Overview: This presentation provides a comprehensive guide to assembling your own computer.
Purpose: Understand the process and benefits of building a custom PC.
Key Points: Importance of component understanding and the advantages of customization.
The document discusses the history and development of personal computers. It begins with early microcomputers using the CP/M operating system and progresses to the development of the IBM PC using the Intel 8088 processor and Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system. It then covers improvements to processor architectures from Intel and AMD that increased processing power and capabilities over time.
The document discusses motherboards and BIOS. It explains that the motherboard provides the foundation for the PC and acts as the central connecting point. The BIOS stored in ROM allows the CPU to communicate with devices. It discusses chipsets, form factors, boot processes, and how the CMOS stores configurable settings to customize a system.
The document discusses the common components of a computer system including the motherboard, CPU, RAM, power supply, heat sink, graphics card, hard drive, optical drive, south bridge, north bridge, BIOS, and memory modules. The motherboard connects all the components and its form factors have evolved from ATX to LPX to NLX to BTX for better airflow and upgradability. CPUs can be RISC or CISC and overclocking increases their speed. RAM types include SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR SDRAM. The power supply converts AC to DC for the components. The heat sink keeps the CPU cool.
The document discusses motherboards and their history and functions. It provides the following key points:
1) A motherboard serves as the central circuit board of a computer and provides connections for other components to communicate.
2) Early computers had mainframes with backplanes for connecting components, but motherboards soon replaced this with a single printed circuit board.
3) Modern motherboards integrate most peripheral functions and contain components like the CPU, memory, BIOS, chipset and slots for expansion cards. The motherboard facilitates communication between all computer components and devices.
A motherboard is the central circuit board of a computer system and provides connections for other components to communicate. During the late 1980s and 1990s, more peripheral functions were added to motherboards. Popular computers like the Apple II and IBM PC used documentation to allow third parties to make compatible motherboards. A motherboard's functions include acting as the main communication hub between components and housing the BIOS. Different types of motherboards include XT, AT, baby AT and current ATX motherboards, which have evolved over time to support newer components and standards.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra.
Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik
Date: 17/01/2011
Session-3: Internal Components of PC
The document provides information about motherboard components and their functions, as well as how to troubleshoot motherboard failures. It discusses the main components of a motherboard including the back panel connectors, PCI slots, northbridge, southbridge, CPU socket, power connectors, and RAM slots. It then describes common motherboard failure symptoms and provides a multi-step process for troubleshooting, which involves checking for physical damage, voltages, and signals before attempting to replace failed components.
The document discusses the history and development of personal computers. It begins with early microcomputers using the CP/M operating system and progresses to the development of the IBM PC using the Intel 8088 processor and Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system. It then covers improvements to processor architectures from Intel and AMD that increased processing power and capabilities over time.
The document discusses motherboards and BIOS. It explains that the motherboard provides the foundation for the PC and acts as the central connecting point. The BIOS stored in ROM allows the CPU to communicate with devices. It discusses chipsets, form factors, boot processes, and how the CMOS stores configurable settings to customize a system.
The document discusses the common components of a computer system including the motherboard, CPU, RAM, power supply, heat sink, graphics card, hard drive, optical drive, south bridge, north bridge, BIOS, and memory modules. The motherboard connects all the components and its form factors have evolved from ATX to LPX to NLX to BTX for better airflow and upgradability. CPUs can be RISC or CISC and overclocking increases their speed. RAM types include SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR SDRAM. The power supply converts AC to DC for the components. The heat sink keeps the CPU cool.
The document discusses motherboards and their history and functions. It provides the following key points:
1) A motherboard serves as the central circuit board of a computer and provides connections for other components to communicate.
2) Early computers had mainframes with backplanes for connecting components, but motherboards soon replaced this with a single printed circuit board.
3) Modern motherboards integrate most peripheral functions and contain components like the CPU, memory, BIOS, chipset and slots for expansion cards. The motherboard facilitates communication between all computer components and devices.
A motherboard is the central circuit board of a computer system and provides connections for other components to communicate. During the late 1980s and 1990s, more peripheral functions were added to motherboards. Popular computers like the Apple II and IBM PC used documentation to allow third parties to make compatible motherboards. A motherboard's functions include acting as the main communication hub between components and housing the BIOS. Different types of motherboards include XT, AT, baby AT and current ATX motherboards, which have evolved over time to support newer components and standards.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra.
Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik
Date: 17/01/2011
Session-3: Internal Components of PC
The document provides information about motherboard components and their functions, as well as how to troubleshoot motherboard failures. It discusses the main components of a motherboard including the back panel connectors, PCI slots, northbridge, southbridge, CPU socket, power connectors, and RAM slots. It then describes common motherboard failure symptoms and provides a multi-step process for troubleshooting, which involves checking for physical damage, voltages, and signals before attempting to replace failed components.
Introduction to Computer Engineering. Motherboard.marada0033
The motherboard connects and allows communication between all components of a computer. It has standardized dimensions and connectors defined by form factors like ATX. Key components include the CPU socket which determines supported processors, RAM slots for memory, expansion slots for graphics and storage, and chipsets which connect the CPU to other components. The motherboard uses buses to transfer data and instructions between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
The document discusses motherboards, including their components, functions, classifications, and chipsets. It provides details on:
1) The three primary characteristics that define motherboards - form factor, chipset, and built-in components.
