AS/A Level (for 2024 Exam)
The image you sent is a lesson plan on data representation. It is divided into two sections:
Understanding binary numbers
Converting integer values from one number base/representation to another
The first section explains the difference between binary numbers and decimal numbers, and how to convert between the two bases. The second section explains how to convert an integer value from any number base to any other number base.
Students will be able to:
Perform binary addition and subtraction using positive and negative binary integers.
Show understanding of how overflow can occur.
Describe practical applications where Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) and Hexadecimal are used.
Show understanding of and be able to represent character data in its internal binary form, depending on the character set used.
Additional notes:
Students are expected to be familiar with ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), extended ASCII, and Unicode.
Students will not be expected to memorize any particular character codes.
Image enhancements:
The image could be enhanced by adding visual representations of binary numbers, such as charts or diagrams.
Including examples of practical applications where BCD and hexadecimal are used would be helpful.
An image showing a table of ASCII or Unicode characters and their corresponding binary representations would also be beneficial.
This document discusses binary numbers and arithmetic operations on binary numbers. It begins with an introduction to binary numbers, defining them as a numbering system with a base of 2 that uses only the digits 0 and 1. It then explains how addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are performed on binary numbers, providing examples of each operation. The key methods of binary arithmetic are performing column-by-column addition and subtraction as in decimal, and using bit-wise logic for multiplication and division. Complements are also introduced for simplifying subtraction. In the end, it notes that the binary system has a long history of use prior to its modern application in computers.
This document provides an overview of number systems used in digital electronics. It discusses decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems. It describes how to convert between these different number systems, including binary to decimal and decimal to binary conversions. Binary addition and subtraction are also covered. The document introduces signed binary numbers to represent positive and negative values. Overall, the document aims to explain the fundamental concepts of number representation in digital circuits and computers.
This document discusses how data is represented in computer systems. It covers basic units of data like bits and bytes and larger units like kilobytes and megabytes. It also explains binary and hexadecimal number systems. Additionally, it discusses how other data types like characters, images, sound, and computer instructions are represented and stored in binary format. Key concepts covered include character sets, pixels, metadata, sample rates, bit rates, opcodes, and operands.
The document provides an overview of digital number systems and codes. It discusses binary, octal, hexadecimal, signed magnitude, one's complement, two's complement and excess representations. Binary is the base system for digital circuits due to its two voltage levels. Negative numbers can be represented using the sign bit in signed magnitude or by taking the complement. Two's complement is commonly used as it allows addition/subtraction of positive and negative numbers without checking signs.
The document discusses the binary number system which computers use to store and manipulate data. It explains that computers operate using transistors which have two states (1 and 0), so computers use the binary number system. It then provides details on how decimal numbers are converted to and from binary, including how fractions are handled. Basic binary operations like addition are demonstrated. Finally, it discusses how binary operations are implemented using logic gates that perform boolean operations like AND, OR, and NOT.
The document summarizes arithmetic operations for computers including integer and floating point numbers. It discusses addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division for integers and floating point numbers. It also describes common representations for floating point numbers according to the IEEE 754 standard and arithmetic operations on floating point numbers including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Hardware implementations for integer and floating point arithmetic are also briefly discussed.
Data representation computer architecturestudy cse
Digital computers represent all information internally as binary patterns of 1s and 0s. There are several common data representation schemes that determine how different types of data like integers, floating point numbers, characters, etc. are mapped to and interpreted from these binary patterns. The choice of representation depends on factors like the type and range of values, required precision, and hardware support. Standardized formats like IEEE 754 are used to allow portability of floating point data across systems.
The document provides an overview of data representation in computers. It discusses how computers use binary numbers to represent data, including integers, real numbers, text, and graphics. Binary numbers are explained along with how to convert between binary and decimal. Different methods for representing negative numbers and real numbers are described. The document also discusses how computers represent text using ASCII and Unicode encoding. Finally, it covers graphics representation in computers, including bit-mapped graphics, calculating memory requirements for images, arranging bytes that make up an image, representing grayscale and color images, compression techniques, and vector graphics.
