployment and Economics). It explores how to dimension and design a radio access network and analyze the cost structure for different deployment options of RATs
In this project we are going to make an embedded system which will help to provide protection against theft. This system will send the data to the user who want to track the vehicle showing the using position of vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude. Most of the people know that GPS is more secure but they don’t apply because it is expensive. This design is needed for the real time location of the vehicle. It changes the microcontroller P89V51RD2 interfaces with various hardware peripheries this uncontrolled interfaces serially with GSM modem and GPS receiver.
The document describes a student project to develop an A-GPS (Assisted GPS) system. 10 computer science students developed a GPS calculations module for a GSM network and an application to demonstrate its use. The project involved designing and implementing an A-GPS server to provide assisted GPS data to terminals, as well as a simulation tool to test the server's performance and an application called Trace Tool for demonstrating and testing the system.
The Integrated Railways Information System uses GPS to automatically display the next arriving station and distance remaining for passengers on trains. It retrieves location data from GPS and compares it to station locations in a database to determine proximity. This information is then sent to LED displays on each train coach to keep passengers informed in real time.
Mobile Relay Configuration in Data-Intensuive Wireless Sensor with Three Rout...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor network are increasingly used in data-intensive applications such as micro-climate monitoring,
precision agriculture and audio/video surveillance. A key challenges faced by data-intensive wsn’s is to transmit
all the data generated with an application’s lifetime to the base station despite the fact that sensor nodes have
limited power supply. We propose using low-cost disposable mobile really and our work in the following
aspects First, it does not require complex motion planning of mobile nodes. Second we integrate the energy
consumption due to both mobility and wireless transmission. Our framework consists of first algorithm
computes an optimal routing tree. The second, we integrate the energy consumption due to both mobility and
wireless transmissions .The second algorithm improves the topology of the routing tree by greedily adding new
nodes. The third algorithm improves the routing tree by relocating its nodes without changing its topology.
Frequently forming a network topology without the use of any existing network infrastructure. We compare the
performance of the three prominent routing protocols for the mobile relay is Adhoc on Demand Distance Vector
(ADVO), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Protocols (TORA).
We have chosen four performance metrics such as Average Delay, Packet Delivery Fraction, Routing load and
varying Mobility nodes, simulation for the popular routing protocols AODV, DSDV, and TORA. The
simulation is carried out on NS-2. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network size and
simulations times. The simulation results confirm that ADVO performs well in terms of Average Delay, Packet
Delivery Fraction. As far as routing load concers TORA performs well.
Prototype of Google Maps-Based Flood Monitoring System using Arduino and GSM ...IRJET Journal
1. Researchers designed a prototype flood monitoring system using Arduino, ultrasonic sensors, a GPS module, and a GSM module to detect water levels, obtain location coordinates, and send this data in SMS messages to a flood information system.
2. The prototype system works by using ultrasonic sensors to detect water levels, a GPS module to obtain location coordinates, and an Arduino board to process the data before sending it via GSM to the information system.
3. The information system displays the water level data and flood location on an interactive map through Google Maps that is accessed via a web browser.
IRJET - A Real-Time Pothole Detection Approach for a Safety Transportation Sy...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a real-time pothole detection system to improve transportation safety. The system uses an accelerometer sensor to detect potholes by measuring deviations in road surface acceleration. An onboard GPS module provides the location of detected potholes. This location data, along with light and noise readings from an LDR and microphone, is uploaded to the cloud and plotted on Google Maps. The goal is to reduce accidents caused by unexpected potholes by making drivers aware of their locations.
REAL TIME WEB BASED SYSTEM FOR OBSERVING SAG AT SUBSTATIONIJCSEA Journal
The paper describes the designing of web based system for transmission of GPS measurements so that power system operator may monitor overhead conductor sag of power transmission line at substation in real time. The testing results of transmission of GPS measurements from 11KV power transmission line to substation have also been discussed in detail. Raw GPS measurements are not so accurate that these are usable for overhead conductor sag evaluation. The estimated GPS altitude measurements obtained using signal processing techniques such as Least Square Parameter Estimation(LSPE) and Haar Wavelet Transform (HWT) with LSPE are also presented in this paper.
General packet radio services (GPRS) is step to efficiently transport high-speed data over the current GSM and TDMA-based wireless network infrastructures.