2) The functions of the Northbridge and Southbridge chips which help manage data flow and input/output.
3) The two main types of motherboards - integrated and non-integrated - and their distinguishing features.
The motherboard holds many important computer components and determines the layout and size of the system. Common form factors include ATX, LPX, and NLX. The CPU executes instructions to carry out programs and its speed is measured in GHz. RAM allows data to be accessed quickly and comes in types like SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR SDRAM. The power supply provides power to all components in regulated voltages of 3.3v, 5v, and 12v.
The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer that connects all the components together. It contains ports and slots for connecting peripherals and expansion cards. The CPU communicates with memory and other devices via the chipset and different bus architectures. System memory stores active programs and data for processing. BIOS and CMOS RAM store basic settings. The power supply converts AC to various DC voltages needed to power the computer components.
The document discusses various computer hardware components. It describes that a computer system consists of hardware like the case, storage drives, and peripherals. The hardware components include the computer case, power supply, motherboard, CPU, cooling systems, memory, and adapter cards. The case contains the internal components and comes in different form factors. The power supply provides power to the components.
This presentation provides an overview of motherboard components and functions. It describes the main components including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, BIOS, expansion slots, and input/output ports. It explains that the motherboard connects the central processing unit and other internal components to enable communication within the computer. Form factors like ATX and microATX determine the motherboard size and compatibility. Selecting a motherboard involves considering the CPU, case, expansion needs and warranty.
The document discusses different types of motherboards including integrated, non-integrated, desktop, laptop, and server motherboards. It describes the key components of a motherboard including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, expansion slots, BIOS, and I/O ports. Different form factors for motherboards are also covered such as ATX, microATX, and BTX.
The document discusses different types of motherboards including integrated, non-integrated, desktop, laptop, and server motherboards. It describes the main components of a motherboard including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, expansion slots, BIOS, and I/O ports. Key factors to consider when selecting a motherboard are the form factor, CPU support, BIOS type, case compatibility, and warranty.
This document provides an overview of motherboard components and layout. It describes the main components of a motherboard including the CPU socket, memory slots, I/O ports, BIOS, disk connectors, and expansion bus slots. It explains common bus standards like PCI, AGP, and PCIe. It also defines different motherboard form factors such as ATX, NLX, and BTX and describes their features and advantages. Finally, it provides a detailed description of the functions and types of computer buses that connect components within a computer system.
The document discusses the key components and functions of a motherboard. It describes how a motherboard provides electrical connections for the CPU, memory, drives, and peripherals to communicate. It explains that the microprocessor's supporting chipset determines the motherboard's features and capabilities. Form factor, common motherboard parts like expansion slots and memory sockets are described. Factors to consider when selecting a motherboard are also outlined.
The document discusses the key components and functions of a computer motherboard. It describes how a motherboard connects the central processing unit and other components like memory slots, drives, and peripherals. It explains that the motherboard form factor determines compatibility with other hardware. Common form factors include ATX, which is most popular, and BTX, the latest standard. The document outlines important motherboard components such as the chipset, CPU socket, memory slots, BIOS, and expansion slots. It provides details on how these components work together to enable system communication and functionality.
The document discusses the key components and functions of a computer motherboard. It begins by defining a motherboard as the primary circuit board inside a computer that hosts the CPU, memory slots, drives, and other peripherals. It then covers important motherboard components like the chipset, form factor, memory sockets, CPU socket, expansion slots, and input/output ports. The document provides details on how these components work and interact to enable the functioning of the computer system. It concludes by offering some tips for selecting an appropriate motherboard.
The motherboard is the central component of a PC that connects all other major components. It contains various internal connectors for components like the CPU, memory, storage drives, graphics cards, and expansion slots. Understanding what each connector is used for helps with building and upgrading a PC. The document discusses different internal connectors on motherboards like the CPU socket, memory slots, power connectors, and various ports.
Comptia A+ Exam Notes for Core 1 and . Core 2anandsoft0
Comptia A+ exam cram notes is free and useful for candidates preparing for the exam. The advantages of a+ cram notes are given below:
Time efficiency: Culling key points into concise notes allows you to review a large amount of information quickly, especially helpful for last-minute revision.
Targeted learning: Focusing on core concepts and neglecting less relevant details can be useful for prioritizing material in limited time.
Improved recall: Writing key points and summarizing information can aid in memorization and short-term recall for the exam.
Stress reduction: Creating structured notes can provide a sense of accomplishment and control, potentially reducing anxiety before exams.
This document provides an overview of motherboard components and characteristics. It begins by stating the objectives of describing motherboard functions, types, and components. It then discusses what a motherboard is and its main functions. The document outlines different types of motherboards, including integrated vs. non-integrated, desktop vs. laptop vs. server, and form factors like ATX. It identifies the major components of a motherboard such as the chipset, CPU socket, RAM slots, BIOS, connectors, and considers factors for purchasing a motherboard.
This document provides information about motherboards. It begins with an introduction explaining that a motherboard is the primary circuit board in a computer that connects the CPU, memory, drives, and other peripherals. It then discusses motherboard form factors like ATX and microATX. The document outlines the key components of a motherboard like the chipset, CPU socket, memory slots, expansion slots, and BIOS. It also explains the roles of the northbridge and southbridge chips. In the end, it provides some tips for selecting a suitable motherboard.