This document discusses binary numbers and arithmetic operations on binary numbers. It begins with an introduction to binary numbers, defining them as a numbering system with a base of 2 that uses only the digits 0 and 1. It then explains how addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are performed on binary numbers, providing examples of each operation. The key methods of binary arithmetic are performing column-by-column addition and subtraction as in decimal, and using bit-wise logic for multiplication and division. Complements are also introduced for simplifying subtraction. In the end, it notes that the binary system has a long history of use prior to its modern application in computers.
This document provides an overview of number systems used in digital electronics. It discusses decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems. It describes how to convert between these different number systems, including binary to decimal and decimal to binary conversions. Binary addition and subtraction are also covered. The document introduces signed binary numbers to represent positive and negative values. Overall, the document aims to explain the fundamental concepts of number representation in digital circuits and computers.
This document discusses how data is represented in computer systems. It covers basic units of data like bits and bytes and larger units like kilobytes and megabytes. It also explains binary and hexadecimal number systems. Additionally, it discusses how other data types like characters, images, sound, and computer instructions are represented and stored in binary format. Key concepts covered include character sets, pixels, metadata, sample rates, bit rates, opcodes, and operands.
The document provides an overview of digital number systems and codes. It discusses binary, octal, hexadecimal, signed magnitude, one's complement, two's complement and excess representations. Binary is the base system for digital circuits due to its two voltage levels. Negative numbers can be represented using the sign bit in signed magnitude or by taking the complement. Two's complement is commonly used as it allows addition/subtraction of positive and negative numbers without checking signs.
The document discusses the binary number system which computers use to store and manipulate data. It explains that computers operate using transistors which have two states (1 and 0), so computers use the binary number system. It then provides details on how decimal numbers are converted to and from binary, including how fractions are handled. Basic binary operations like addition are demonstrated. Finally, it discusses how binary operations are implemented using logic gates that perform boolean operations like AND, OR, and NOT.
The document summarizes arithmetic operations for computers including integer and floating point numbers. It discusses addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division for integers and floating point numbers. It also describes common representations for floating point numbers according to the IEEE 754 standard and arithmetic operations on floating point numbers including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Hardware implementations for integer and floating point arithmetic are also briefly discussed.
Data representation computer architecturestudy cse
Digital computers represent all information internally as binary patterns of 1s and 0s. There are several common data representation schemes that determine how different types of data like integers, floating point numbers, characters, etc. are mapped to and interpreted from these binary patterns. The choice of representation depends on factors like the type and range of values, required precision, and hardware support. Standardized formats like IEEE 754 are used to allow portability of floating point data across systems.
The document provides an overview of data representation in computers. It discusses how computers use binary numbers to represent data, including integers, real numbers, text, and graphics. Binary numbers are explained along with how to convert between binary and decimal. Different methods for representing negative numbers and real numbers are described. The document also discusses how computers represent text using ASCII and Unicode encoding. Finally, it covers graphics representation in computers, including bit-mapped graphics, calculating memory requirements for images, arranging bytes that make up an image, representing grayscale and color images, compression techniques, and vector graphics.
The document provides information about data representation in computers. It discusses how computers use binary numbers to represent decimal numbers, text, and graphics. It explains how integers, real numbers, text in ASCII, and graphics in bitmapped and vector formats are represented and stored in memory. Color graphics using RGB values and compression techniques for bitmapped images are also covered.
This document provides an overview of data representation and computer structure. It discusses how computers use binary numbers to represent data, including integers, real numbers, text, and graphics. It also describes the basic structure of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU) with its arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit. The document outlines the stored program concept where a series of machine instructions stored in memory direct the CPU. It also explains the fetch-execute cycle where the CPU fetches and executes one instruction at a time. Memory types like RAM, ROM, cache and external memory are described along with their functions in a computer system.
This document provides an overview of data representation and computer structure. It discusses how computers use binary numbers to represent data, including integers, real numbers, text, and graphics. Different number systems like decimal, binary, hexadecimal are explained. Computer memory types like RAM, ROM, cache are defined along with their functions. The basic concepts of the stored program concept, fetch-execute cycle and CPU components like ALU, control unit and registers are introduced at a high level.