Deployment of GPRS networks allows a variety of new applications ranging from mobile e-commerce to mobile corporate VPN access
Deployments of GPRS network has already taken place in several countries in Europe and the far east.
Recently technological and population development, the usage of vehicles is rapidly increasing and at the
same time the occurrence accident is also increased. Hence, the value of human life is ignored. No one can prevent
the accident, but can save their life by expediting the ambulance to the hospital in time. The objective of this
scheme is to minimize the delay caused by traffic congestion and to provide the smooth flow of emergency
vehicles. The concept of this scheme is to green the traffic signal in the path of ambulance automatically so that
the ambulance can reach the spot in time and human life can be saved. The main server finds the ambulance
through mail. At the same time, it controls the traffic light according to the ambulance location and thus arriving at
the hospital safely. This scheme is fully automated, thus it locates emergency vehicle and controls the traffic
lights, provide the shortest path to reach the hospital in time.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing algorithm called Quadrant-Based Directional Routing (Q-DIR) for multihop wireless networks. Q-DIR is implemented as a cross-layer with Contention Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM) to reduce network power consumption and increase throughput. Q-DIR limits flooding to the quadrant containing the source and destination nodes. CWAM adapts the contention window size based on node traffic to improve throughput. Simulation results show that Q-DIR with CWAM outperforms standard flooding protocols by utilizing fewer nodes and increasing throughput while reducing power consumption.
This document discusses using Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology for vehicle-to-vehicle communication to help prevent traffic accidents. It proposes a system where vehicles would be equipped with light sources and detectors to transmit and receive information like speed and position between vehicles using visible light. The system aims to provide fast, secure communication to alert nearby vehicles of braking, upcoming turns, or other potential hazards. An experimental setup is designed using LED lights to vary signal intensity to transmit data and photodiodes to receive the light signals and extract the information. The system could help autonomous vehicles stay aware of their surroundings and reduce crashes at intersections by sharing status updates in real-time.
1) This document discusses several research papers related to continuous data acquisition algorithms for smart grids using cloud-based technologies and smart meters.
2) It summarizes papers on cloud-based smart metering systems that use standardized communication between smart meters and servers stored in the cloud to optimize energy consumption. Another paper proposes a data collection algorithm that uses energy maps and clustering to reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
3) A third paper discusses utilities using satellites to remotely collect meter data in real-time for accuracy. A final paper presents an algorithm for smart building power consumption scheduling that uses smart meters and dynamic pricing to incentivize shifting usage to low-cost time periods.
Node Deployment Technique using Wireless Sensor NetworksIRJET Journal
This document discusses node deployment techniques in wireless sensor networks to improve network lifetime. Wireless sensor networks consist of spatially distributed sensor nodes with limited battery power. The proposed technique uses a multi-objective optimization algorithm based on energy consumption and connectivity to prolong network lifetime. The algorithm aims to find optimal solutions that minimize energy consumption while maintaining network connectivity. It analyzes factors like node deployment, energy consumption, fault tolerance, and data aggregation to efficiently route data from sensor nodes to a base station.
Equalization & Channel Estimation of Block & Comb Type CodesAM Publications
Multi-carrier code division multiple access is an attractive choice for high speed wireless communication as it mitigates
the problem of inter symbol interference and also exploits frequency diversity. The work described in this paper is my effort in this
direction. In this paper working of Transmitter and Receiver model of MCCDMA system is presented. We evaluated interference
and bit error rate for multicarrier code division multiple access wireless communication system. In this thesis my concern is find
out the effect of interference in MC-CDMA system. We find out the effect of number of users and signal power on different
parameters for MC-CDMA system. Simulations are given to support the system and receiver design. All the simulation is carried out on MATLAB tool.