A motherboard houses the CPU and allows components to communicate. Its primary roles are to select a CPU and motherboard that meet needs and provide room for expansion. The motherboard contains key components like the CPU, chipset, and BIOS that manage basic functions. Configuration is stored in CMOS memory and involves settings like voltages, ports and passwords to control access. Proper cooling of high-powered CPUs is important for performance and longevity.
Lesson 4 pc hardware components (internal devices) part 1emesce
The document discusses the internal components of a personal computer, including the motherboard which holds essential electronic parts like the CPU, memory, and drives. It describes the functions of the CPU, RAM, and power supply, and explains how the motherboard uses the northbridge and southbridge chips to connect these components via various busses and cables for data and power transmission within the system. Form factors for motherboards like ATX, MicroATX, and Mini-ITX are also outlined along with socket types for different processors.
The document provides information about the hardware components of a computer system. It discusses the system unit and its main parts including the motherboard, microprocessor, memory chips, buses, ports, and expansion slots. It describes the motherboard in more detail and lists common motherboard sizes. It also discusses other internal components like the hard drive, power supply, central processing unit, random access memory, optical drives, expansion slots, and expansion cards. External components and ports are briefly covered as well.
The Law that protect the cyberspace.pptxCarloCimacio
The Philippines has a high rate of social media usage, with over 35% of the population actively using social media. The average time spent on social media per day is 4 hours and 1 minute. Facebook has the highest penetration rate at 32%. Filipinos most often use social media to stay in touch with friends and family (74%) and to share new experiences (63%). Both the Cybercrime Prevention Act and Anti-Bullying Act establish policies to curb online crimes, cyberbullying, and the spread of false information.
Algorithms the fundamentals, For computer Science.pptCarloCimacio
The document discusses problem solving and algorithms. It begins by listing the chapter goals, which include describing the computer problem solving process, distinguishing between different data types and structures, and describing sorting and searching algorithms. It then discusses Polya's problem solving process and strategies like asking questions, dividing problems into subproblems, and recognizing previously solved tasks. The document outlines the phases of computer problem solving and describes algorithms, control structures, and common data types like records and arrays. It explains sorting algorithms like selection sort and searching algorithms like sequential and binary search.
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Introduction to Computer Engineering. Motherboard.marada0033
The motherboard connects and allows communication between all components of a computer. It has standardized dimensions and connectors defined by form factors like ATX. Key components include the CPU socket which determines supported processors, RAM slots for memory, expansion slots for graphics and storage, and chipsets which connect the CPU to other components. The motherboard uses buses to transfer data and instructions between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
The document discusses motherboards, including their components, functions, classifications, and chipsets. It provides details on:
1) The three primary characteristics that define motherboards - form factor, chipset, and built-in components.
2) The functions of the Northbridge and Southbridge chips which help manage data flow and input/output.
3) The two main types of motherboards - integrated and non-integrated - and their distinguishing features.
The motherboard holds many important computer components and determines the layout and size of the system. Common form factors include ATX, LPX, and NLX. The CPU executes instructions to carry out programs and its speed is measured in GHz. RAM allows data to be accessed quickly and comes in types like SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR SDRAM. The power supply provides power to all components in regulated voltages of 3.3v, 5v, and 12v.
The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer that connects all the components together. It contains ports and slots for connecting peripherals and expansion cards. The CPU communicates with memory and other devices via the chipset and different bus architectures. System memory stores active programs and data for processing. BIOS and CMOS RAM store basic settings. The power supply converts AC to various DC voltages needed to power the computer components.
The document discusses various computer hardware components. It describes that a computer system consists of hardware like the case, storage drives, and peripherals. The hardware components include the computer case, power supply, motherboard, CPU, cooling systems, memory, and adapter cards. The case contains the internal components and comes in different form factors. The power supply provides power to the components.
This presentation provides an overview of motherboard components and functions. It describes the main components including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, BIOS, expansion slots, and input/output ports. It explains that the motherboard connects the central processing unit and other internal components to enable communication within the computer. Form factors like ATX and microATX determine the motherboard size and compatibility. Selecting a motherboard involves considering the CPU, case, expansion needs and warranty.
The document discusses different types of motherboards including integrated, non-integrated, desktop, laptop, and server motherboards. It describes the key components of a motherboard including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, expansion slots, BIOS, and I/O ports. Different form factors for motherboards are also covered such as ATX, microATX, and BTX.
The document discusses different types of motherboards including integrated, non-integrated, desktop, laptop, and server motherboards. It describes the main components of a motherboard including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, expansion slots, BIOS, and I/O ports. Key factors to consider when selecting a motherboard are the form factor, CPU support, BIOS type, case compatibility, and warranty.
This document provides an overview of motherboard components and layout. It describes the main components of a motherboard including the CPU socket, memory slots, I/O ports, BIOS, disk connectors, and expansion bus slots. It explains common bus standards like PCI, AGP, and PCIe. It also defines different motherboard form factors such as ATX, NLX, and BTX and describes their features and advantages. Finally, it provides a detailed description of the functions and types of computer buses that connect components within a computer system.
