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1. UNIT II: ECOSYSTEMS: INTERACTIONS,
ENERGY & DYNAMICS
CHAPTER 11-SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
“ You cannot give what you do not have.” Druk Gyalpo

2. MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
• The socio-economic development that meets the current basic needs of humans and
also preserve the resources for the needs of future generation is called sustainable
development.
How?
• We must use our natural resources judiciously (wisely)
Natural resources are broadly classified as renewable and nonrenewable natural
resources
1. Renewable/inexhaustible natural resources are available in abundance and can be
replenished through natural cycles in short span of time. Examples: soil, water, biomass,
forest, solar radiation
2. Nonrenewable/exhaustible natural resources are present in limited amount and do not
get replenished themselves by recycling or replacement. Examples: minerals, coal,
petroleum

3. • All types of resources require management while some resources require both
conservation and management.
• Conservation—it is to increase preservation of quality environment with aesthetic
and recreational values.
• Management—it is to ensure a continuous yield of useful plants, animals and
materials by establishing a balanced cycle of harvest and renewal.
Why?
• Because non-judicious use of natural resources has created global level problems.
• Therefore, there are international as well as national laws and regulations to protect
the environment.
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

4. What?
It is degradation of environment, loss of soil fertility, shortage and spoilage of water resources, destruction
of ecosystem and extinction of wildlife.
Why?
Due to undesirable and deleterious/harmful activities and reckless/careless use by human race.
What are impacts?
• Result in depletion or degradation of various lifesaving natural resources such as;
• Freshwater
• Forest
• Fossil fuels
• Minerals
• Rocks
• Soil
DEGRADATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

5. a. Overexploitation of freshwater resources
• Over use of freshwater leads to deficiency of water in some area
• Available water resources are polluted and made unsafe for use
• Due to climate change and global warming ground water amount has reduced through
rapid transpiration and evaporation.
• Rise of global temperature increases precipitation, changes pattern of rainfall.
b. Overexploitation of energy resources
• Huge amount of energy is needed for agriculture, transportation, communication,
industries, automobiles.
• The commonest form of energy is obtained by burning fossil-fuels-coal, petroleum &
natural gas
• All above use excessive amount of energy resources producing lots of pollution in an
environment—brings potential health hazards.
OVEREXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

6. Various activities of modern human society (anthropogenic activities):
I. Overexploitation of natural resources
• Following are the reasons for the overexploitation of natural resources:
⮚To meet food, shelter, clothing requirement for large population
⮚Create space and food for increasing population
⮚Use of agrochemicals degrade soil resources
⮚Industrialization, science and technology leads to exploitation of natural
resources.
DEGRADATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

7. c. Overexploitation of forest cover
• Due to increasing population the need for agricultural land, settlements,
construction of dams, etc., leads to destruction and clearing of forest on large scale.
It is called deforestation.
• Deforestation=to meet the demand of rapidly increasing population for housing, for
industries, roads, food, etc.
• Therefore, deforestation cause expansion of deserts in arid and semi-arid areas.
• Overgrazing too led to the rapid shrinking of forest and grasslands.
OVEREXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

8. d. Overexploitation of minerals
• Excessive use of metals like iron, copper aluminum, etc. for urbanization and coal
for energy resources leads to excessive mining destroying environment.
• Whereby, these activities drastically disturbed the physical, chemical and biological
properties of soil and damaged the atmosphere by increasing suspended
particulate matter (SPM)
• Removes the fertile topsoil
• Loss of flora and fauna
• Bring ecological imbalance
• Spoils local landscape
OVEREXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

9. Q.1. What are the causes of land degradation?
• It is a global problem, related to change in the land use for various human
activities, comforts, and ambitions and also agriculture use.
1. Unsustainable cropping (agriculture) practices—due to modern agricultural
practices
2. Overgrazing
3. Deforestation
4. Desertification
5. Urbanization
6. Industrialization
CONCEPT OF LAND DEGRADATION

10. Q.2. What are impacts of land degradation?
• Loss of natural fertility of soil because of loss of nutrients
• Deterioration in physical, chemical and biological properties of soil
• Loss of vegetation cover leads to soil erosion (removal of fertile topsoil) by water and
wind.
• Soil erosion results in the reduction of capacity of holding and percolating rainwater into
the soil. This causes overflowing of rivers leading to floods.
• Waterlogging and build-up of salinity and toxicity of salts in soil.
• Change in the climatic conditions because of imbalance created in the nature.
• Pollution of water resources from contaminated soil.
• Spread of sand dunes (desertification) due to loss of vegetation cover.
• Migration of human and cattle population because of lack of food and water.
CONCEPT OF LAND DEGRADATION

11. It means taking care of land, water and air as well as conservation and
development of forests, grasslands, agriculture, wildlife, etc. and also the
management of human interaction with the environment for sustainable
availability of resources future generation.
It includes social as well as political consideration and policies
regarding:
1. Use of land
2. Water management
3. Biodiversity conservation
4. Future sustainability of agriculture, mining, tourism, fisheries and forestry.
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

12. WHY?
GDP ≠GNH
Economic Growth cannot bring a better life unless
environmental and social issues are taken care.
• All the things we use and consume are obtained from natural resources.
• Due to increase in population, industrialization and urbanization the demand for natural
resources is increasing and their availability is limited. So there is a need for proper
management of natural resources.
NEED FOR MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