Quadrant Based DIR in CWin Adaptation Mechanism for Multihop Wireless NetworkIJCI JOURNAL
In Multihop Wireless Networks, traffic forwarding capability of each node varies according to its level of contention. Each node can yield its channel access opportunity to its neighbouring nodes, so that all the nodes can evenly share the channel and have similar forwarding capability. In this manner the wireless channel is utilized effectively, which is achieved using Contention Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM). This mechanism achieves a higher end-to-end throughout but consumes the network power to a higher level. So, a newly proposed algorithm Quadrant- Based Directional Routing Protocol (Q-DIR) is implemented as a cross-layer with CWAM, to reduce the total network power consumption through limited flooding and also reduce the routing overheads, which eventually increases overall network throughput. This algorithm limits the broadcast region to a quadrant where the source node and the destination nodes are located. Implementation of the algorithm is done in Linux based NS-2 simulator
A Survey on Data Aggregation Cluster based Technique in Wireless Sensor Netwo...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on using cluster-based data aggregation techniques in wireless sensor networks for railway track monitoring. It discusses how WSNs can be used to automatically monitor tracks and reduce human inspection needs. It reviews different data aggregation approaches that combine data to reduce redundancy and transmission costs. In particular, it examines the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol, which forms clusters to perform in-network data processing and transmit aggregated data to sinks. Using this clustering approach can achieve high accuracy, reduce energy consumption, and prolong the lifetime of WSNs for railway track condition monitoring.
This article explains about development of Internet of Things (IoT) based decision support for vehicle drivers using GPS and GSM modules. This project is helpful to avoid the road accidents by maintaining the proper speed limit at different locations such as school zones, hospital regions and so on. Initially an admin database is created with a web server. The data base contains six parts such as S.No, longitude1, latitude1, longitude2, latitude2, speed limit. The web server has been implemented with a PHP page which provides a connection to the databases allowing web clients to send queries to data base. A PC application is distributed among local guides; they can provide speed limits of the allocated regions. A GPS receiver is used to provide the vehicle’s location and a GSM module is configured as GPRS to provide internet connection through mobile data. An Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) is used to display the speed limit of the vehicle’s location. Arduino UNO (At mega 328P) board is used to interface all the components. The instructions to the vehicle drivers are given by using OLED display when the location is tracked by GPRS, and also an alarm sounds at extreme conditions.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
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GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service that extends GSM capabilities to provide Internet access and other data services. It requires modifications to GSM network elements including new mobile stations, a packet control unit added to base station controllers, and new GPRS support nodes. The GPRS architecture introduces a serving GPRS support node and gateway GPRS support node that interface with the internal IP-based backbone network to route data traffic through the correct nodes. Routing areas, which are smaller than GSM location areas, help optimize the routing of data packets.
Dimensioning and cost structure analysis of a Wide area data service networkAhmad Bazzari
This is a a HW work, in a Master's course (Wireless Infrastructure Deployment and Economics). It explores how to dimension and design a radio access network and analyze the cost structure for different deployment options of RATs
In this project we are going to make an embedded system which will help to provide protection against theft. This system will send the data to the user who want to track the vehicle showing the using position of vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude. Most of the people know that GPS is more secure but they don’t apply because it is expensive. This design is needed for the real time location of the vehicle. It changes the microcontroller P89V51RD2 interfaces with various hardware peripheries this uncontrolled interfaces serially with GSM modem and GPS receiver.
The document describes a student project to develop an A-GPS (Assisted GPS) system. 10 computer science students developed a GPS calculations module for a GSM network and an application to demonstrate its use. The project involved designing and implementing an A-GPS server to provide assisted GPS data to terminals, as well as a simulation tool to test the server's performance and an application called Trace Tool for demonstrating and testing the system.
The Integrated Railways Information System uses GPS to automatically display the next arriving station and distance remaining for passengers on trains. It retrieves location data from GPS and compares it to station locations in a database to determine proximity. This information is then sent to LED displays on each train coach to keep passengers informed in real time.
Mobile Relay Configuration in Data-Intensuive Wireless Sensor with Three Rout...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor network are increasingly used in data-intensive applications such as micro-climate monitoring,
precision agriculture and audio/video surveillance. A key challenges faced by data-intensive wsn’s is to transmit
all the data generated with an application’s lifetime to the base station despite the fact that sensor nodes have
limited power supply. We propose using low-cost disposable mobile really and our work in the following
aspects First, it does not require complex motion planning of mobile nodes. Second we integrate the energy
consumption due to both mobility and wireless transmission. Our framework consists of first algorithm
computes an optimal routing tree. The second, we integrate the energy consumption due to both mobility and
wireless transmissions .The second algorithm improves the topology of the routing tree by greedily adding new
nodes. The third algorithm improves the routing tree by relocating its nodes without changing its topology.