The document discusses the key components and functions of a motherboard. It describes how a motherboard provides electrical connections for the CPU, memory, drives, and peripherals to communicate. It explains that the microprocessor's supporting chipset determines the motherboard's features and capabilities. Form factor, common motherboard parts like expansion slots and memory sockets are described. Factors to consider when selecting a motherboard are also outlined.
The document discusses the key components and functions of a computer motherboard. It describes how a motherboard connects the central processing unit and other components like memory slots, drives, and peripherals. It explains that the motherboard form factor determines compatibility with other hardware. Common form factors include ATX, which is most popular, and BTX, the latest standard. The document outlines important motherboard components such as the chipset, CPU socket, memory slots, BIOS, and expansion slots. It provides details on how these components work together to enable system communication and functionality.
The document discusses the key components and functions of a computer motherboard. It begins by defining a motherboard as the primary circuit board inside a computer that hosts the CPU, memory slots, drives, and other peripherals. It then covers important motherboard components like the chipset, form factor, memory sockets, CPU socket, expansion slots, and input/output ports. The document provides details on how these components work and interact to enable the functioning of the computer system. It concludes by offering some tips for selecting an appropriate motherboard.
The motherboard is the central component of a PC that connects all other major components. It contains various internal connectors for components like the CPU, memory, storage drives, graphics cards, and expansion slots. Understanding what each connector is used for helps with building and upgrading a PC. The document discusses different internal connectors on motherboards like the CPU socket, memory slots, power connectors, and various ports.
Comptia A+ Exam Notes for Core 1 and . Core 2anandsoft0
Comptia A+ exam cram notes is free and useful for candidates preparing for the exam. The advantages of a+ cram notes are given below:
Time efficiency: Culling key points into concise notes allows you to review a large amount of information quickly, especially helpful for last-minute revision.
Targeted learning: Focusing on core concepts and neglecting less relevant details can be useful for prioritizing material in limited time.
Improved recall: Writing key points and summarizing information can aid in memorization and short-term recall for the exam.
Stress reduction: Creating structured notes can provide a sense of accomplishment and control, potentially reducing anxiety before exams.
This document provides an overview of motherboard components and characteristics. It begins by stating the objectives of describing motherboard functions, types, and components. It then discusses what a motherboard is and its main functions. The document outlines different types of motherboards, including integrated vs. non-integrated, desktop vs. laptop vs. server, and form factors like ATX. It identifies the major components of a motherboard such as the chipset, CPU socket, RAM slots, BIOS, connectors, and considers factors for purchasing a motherboard.
This document provides information about motherboards. It begins with an introduction explaining that a motherboard is the primary circuit board in a computer that connects the CPU, memory, drives, and other peripherals. It then discusses motherboard form factors like ATX and microATX. The document outlines the key components of a motherboard like the chipset, CPU socket, memory slots, expansion slots, and BIOS. It also explains the roles of the northbridge and southbridge chips. In the end, it provides some tips for selecting a suitable motherboard.
A motherboard houses the CPU and allows components to communicate. Its primary roles are to select a CPU and motherboard that meet needs and provide room for expansion. The motherboard contains key components like the CPU, chipset, and BIOS that manage basic functions. Configuration is stored in CMOS memory and involves settings like voltages, ports and passwords to control access. Proper cooling of high-powered CPUs is important for performance and longevity.
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The document discusses the internal components of a personal computer, including the motherboard which holds essential electronic parts like the CPU, memory, and drives. It describes the functions of the CPU, RAM, and power supply, and explains how the motherboard uses the northbridge and southbridge chips to connect these components via various busses and cables for data and power transmission within the system. Form factors for motherboards like ATX, MicroATX, and Mini-ITX are also outlined along with socket types for different processors.
The document provides information about the hardware components of a computer system. It discusses the system unit and its main parts including the motherboard, microprocessor, memory chips, buses, ports, and expansion slots. It describes the motherboard in more detail and lists common motherboard sizes. It also discusses other internal components like the hard drive, power supply, central processing unit, random access memory, optical drives, expansion slots, and expansion cards. External components and ports are briefly covered as well.
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The document discusses problem solving and algorithms. It begins by listing the chapter goals, which include describing the computer problem solving process, distinguishing between different data types and structures, and describing sorting and searching algorithms. It then discusses Polya's problem solving process and strategies like asking questions, dividing problems into subproblems, and recognizing previously solved tasks. The document outlines the phases of computer problem solving and describes algorithms, control structures, and common data types like records and arrays. It explains sorting algorithms like selection sort and searching algorithms like sequential and binary search.
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This document provides an overview of intellectual property rights under Indian law. It discusses the different types of intellectual property including copyrights, patents, industrial designs, trademarks, and geographical indications. For copyrights and patents, it outlines what types of creations or inventions can be protected, the rights granted to owners, and exceptions. The document also summarizes international treaties related to intellectual property and the government agencies that administer different types of IP in India. Overall it concisely introduces the major concepts around intellectual property rights.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
1. Computer Hardware
Dr. I. Arul Rayappan
Associate Professor of Physics,
St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous),
Tiruchirappalli-620 002.
