Compaction is a ground improvement technique where soil is densified through external effort such as vibratory rollers, impact rollers, or pneumatic rubber tired rollers. The compaction curve shows the relationship between dry density and water content, with maximum dry density achieved at the optimum water content. Higher compactive effort results in a lower optimum water content and higher maximum dry density. Field compaction is tested through density measurements, which are compared to specifications defined by laboratory compaction tests. Dynamic compaction techniques like vibroflotation and stone columns can also be used to densify soils through pounding or vibration.