Frequently forming a network topology without the use of any existing network infrastructure. We compare the
performance of the three prominent routing protocols for the mobile relay is Adhoc on Demand Distance Vector
(ADVO), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Protocols (TORA).
We have chosen four performance metrics such as Average Delay, Packet Delivery Fraction, Routing load and
varying Mobility nodes, simulation for the popular routing protocols AODV, DSDV, and TORA. The
simulation is carried out on NS-2. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network size and
simulations times. The simulation results confirm that ADVO performs well in terms of Average Delay, Packet
Delivery Fraction. As far as routing load concers TORA performs well.
Prototype of Google Maps-Based Flood Monitoring System using Arduino and GSM ...IRJET Journal
1. Researchers designed a prototype flood monitoring system using Arduino, ultrasonic sensors, a GPS module, and a GSM module to detect water levels, obtain location coordinates, and send this data in SMS messages to a flood information system.
2. The prototype system works by using ultrasonic sensors to detect water levels, a GPS module to obtain location coordinates, and an Arduino board to process the data before sending it via GSM to the information system.
3. The information system displays the water level data and flood location on an interactive map through Google Maps that is accessed via a web browser.
IRJET - A Real-Time Pothole Detection Approach for a Safety Transportation Sy...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a real-time pothole detection system to improve transportation safety. The system uses an accelerometer sensor to detect potholes by measuring deviations in road surface acceleration. An onboard GPS module provides the location of detected potholes. This location data, along with light and noise readings from an LDR and microphone, is uploaded to the cloud and plotted on Google Maps. The goal is to reduce accidents caused by unexpected potholes by making drivers aware of their locations.
REAL TIME WEB BASED SYSTEM FOR OBSERVING SAG AT SUBSTATIONIJCSEA Journal
The paper describes the designing of web based system for transmission of GPS measurements so that power system operator may monitor overhead conductor sag of power transmission line at substation in real time. The testing results of transmission of GPS measurements from 11KV power transmission line to substation have also been discussed in detail. Raw GPS measurements are not so accurate that these are usable for overhead conductor sag evaluation. The estimated GPS altitude measurements obtained using signal processing techniques such as Least Square Parameter Estimation(LSPE) and Haar Wavelet Transform (HWT) with LSPE are also presented in this paper.
General packet radio services (GPRS) is step to efficiently transport high-speed data over the current GSM and TDMA-based wireless network infrastructures.
Deployment of GPRS networks allows a variety of new applications ranging from mobile e-commerce to mobile corporate VPN access
Deployments of GPRS network has already taken place in several countries in Europe and the far east.
Recently technological and population development, the usage of vehicles is rapidly increasing and at the
same time the occurrence accident is also increased. Hence, the value of human life is ignored. No one can prevent
the accident, but can save their life by expediting the ambulance to the hospital in time. The objective of this
scheme is to minimize the delay caused by traffic congestion and to provide the smooth flow of emergency
vehicles. The concept of this scheme is to green the traffic signal in the path of ambulance automatically so that
the ambulance can reach the spot in time and human life can be saved. The main server finds the ambulance
through mail. At the same time, it controls the traffic light according to the ambulance location and thus arriving at
the hospital safely. This scheme is fully automated, thus it locates emergency vehicle and controls the traffic
lights, provide the shortest path to reach the hospital in time.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing algorithm called Quadrant-Based Directional Routing (Q-DIR) for multihop wireless networks. Q-DIR is implemented as a cross-layer with Contention Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM) to reduce network power consumption and increase throughput. Q-DIR limits flooding to the quadrant containing the source and destination nodes. CWAM adapts the contention window size based on node traffic to improve throughput. Simulation results show that Q-DIR with CWAM outperforms standard flooding protocols by utilizing fewer nodes and increasing throughput while reducing power consumption.
This document discusses using Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology for vehicle-to-vehicle communication to help prevent traffic accidents. It proposes a system where vehicles would be equipped with light sources and detectors to transmit and receive information like speed and position between vehicles using visible light. The system aims to provide fast, secure communication to alert nearby vehicles of braking, upcoming turns, or other potential hazards. An experimental setup is designed using LED lights to vary signal intensity to transmit data and photodiodes to receive the light signals and extract the information. The system could help autonomous vehicles stay aware of their surroundings and reduce crashes at intersections by sharing status updates in real-time.