2. The birth of Personal Computer
Microcomputer
with OS CP/M
and upto 64
dump Terminals
Home computer HC
TV as monitor & Tape
recorder as storage
device
Why not a system for
single user like microcomputer
at the cost of Home computer ???
Personal
computer PC
By IBM
3. For this PC the IBM needs
• A 8 bit processor
which can support above 256KB Memory
• Single user OS
which can work with Floppy Disk
4. Intel
The Microprocessor Company released 8086
a 16 bit Processor with 1MB memory support.
….failure in the market
8086 was modified into 8 bit processor as 8088
used by IBM for PC
5. Microsoft
A small company of those days developed a OS as
Disk Operating System DOS for IBM
…later renamed as MSDOS
6. The First IBM PC configuration
Processor 8088 - 4.77Mhz
256 KB RAM (640kb)
2x360 KB Floppy disk drive
2 Parallel port
2 Serial port
Mono Graphics display card
Mono chromatic monitor
84 keys keyboard
Operating system DOS (8 bit)
7. Microprocessor and PC Development
Intel
8080- 8 bit
8085- 8 bit
8086 -16bit
8088 16/8
80286-16bit
80386-32bit
80486-32bit
80586
PC286AT
12-20Mhz
Windows 3.1
Novel
NetWare
PC386AT
33&40Mhz
Windows 95
8087
80287
80387
SIMM 30pins
16 MB RAM
VGA, ISA Slot
IDE & ATA HDD
Multi Media
16 MB RAM
(4GB)
Dual Speed
CPU& RAM
I/O 33Mhz
With
Co-
processor
Cache mem
72 pin
SIMM
PCI Slot
Tri speed
CPU,Mem
& I/O
PC
&
PC
XT
9. Microprocessor and PC Development
Intel
8080- 8 bit
8085- 8 bit
8086 -16bit
8088 16/8
80286-16bit
80386-32bit
80486-32bit
80586
PC286AT
12-20Mhz
Windows 3.1
Novel
NetWare
PC386AT
33&40Mhz
Windows 95
8087
80287
80387
SIMM 30pins
16 MB RAM
VGA, ISA Slot
IDE & ATA HDD
Multi Media
16 MB RAM
(4GB)
Dual Speed
CPU& RAM
I/O 33Mhz
With
Co-
processor
Cache mem
72 pin
SIMM
PCI Slot
Tri speed
CPU,Mem
& I/O
AMD,
Cyrix,Ti …
PC
&
PC
XT
12. Motherboard
Normally a motherboard consists of
CPU Socket & CPU
Core voltage converter~1.7V
Core Frequency generator e.g. 2.8Ghz
Chip set
Memory bus controller (FSB)
I/O controllers
RAM Slot & RAM
Keyboard interface
I/O Slots
Integrated or All In One Motherboard
Floppy Disk Controller
Hard Disk Controller
parallel ATA (PATA)
Serial ATA (SATA)
Parallel port, Serial port, USB ports
Ethernet
AGP display controller
Sound Controller
13.
14. Pentium-4
Some Important points in selecting
the Processor
Speed: 1 Ghz – 3.4 Ghz ….
FSB : 333Mhz – 833Mhz
Three
Level Cache: 256Kb-4Gb
Models: Single core
HT
Dual Core
16. Today’s Computer Configuration
Pentium-4 3.0Ghz Dual 2Mb Cache 833 FSB
Intel Motherboard 102 FSB 533Mhz
512 MB DDR2
160GB HDD SATA
DVD drive
Serial & Parallel ports
USB port
Monitor CRT or TFT
Keyboard & mouse
AMD Athlon 4800+
Chipset Motherboard
As same as other side
17. Motherboard
Intel Motherboard Intel Chipset
Motherboard
Third party Motherboard
Intel CPU AMD CPU
Chipset and Board
both Intel itself Chipset by Intel
Board Other companies
Like Mercury, Asus…
Chipset by Other chipset
manufacturers
Like VIA, SIS …
Board by Other Companies
Like Mercury, Asus
Motherboard With higher FSB, AGP Slot, SATA interface
and at least three PCI I/O Slots
18.
19. Chipset
There are two major sections in motherboard namely
• Memory Section
• I/O Section
Memory Section
Memory decoders
Bus controller
FSB manager
Etc
For these things
One SMD
I/O Section
I/O Decoder
DMA & PIC
PCI I/O slot manager
Power manager
AGP onboard & AGP Slot
Etc
One SMD
Chipset
20. Memory RAM
SIMM 30 pin
SIMM 72 pin
EDO RAM
(Enhance Data Out)
SD RAM
(Synchronous Data)
RD RAM
(Ram Data bus)
286 & 386 AT
486 & Pentium K5 from AMD
486 & Pentium K5 from AMD
Pentium, Pentium-II & III Athalon
Pentium – 4
DDR
(Double Data Rate)
DDR2
Pentium – 4 Single core & HT FSB: 400Mhz
Pentium – 4 Dual core FSB: 533Mhz
21. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
SCSI Small Computer System Interface
Normally used in Servers.
IDE Integrated Drive Electronics
(ATA)Advance Technology Attachment
PATA Parallel ATA
SATA Serial ATA (7200 RPM &
Ultra DMA 133Mhz)
22.
23.
24.