13. a. Adaptive management
• It is a systematic approach for continuously improving management policies and practices by learning
from the outcomes of previously employed policies and practices.
The three components of adaptive management in environmental practice are:
1. Testing different assumptions or strategies
• It is about systematically trying different actions to achieve a desired outcome. Sometimes random trial-and-
error process.
• Rather, it involves using knowledge about the specific site to pick the best known strategy, laying out the
assumptions behind how that strategy will work, and the collecting monitoring date to determine if the
assumptions hold true.
2. Adaptation involves
• Here it involves changing assumptions and interventions to respond to new or different information obtained
through monitoring and project experience.
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

14. 3. Learning
• It is about explicitly documenting a team's planning and implementation
processes and its successes and failures for internal learning as well as
learning across the conservation community.
• This learning enables conservation practitioners to design and manage
projects better and avoid some of the perils/risks others have encountered.
• Learning about a managed system is only useful in cases where
management decisions are repeated.
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

15. 1. Active adaptive management
• It includes deliberate experimentation and alternative propositions for the purpose
of learning.
• It is to discriminate between alternative models and reveal the best management
option.
• Testing best practices
2. Passive adaptive management
• The best management option is implemented assuming that the predicted practice
is the best.
TWO TYPES OF ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

16. b. Natural Resources Management
• Judicious use of natural resources, avoiding their wastage
• Long term planning for the use of natural resources so that they last longer,
subsisting the need not only for the present but also for future generations
• Equitable distribution of natural resources so that everyone has benefits from
the development of these resources
• Safe disposal of wastes to prevent environmental damage, and minimizing
the waste production during extraction of natural resources
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

17. C. Integrated Natural Resources Management (INTM)
• It is a process of managing natural resources in a systematic way so that the long-term
sustainable benefit are optimized and conflicts among users are minimized.
• INRM is based on four Cs, compatibility, conflicts, compromise and consultation
It has following steps:
⮚To set goals and objectives
⮚To identify resources
⮚To set priorities
⮚To work with neighbors to seek their cooperation
⮚To consider the requirements for INRM plan
⮚To develop as INRM plan and to implement sustainable management
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

18. d. Strategic management
It is a continuous process of examining both present and future environment and the best management of
natural resources for the maintenance of ecosystem as well as continuous availability of resources for
human survival.
Strategic management involves:
• Goal setting, Formulation of objectives, Creating strategy, Implementation of strategy, Monitoring,
Evaluating and reviewing
Strategic planning : includes formulating and evaluating alternative strategies, selecting
the most suitable strategy and developing detailed plans for putting the strategy into
practice
Strategic control : consists of ensuring that the chosen strategy is being implemented
properly and produces the desired results.
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

19. e. Landscape level conservation
• It is carried out in a number of ways.
• A key species vulnerable to landscape alteration is identified and its habitat
requirements are assessed in order to identify the best option for protecting
its ecosystem
• It plays an important role in ecosystem management and wildlife habitat
maintenance.
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

20. f. Command and control management
• Here, an environmental problem or a resource problem is perceived and solved
through controlling devices such as laws, threats, contracts or and agreements.
• It is applied to problems that are simple, well-defined and work in terms of cause
sand effect.
• For example:
1. Herbicides and pesticides are used to kill weeds and pests and safe guard
crops.
2. Forest fires are suppressed for the safeguard timber supply.
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

21. g. Three Rs to save the environment
• Most of the materials we consume are obtained from renewable natural resources that are
being rapidly depleted.
• Therefore, need to increase the longevity and improve the usage patterns of natural
resources.
Three Rs include:
1. Reduce—reduce in the sue of natural resources for their conservation (reduce our need). E.g.
• Saving electricity, saving water and avoid wastage of food
2. Recycle—process of converting waste materials to suable forms (recycling save resources). E.g.
• Use cloth or jute bags for shopping, segregation of plastic, paper, metal and glass.
3. Reuse—the use of already used materials again and again. E.g. bottles, cans, etc.
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

23. Three core elements of sustainable development are:
1. Economic growth
2. Social inclusion and
3. Environmental protection
• Sustainable economic growth, achieving sustainable livelihood,
living in harmony with nature and appropriate technology are
important for sustainable development.
CORE ELEMENTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

24. • Environmental Sustainability:
• It prevents nature from being used as an inexhaustible source of resources and
ensures its protection and rational use.
• Aspects such as environmental conservation, investment in renewable energy,
saving water, supporting sustainable mobility, and innovation in sustainable
construction and architecture, contribute to achieving environmental
sustainability on several fronts.
• Social Sustainability:
• Local communities and citizens, local and ecological identity development, cultural
wealth, increase in social wealth, social innovative practice development security
and well-being.
TYPES OF SUSTAINABILITY

25. • Economic Sustainability:
• Focuses on equal economic growth that generates wealth for all, without
harming the environment.
• Investment and equal distribution of economic resources.
• Eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions.
GLOBAL ISSUES RELATED TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

26. • Inequitable growth of national economies (North-South Divide)
• Loss of Biodiversity: Despite mounting efforts over the past 20 years,
the loss of the world’s biodiversity continues.
• Climate Change: As a global problem, climate change requires a global
solution. Within climate change, particular attention needs to be paid to the
unique challenges facing developing countries.
• Tackling climate change and fostering sustainable development are two
mutually reinforcing issues.
TYPES OF SUSTAINABILITY