1) This document discusses several research papers related to continuous data acquisition algorithms for smart grids using cloud-based technologies and smart meters.
2) It summarizes papers on cloud-based smart metering systems that use standardized communication between smart meters and servers stored in the cloud to optimize energy consumption. Another paper proposes a data collection algorithm that uses energy maps and clustering to reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
3) A third paper discusses utilities using satellites to remotely collect meter data in real-time for accuracy. A final paper presents an algorithm for smart building power consumption scheduling that uses smart meters and dynamic pricing to incentivize shifting usage to low-cost time periods.
Node Deployment Technique using Wireless Sensor NetworksIRJET Journal
This document discusses node deployment techniques in wireless sensor networks to improve network lifetime. Wireless sensor networks consist of spatially distributed sensor nodes with limited battery power. The proposed technique uses a multi-objective optimization algorithm based on energy consumption and connectivity to prolong network lifetime. The algorithm aims to find optimal solutions that minimize energy consumption while maintaining network connectivity. It analyzes factors like node deployment, energy consumption, fault tolerance, and data aggregation to efficiently route data from sensor nodes to a base station.
Equalization & Channel Estimation of Block & Comb Type CodesAM Publications
Multi-carrier code division multiple access is an attractive choice for high speed wireless communication as it mitigates
the problem of inter symbol interference and also exploits frequency diversity. The work described in this paper is my effort in this
direction. In this paper working of Transmitter and Receiver model of MCCDMA system is presented. We evaluated interference
and bit error rate for multicarrier code division multiple access wireless communication system. In this thesis my concern is find
out the effect of interference in MC-CDMA system. We find out the effect of number of users and signal power on different
parameters for MC-CDMA system. Simulations are given to support the system and receiver design. All the simulation is carried out on MATLAB tool.
Quadrant Based DIR in CWin Adaptation Mechanism for Multihop Wireless NetworkIJCI JOURNAL
In Multihop Wireless Networks, traffic forwarding capability of each node varies according to its level of contention. Each node can yield its channel access opportunity to its neighbouring nodes, so that all the nodes can evenly share the channel and have similar forwarding capability. In this manner the wireless channel is utilized effectively, which is achieved using Contention Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM). This mechanism achieves a higher end-to-end throughout but consumes the network power to a higher level. So, a newly proposed algorithm Quadrant- Based Directional Routing Protocol (Q-DIR) is implemented as a cross-layer with CWAM, to reduce the total network power consumption through limited flooding and also reduce the routing overheads, which eventually increases overall network throughput. This algorithm limits the broadcast region to a quadrant where the source node and the destination nodes are located. Implementation of the algorithm is done in Linux based NS-2 simulator
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Concept Note: Hydromet Stations Data Transmission by Affordable Solution
1. Hydromet Stations Data Transmission
Category: Innovations - Remote Data Collection and Management (Concept Note)
Version: 1.0
Date: 4 February 2020
By Hameedullah Pardess
2. Table of Contents
1. Introduction 3
2. Data Transmission Approach 4
2.1. Iridium’s Short Burst Data Transmission 4
2.2. GSM-GPRS Solution 5
2.2.1. SMS-GPRS Data Transmission Cost 7
2.2.2. Proposed Solution Strengths and Limitations 7
2.2.3. Pilot in Kabul 8
3. Comparison 9
4. Conclusion 9
pg. 2/17
3. 1. Introduction
Afghanistan has the experience of systematic hydrology and meteorology data collection
from hydromet stations from all over afghanistan using telemetry solution. Under the World
Bank project in 2013 - 2014, more than 56 hydromet stations were established in different
locations of the country and all stations were connected through satellite-based technology
to transmit the data remotely. This practice has successfully continued for many years and
The stations were automatically transmitting data till the end of 2016. The data
transmission plan with third-party service providers was available till the end of 2016, and
since the beginning of 2017, the Ministry of Energy and Water (Project Owner) had been
unable to continue with the payment for yearly data transmission to the service providers.
Hence, the hydromet stations are unable to transmit the data from remote sites.