25. A Voice Coil Actuator is a very simple positioning device that utilizes a
coil of wire in a permanent magnetic field. In speakers, the magnet is
cylindrical North-South Pole in-out (or top-bottom of the cylinder) and
the coil goes North-to-South Pole (or top-bottom of an inner
cylinder). Changing the amplitude and polarity of the current in the coil
causes an in-out force that 'plays' the diaphragm on the speaker. The
spring tension on the diaphragm keeps the voice coil actuator centered
when no current is applied. You know the voice coil and speaker ...
here's Alexander Graham Bell's original invention drawing from 1876
(courtesy U.S. Library of Congress):
Voice Coil Actuator
26.
27. The hard disk voice coil actuator
The hard disk voice coil actuator is used to position disk
heads across the platter of the disk. It is a 'voice coil
actuator' in that it only uses a coil and a permanent
magnet in a simple push-pull fashion, but doesn't work
like a speaker voice coil actuator. The geometries are
completely different.
The voice coil actuator looks like this:
28. Hard Disk Basics
Hard disks are organized as a concentric stack of platters. The data is
stored on concentric circles on the surfaces known as tracks. Sections
within each track are called sectors. A sector is the smallest physical
storage unit on a disk and typically it will hold 512 bytes of data.
29. Zoned Bit Recording (ZBR)
Now that you know what’s inside your hard disk and how the data is stored, it’s
time to add some complexity.
If you imagine the surface of a disk platter, considering a constant number of
sectors per track and knowing that track lengths increase the farther a track resides
from the center of the disk (they are concentric circles), it’s not hard to conclude
that the outer data sectors are longer than the inner data sectors.
This means that the outer tracks are greatly underutilized, because in theory they
can hold many more sectors given the same linear bit density. In order to increase
capacity and eliminate this wasted space, a technique called zone bit recording
(ZBR) is employed on modern hard disks. With this technique, tracks are grouped
into zones based on their distance from the center of the disk, and each zone is
assigned a number of sectors per track. As you move from the innermost part of the
disk to the outer edge, you move through different zones, each containing more
sectors per track than the one before. This allows for more efficient use of the
larger tracks on the outside of the disk.
30. Input output Ports in Computer
To communicate with other devices and for interfacing
there some ports in computer
Parallel port for printer and 8 bit interfacing
Serial port for mouse, modem and serial interfacing
USB ports Universal Serial Bus port
for serial communication with devices
at closer distances
Speed 12Mbps & 127 devices
Ether net for LAN
VGA Monitor
31. Power Supply
Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator
Output
220v Ac
20/9V DC
20/9V AC
12/5V DC
8/20A
8/20A
180W 100W
80W ?~100w
1 computer 1h r = 100W
1 computer 10hrs = 1000W
100 computer 10hrs = 10000W
10 colleges like this = 100000W
100 Cites/towns = 10000000W=10MW
20 States = 200MW
Taking TV into account
= 2000MW
32. Switching Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
Rectifier Filter Inverter Rectifier Filter
220v AC
220v DC 12/5V AC 12/5V DC
AC to DC
DC to AC
Feed back & Correction
33. Keyboard & Mouse
Keyboard
Interface AT (Din connector)
PS/2 (Small Din connector)
Mouse
Interface Serial (9 Pin D type Connector)
PS/2 (Small Din connector)
34. Monitor
Display Card PCI /AGP I/o Card or
On board
(15 Pin D type Connector)
Monitor CRT
TFT(LCD)
36. Parallel Port Anatomy:
Following are the pin outs:
•8 Output pins [D0 to D7]
•5 Status pins [S4 to S7 and S3]
•4 Control pins [C0 to C3]
•8 ground pins [18 to 25]
The Pins having a bar over them ,means that the signal is
inverted by the parallel port's hardware.
if a 1 were to appear on the 11 pin [S7],
the PC would see a 0.
The Status pins are mainly used by the PC to know the
status of the printer ,like if there is paper in the printer,
end of paper etc.
37. Data Bits Table
BIT FUNCTION PIN
D0 data 0 2
D1 data 1 3
D2 data 2 4
D3 data 3 5
D4 data 4 6
D5 data 5 7
D6 data 6 8
D7 data 7 9
In this address the CPU writes the data
to be sent to the printer. It is an
OUTPUT port.
The eight data bits (D0-D7) are latched
to appear in the output connector.
Data Port
38. Status Bits Table
BIT FUNCTION PIN
D0 not used
D1 not used
D2 not used
D3 ERROR/ 15
D4 SLCT/ 17
D5 PE 12
D6 ACK/ 10
D7 BUSY/ 11
This is an INPUT port. These
signals are used by the CPU to
know the state of the printer.
Status Port
39. Control Bits Table
BIT FUNCTION PIN
D0 STROBE 1
D1 AUTO FD 14
D2 INIT/ 16
D3 SLCT IN/ 17
D4 IRQ7
D5 not used
D6 not used
D7 not used
In this port the computer
writes the signals that
control the printer.
Therefore, it is an
OUTPUT port,
Control Port
40. Addresses of LPTn
PORT DATA STATUS CONTROL
LPT1 378H 379H 37AH
LPT2 278H 279H 27AH
LPT3 3BCH 2BDH 3BEH
The computer has three LPTn ports. The addresses of the Data, Status
and Control signals for each LPTn port are listed below. Each port
works in the same way that LPT1 does.