Initially the telemetry project design had different components including:
1. Station Equipments ( Sensors, Sutron DataLogger, battery and other accessories
and hardware that are required to setup telemetry station)
2. Data Transmission Equipment (Sutron’s Iridium Modem with active data plan)
3. Web Application (http://www.sutronwin.com/sutronwin/)
The stations equipment were purchased based on a one-time cost and is already installed
in the field. The data transmission and web application were active based on transmission
plans and are no longer active. The solution was implemented by a US based company,
Sutron (https://www.sutron.com/).
The image below shows one of the stations installed in Takhar province.
Illustration 1: Bagthi Zakera - Takhar Station
pg. 3/17
4. 2. Data Transmission Approach
The telemetry solution for weather and hydrology data can leverage different technology
solutions including transmission of remote sensor data using satellite-based technologies.
The telemetry solution of the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) used Iridium’s Short
Burst Data (SBD) transmission technology. SBD is a satellite-based technology that
transmits short data messages using a data transmitter installed on the remote premises.
The establishment of a telemetry solution for Afghanistan was completed in 2015 and all
the stations used SBD approach to transmit the data to the main server till the end of
December 2016. The contract for the data transmission ended in December 2016 and
since then, the stations are unable to automatically transmit the collected data from
hydromet stations to the main server.
The telemetry stations are already established and accurately collect the data through
different sensors, the issue is that data could not be transferred automatically. Currently
the data is manually copied from dataLogger using usb-storage and the data is sent by
post to Kabul which takes weeks or months to reach to the main office. To get timely data
from the stations there is a need to re-activate the automatic data transfer mechanisms
from the stations.
Considering the urgent requirement of re-activating the data transmission of the currently
installed stations, NSIA analyzed the following two solutions:
1. Iridium’s Short Burst Data Transmission
2. GSM-GPRS Solution (In-house Solution)
NSIA started working on both of the aforementioned solutions. NSIA’s technical team
approached SBD service providers and requested quotation for the re-activation of the
stations using satellite data communication. In the meantime, NSIA’s technical team
started working on building an in-house solution to leverage Internet of Things (IoT)
technologies using Short Message Service (SMS) based data transmission approach.
2.1. Iridium’s Short Burst Data Transmission
The hydromet stations were installed in 2015 using Sutron’s Iridium Modem to transmit the
data from stations to the remote server. NSIA approached Iridium and its regional partners
for re-activation of the stations using existing setup. After multiple attempts via email
communication, NSIA was able to identify two partners for service re-activation, i.e.,
IECTelecom and USTronics. NSIA received quotation for reactivation of the modems and
purchase of monthly packages that are highlighted as follow:
Table 1: IEC Telecom - Annual SBD Data Plan
Line Item Units Unit Price (USD) Total Price (USD)
SBD Modem Reactivation (one-time) Fee 56 47.00 2,632.00
pg. 4/17
5. Iridium Annual Prepaid Short Burst Data Plan with
30Kbytes package
Unit Price Calculation:
● $41/Month x 12 = $440/year
56 492.00 27,552.00
Short Burst Annual Plan
Monthly Data Consumption (470Kbytes)
Unit Price Calculation:
● $1.16/Kbyte x 470Kbyte = $545.2/month
● 545.2/month x 12 months = $6,542.4
56 6,542.40 366,374.40
Table 2: USTronics - Annual SBD Data Plan
Line Item Units Unit Price (USD) Total Price (USD)
SBD Modem Reactivation (one-time) Fee 56 47.00 2,632.00
Iridium Annual Prepaid Short Burst Data Plan with
30Kbytes package
Unit Price Calculation:
● $37/Month x 12 = $440/year
56 440.00 24,640.00
Short Burst Annual Plan
Monthly Data Consumption (470Kbytes)
Unit Price Calculation:
● $0.97/Kbyte x 470Kbyte = $455.9/month
● 455.9/month x 12 months = $5,470.8
56 5,470.80 306,320.00
SBD data transmission is a reliable mechanism and can work anywhere in the country
however, there are data transmission limitations, the modem can only transmit 500
Kilobytes of data in a month which limits the frequency of data transmission. With the 30
Kilobytes data package plan, remote hydromet stations can transmit data three times in
the time period of 24 hours, since each data package is 330 bytes and 30 Kilobytes data
will be sufficient for this purpose. However, if the frequency and the amount of data
changes then additional data plan will be required.
pg. 5/17
6. 2.2. GSM-GPRS Solution
Data transfer through SMS is a very cost effective and inexpensive solution all over the
world. Considering the current wider coverage and better access of telecommunication
services in Afghanistan, SMS could be a better solution compared to SBD. SMS is a cost
effective and efficient approach for frequent and small data collection from remote areas.
The SMS solution can be divided into two parts based on cost:
1. Hardware Equipments
2. SMS Package
● The hardware equipment is a one-time cost and the SMS package cost is a small
amount that should be paid monthly to the mobile network carrier.
Table 3: One-time cost for SMS-GPRS Solution
No. Line Item Units Unit Price
(USD)
Total Price
(USD)
1 Raspberry Pi 4 Model B 4Gb Ram Micro
Controller Board for IOT Electronic Hobby Kit
56 85.00 4,760.00
2 Raspberry Pi Official Case for Pi 4 Model B
(1GB/2GB/4GB Model)
56 10.00 560.00
3 Samsung EVO Plus Grade 3, Class 10 64GB
MicroSDXC 100 MB/S Memory Card with SD
Adapter (MB-MC64GA/IN)
56 15.00 840.00
4 USB Charging Cable 56 2.00 112.00
5 Huawei USB Dongle 56 20.00 1120.00
6 SIM Card (Etisalat/AWCC/Roshan/MTN) 56 1.50 84.00
Total 133.50 7,476.00
pg. 6/17
7. 2.2.1. SMS-GPRS Data Transmission Cost
Depending on the requirement for hydrological and meteorological data transmission, the
SMS-GPRS solution is customizable and it can be adjusted to even minutes whenever the
data is ready for transmission. However, based on the current requirement each station
transmits 24 sensor readings in 24 hours with one-hour reading interval and transmission
frequency. With the current settings, each station will be transmitting 7.9 Kilobytes of data
in 24 hours and each station’s cost estimation for SMS-based data transmission is:
● SMS Frequency: 1 SMS/hour
● Total SMSs per day: 24 SMS/day
● Total SMSs per month: 720 SMS/month
● Total SMSs per year: 8760 SMS/year
Table 4: SMS Data Transmission Options
Standard SMS Costing (Off-Network) Monthly SMS Package (On-net)
Standard SMS cost from one mobile network to
another (Off-Network):
● 1 SMS price: 2.5 AFN/SMS
● 24 Hours SMS Cost: 60 AFN/day
● 30 Days SMS Cost: 1800 AFN/month
● 365 Days SMS Cost: 21600 AFN/year
- 23USD/Month per SIM cost 720 SMSs per
month.
- This option depends on the coverage of one
mobile network that can provide access in all
hydromet stations.
Monthly SMS bundles for more than 10,000 SMSs
within the same network (On-Network):
● Etisalat Monthly SMS Bundle: 0.83USD/Month
● AWCC Monthly SMS Bundle: 0.64USD/Month
● Roshan Monthly SMS Bundle: 0.89USD/Month
● MTN Monthly SMS Bundle: 0.64USD/Month
- Average per bundle cost = 0.83USD/Month for
10,000 minimum SMS valid for one month.
- This option will require an SMS gateway supporting
all SIM cards.
- Higher chances of multiple network coverage.
- Cost depends on the mobile network monthly
packages
Table 5: SMS-based Data Transmission Annual Cost
Line Item Units Unit Price (USD) Total Price (USD)
Off-net SMS Data Transmission
720 SMSs per month per hydromet station
Unit Price Calculation:
● $23/Month x 12months = $276/year
56 276.00 15,456.00
On-net SMS Data Transmission
Minimum 10,000 SMSs per month per station
Unit Price Calculation:
● $0.83/Month x 12months = $9.96/year
56 9.96 557.76
pg. 7/17
8. 2.2.2. Proposed Solution Strengths and Limitations
Considering the cost factors, for the stations where telecommunication services are
available, NSIA proposes the GSM-GPRS solution. The proposed SMS-based solution is
an in-house developed solution using Single Board Computer (SBC) reading data from the
sensors’ data processing unit (data logger) and transmitting the data using USB dongle
connected to the SBC.
This solution has the following strengths and limitations:
Table 6: Strengths vs. Limitations
Strengths Limitations
● Low cost and innovative solution.
● No additional power source is
required since SBC is connected to a
data logger.