41. LED flash
#include <studio.h>
#include <dos.h>
void main(void)
{
outportb(0x378,0xFF) ;
outportb(0x378,0x00)
}
Stepper Motor control
#include<studio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
main() {
outportb(0x378,0x01);
outportb(0x378,0x02);
outportb(0x378,0x04);
outportb(0x378,0x08)
}
42. RS232 Serial Port
Electronic data communications between elements will generally
fall into two broad categories: single-ended and differential.
RS232 (single-ended) was introduced in 1962, rumors for its early
It is widely used through the industry.
Independent channels are established for two-way (full-duplex)
communications. The RS232 signals are represented by voltage
levels with respect to a system common (power / logic ground).
The "idle" state (MARK) has the signal level negative with respect
to common, and the "active" state (SPACE) has the signal level
positive with respect to common. RS232 has numerous
handshaking lines (primarily used with modems), and also
specifies a communications protocol.
43. The RS-232 interface presupposes a common ground between
the DTE and DCE. RS232 data is bi-polar.... +3 TO +12 volts
indicates an "ON or 0-state (SPACE) condition" while A -3 to -12
volts indicates an "OFF" 1-state (MARK) condition.... Modern
computer equipment ignores the negative level and accepts a
zero voltage level as the "OFF" state. In fact, the "ON" state may
be achieved with lesser positive potential.
This means circuits powered by 5 VDC are capable of driving
RS232 circuits directly, however, the overall range that the RS232
signal may be transmitted/received may be dramatically reduced.
44. Description Signal 9-pin DTE 25-pin DCE Source DTE or DCE
Carrier Detect CD 1 8 from Modem
Receive Data RD 2 3 from Modem
Transmit Data TD 3 2 from Terminal/Computer
Data Terminal Ready DTR 4 20 from Terminal/Computer
Signal Ground SG 5 7 from Modem
Data Set Ready DSR 6 6 from Modem
Request to Send RTS 7 4 from Terminal/Computer
Clear to Send CTS 8 5 from Modem
Ring Indicator RI 9
22
from Modem
45.
46. Microcontrollers and Embedded System
Embedded Systems are a combination of Hardware
(microcontrollers) and Software (developed in
assembler, c, c++…) designed to perform a specific
function
An embedded product uses microcontrollers to do one
task and one task only.
47. What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller (often abbreviated MCU) is a single computer chip
(integrated circuit) that executes a user program, normally for the
purpose of controlling some device, hence the name
microcontroller.
The program is normally contained either in a second chip, called
an EPROM, or within the same chip as the microcontroller itself.
A microcontroller is normally found in devices such as microwave
ovens, automobiles, keyboards, CD players, cell phones, VCRs,
security systems, time & attendance clocks, etc.
48. Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller
Microcontrollers are used in devices that require some amount of
computing power but donot require as much computing power as that
provided by a complex (and expensive) 486 or Pentium system which
generally requires a large amount of supporting circuitry (large
motherboards, hundreds of megabytes of RAM, hard drives, hard
drive controllers, video cards, etc).
A microwave oven just does not need that much computing power.
Microcontroller-based systems are generally smaller, more reliable,
and cheaper. They are ideal for the types of applications described
above where cost and unit size are very important considerations. In
such applications it is almost always desirable to produce circuits that
require the smallest number of integrated circuits, that require the
smallest amount of physical space, require the least amount of
energy, and cost as little as possible.
49. FEATURE 8051 PENTIUM COMMENT
Clock Speed 12Mhz. typical
but 60MHz. ICs
available
1,000 MHz.
(1GHz.)
8051 internally divides
clock by 12 so for
12MHz. clock effective
clock rate is just 1MHz.
Address bus 16 bits 32 bits 8051 can address 216, or
64Kbytes of memory.
Pentium can address
232, or
4 GigaBytes of
memory.
Data bus 8 bits 64 bits Pentium’s wide bus
allows very fast data
transfers.
ALU width 8 bits 32 bits But - Pentium has
multiple 32 bit ALUs –
along with floating-
point units.
Applications Domestic
appliances,
Peripherals,
Personal
Computers
And other high
Simple comparison: Pentium vs. 8051
51. Microcontroller Manufacturing Companies
There are FOUR major companies manufacturing
8 bit controllers
1. Motorola (6811)
2. Intel (8051 MCS51)
3. Zilog (Z8)
4. PIC (16X____) Microchip
52. 8051 Microcontroller Overview
Functional block of the internal operation of an 8051
ADDRESS BUS (External) 16 bit
I-RAM
General Registers
STACK
Bit-addressable
SFRs etc.
Temporary
register
ALU
8-bit
DATA
BUS
(External)
8
bit
Internal data bus
Memory Address
Register
(Uses P0 and P2)
DPTR
P.C.
Internal Memory
Instruction
Register
Acc
Accumulator
B
Temporary
register
Instruction
decoder/
control logic
C
AC
F0
RS1
RS2
OV
P
PSW
flags
Control
Lines
RD/ WR/ PSEN/
ALE/ etc.