● The solution is customizable and
reusable to transmit the data in
different ways like SMS or internet.
● Automatic data transmission intervals
are configurable.
● Dependent on the availability of mobile
network near hydromet station
● No other pilots of this solution are
implemented anywhere else and it has not
been tested fully.
● Requires technical expertise in the Ministry
of Energy and Water (MEW) for long-term
maintenance.
● Requires availability of technical human
resources in MEW.
2.2.3. Pilot in Kabul
In-house SMS-GPRS based telemetry solution has been developed by NSIA and installed
in one of the hydromet stations in Kabul and it has been successfully transmitting data
from site since 25 January 2020. The data is transmitted through SMSs and the device is
transmitting one SMS every 15 minutes. Currently the team is working on expanding the
network to at least another two sites in next week for further testing.
In the meantime, data management and reporting information system is developed and
hosted in the cloud. Currently, the remote data is synchronized and reported to the system.
Following is a snapshot of the information system:
pg. 8/17
10. 3. Comparison
The following table compares the two data transmission approaches for the hydromet
stations.
Table 7: Comparison of SBD and SMS-GPRS based data transmission solutions
No Characteristics SBD Option SMS-GPRS Option
1 Reactivation fee for 56 stations
(One-time fee)
$2,632.00 $0.0 - does not require
reactivation
2 Hardware Cost for 56 stations
(one-time)
$0 (All ready setup) $7,476.00
3 Annual Cost - in case of 30 Kilobytes
data requirement (SBD) and monthly
SMS bundle (on-net)
$27,272.00 $557.76
4 Data sharing mediums Only through satellite
(iridium modem) using
SBD
SMS and Internet
5 External power source Yes No, it gets the power from
Data Logger through USB
port
6 Power voltage DC 12 volts DC 5 volts
6 Payment Frequency Monthly/Annual SMS based/Monthly
7 Cost factor The cost is calculated
based on data transmitted
through satellite
The cost is calculated based
on monthly SMS package.
Standard SMS size is 160
characters.
8 Data transmission limitation Maximum 500 Kilobytes
monthly
In case of SMSs, it depends
on the SMS bundle
9 Previous experience The solution is widely
used in other countries.
First implementation case in
Afghanistan
10 Coverage Global coverage and can
work anywhere in
Afghanistan
Dependent on the coverage
of the telecom network and
location of the hydromet site
4. Conclusion
Both data transmission approaches have their strengths and limitations. We propose a
mixed modality of both solutions. Implementation of SMS-GPRS based solution is
proposed where hydromet sites are covered under the telecom network so that the
network can transmit data using SMS. Satellite-based data transmission is proposed
where there telecom network coverage is not available.
pg. 10/17
12. Equipments required for Implementation (Testing)
The required equipments are available in Amazon.in(India) to be purchased.
Each Station required Equipments
No Item Qty Price/Unit
1 Raspberry Pi 4 Model B 4Gb Ram Micro Controller Board for IOT
Electronic Hobby Kit
40 5,948 INR
2 Raspberry Pi Official Case for Pi 4 Model B (1GB/2GB/4GB Model) 40 500 INR
5 Samsung EVO Plus Grade 3, Class 10 64GB MicroSDXC 100 MB/S
Memory Card with SD Adapter (MB-MC64GA/IN)
40 1100 INR
6 Raspberry Pi 4B Aluminium Heat Sink 129 INR
7 DC 5.5-30V 12v to DC 0.5-30V 5v 24v Adjustable Constant Current
Voltage Step UP Down Voltage Regulator 3A 35W Power Supply Module
40 899 INR
Total 8576 x 40 =
343,040 INR
Equipments for Testing
No Item Qty Price/Unit
1 USB Tester 3~30V DC 1 890 INR
2 7-inch LCD Display Module HDMI 800x480 for Raspberry Pi 6,900 INR
3 BlueRigger High Speed Micro HDMI to HDMI Cable (NOT Micro-USB)
with Ethernet (3 feet / 0.9 Meter)
1 450 INR
4 Raspberry Pi 15.3W USB-C Power Supply for Raspberry Pi 4 Mobel B
(1GB/2GB/4GB Model)
1 950 INR
5 Raspberry Pi Keyboard and Mouse Kit 1 2,260 INR
Total 11,450 INR
pg. 12/17