53. Port Organization of MCS51
Port 1
P1.0 – P1.7
Port 0
P0.0 – P0.7
Port 3
P3.0 – P3.7
Port 2
P2.0 – P2.7
P1 P0
P3 P2
54. Port Assignments
Port 0 : Input/Output Port & AD0-AD7 for ext memory
Port 1 : Input/Output Port
Port 2 : Input/Output Port & A8-A15 for ext Memory
Port 3 : Input/Output Port
P3.0 : RxD
P3.1 : TxD
P3.2 : INTO’
P3.3 : INT1’
P3.4 : T0
P3.5 : T1
P3.6 : WR’
P3.7 : RD’
56. + 5 volts
10 kOhms
b
f
e
d
c
a
g
a
b
f
e
d
c g
+ volts
I-RAM
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
SFRs
Internal Memory
B0h
90h
PORT
3
(P3)
PORT
1
(P1)
P3.0
P3.1
P3.2
P3.3
P3.4
.5
.6
.7
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
Zone
4
Zone
3
Zone
2
Zone
1
8051 Chip
Burglar alarm system hardware
57. Switches
are
normally
closed
If any switch is opened
Input x goes high to indicate an
alarm condition
+ 5 volts
input x
b
e
d
c
a
f
g
a
e.g. 200 Ohm
Internal circuit within 7-segment
display device. (Common cathode
i.e. +5v input causes LED to light)
Input circuit
Output circuit
58. Initialise I/O
ports P1 and P3
Read port P3
Are all
P3 inputs at 0
YES
NO
Sound alarm
Bell
ALARM_1 Program flow chart
59. ORG 0000h ; define memory start address 000
; Initialise the I/O ports
MOV P3, #0ffh ; write all ones to P3 to use as an input port
MOV P1, #00 ; all zeros to put P1 in a known output state
POLL:
MOV A, P3 ; read P3 to accumulator
CJNE A, #00h, ALARM ; if not all zeros then jump to ALARM
LJMP POLL ; else loop back to POLL
ALARM:
SETB P1.7 ; enable the BELL by setting P1.7 high
END_LOOP:
LJMP END_LOOP ; program just loops around here
END ; end of program
ALARM_1 Program source code
61. Source code for example program to sound 500Hz
ORG 0000h ; start address is 0000h
MOV P1, #00 ; clear all bits on P1
LOOP:
SETB P1.0 ; set P1.0 high
LCALL ONE_MILLI_SUB ; delay one millisecond
CLR P1.0 ; set P1.0 low
LCALL ONE_MILLI_SUB ; delay one millisecond
LJMP LOOP ; loop around!
ONE_MILLI_SUB
PUSH 07h ; save R7 to stack
MOV R7, #250d ; 250 decimal to R7 to count 250 loops
LOOP_1_MILLI: ; loops 250 times
NOP ; inserted NOPs to cause delay
NOP
DJNZ R7, LOOP_1_MILLI ; decrement R7, if not zero loop back
POP 07h ; restore R7 to original value
RET ; return from subroutine
END ; end of program
63. 8 data
SBUF
8
TI
Stop bit
Start bit
Send
8-bit
data
Transmitter
Buffer is
empty
11 bit
parallel
to serial
conversion
Serial data transmit
8 data bits
star
bit
stop
bit
9th. bit
TB8
Put parity bit here
(ninth bit!)
p
parity bit
Block diagram of UART transmitter
64. Block diagram of UART receiver
8 data
SBUF
8
RI
Start bit
Stop bit
Receive
8-bit
data
Receive
data is
available
11 bit
serial to
parallel
conversion
Serial data receive
8 data bits
stop
bit
start
bit
Rx
9th. bit
p
parity bit
RB8
Read parity bit here
(ninth bit!)
76. Trouble Shooting a System
Troubles in the system can be put in two main Categories
Before Boot Problem After Boot Problem
Before Display
After display
Software & OS Based
Virus
Hardware Problems
77. Trouble Shooting a System Before boot and Display
1.A System Reports Nothing on the screen
Check the power cable and switch On
No response
Check monitor Power LED
OFF Check the Power cable the monitor
ON Check the Panel controls
Blinking Check the Data Cable the monitor
Data cable OK
Problem in the system
May be the SMPS or the motherboard side
To check SMPS – Watch your keyboard LEDS during Switch ON
If Flashing once or twice on problem in SMPS
other conformation is SMPS FAN
78. Trouble Shooting a System Before boot and Display Contd
The problem may in the motherboard, CPU, Reset Switch
Check the Reset Switch
Check Hard Disk Data Cable
2.A System Reports Nothing on the screen But Long Beep
RAM Or RAM Slot Problem.
79. After Display Problems
The BIOS give proper information by its POST
After Boot Problems
The BIOS and OS give the information
80. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
Definition
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a new modem
technology that converts existing twisted-pair telephone lines into
access paths for high-speed communications of various sorts.
Overview
ADSL can transmit more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber—enough to
provide Internet access, video-on-demand, and LAN access. In
interactive mode it can transmit more than 640 kbps in both
directions. This increases the existing access capacity by more than
fifty-fold enabling the transformation of the existing public
network. No longer is it limited to voice, text, and low-resolution
graphics. It promises to be nothing less than an ubiquitous system
that can provide multimedia (including full-motion video) to the
entire country.