This document summarizes a lecture on number systems and binary codes for an electrical engineering course. It discusses hexadecimal, octal, and binary number systems as well as binary-decimal conversions. It also covers signed, unsigned, and 2's complement numbers, floating point format, BCD code, Gray code, and error detection codes like parity bits. Examples are provided for binary-octal/hexadecimal conversions, 2's complement, BCD addition, and using parity bits. The lecture aims to explain alternate number representations and error detection methods for digital logic design.
This document discusses binary coded decimal (BCD). It defines BCD as a numerical code that assigns a 4-bit binary code to each decimal digit from 0 to 9. Numbers larger than 9 are expressed digit by digit in BCD. BCD is used because it is easy to encode/decode decimals and useful for digital systems that display decimal outputs. The document also describes how addition and subtraction are performed in BCD through binary addition rules and handling carries.
Physics investigatory project for class 12 logic gatesbiswanath dehuri
This document provides an overview of digital electronics and Boolean algebra. It discusses digital and analog signals, different number systems including binary, and basic logic gates. Boolean algebra rules are also covered, including commutative, associative, distributive, AND, and OR laws. Common digital applications are listed such as industrial controls, medical equipment, and communications systems. The key advantages of digital systems are accuracy, versatility, less noise and distortion.
This document summarizes binary arithmetic, including single and multiple bit addition and subtraction using carries and borrows. It also covers binary multiplication, which uses a simple multiplication table to multiply bits and extends the process to multiple digits using partial products. The key concepts covered are single and multiple bit addition and subtraction using carries and borrows, and multiplying binary numbers by using a table to multiply bits and extending the process to multiple digits.
The document discusses digital representation and data storage. It explains that a bit is the smallest unit of data that can have a value of 1 or 0. Bytes make up the basic unit of digital storage, with a byte equal to 8 bits. Larger units of data storage are kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes. Converting a decimal number to binary is done by repeatedly dividing the number by 2 and recording the remainders from top to bottom to get the binary equivalent. Storage capacity is measured in bytes, with files and folders taking up space in bytes that is calculated based on their size in kilobytes or megabytes.
This document discusses basic computer and information technology concepts. It introduces computer number systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It explains that computers use the binary number system and how bits and bytes are used to represent data. Examples are provided for converting between decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems.
The document discusses several key topics in data link layer design including framing, error detection and correction, and flow control. It describes different framing techniques like character counting, stuffing, and physical layer coding violations. It also explains various error detection methods like parity checks, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), and Hamming codes. Flow control mechanisms like sliding window protocols are also mentioned. Examples are provided to illustrate Hamming codes and CRC calculations.
Error coding uses mathematical formulas to encode data bits into longer code words for transmission. This allows errors caused by environmental interference to be detected and sometimes corrected at the destination. There are two main types of error coding: error-detecting codes and error-correcting codes. Error-detecting codes add enough redundancy to allow errors to be detected but not corrected, while error-correcting codes add more redundancy to allow errors to be corrected. Common error-detecting coding techniques include parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). These techniques use additional redundant bits appended to the data to facilitate error detection. CRC is particularly powerful as it can detect all single-bit errors and many burst errors.
This document provides an introduction to number systems and binary codes used in digital electronics. It discusses decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems. The key points covered include:
- Decimal is a base-10 system commonly used, while binary is base-2 and best for digital circuits using two voltage levels.
- Conversions between number systems involve determining the place value of each digit.
- Binary addition and subtraction follow simple rules like 1+1=0 carry 1.
- Binary is used internally in computers and calculators, with conversions between binary and decimal for input/output.
This document outlines the key topics covered in Chapter 1 of a course on digital systems and computer design fundamentals. It includes:
- An introduction to digital systems and information representation.
- Details on number systems like binary, octal, and hexadecimal, along with arithmetic operations and base conversion between these systems.
- Overviews of topics like binary coded decimal, Gray codes, alphanumeric codes, and parity bits.
- Explanations of binary addition, subtraction, multiplication, and the conversion between decimal and binary numbers.
- Information on the course instructor, textbook, grading policy, exam dates, and course content which includes topics on combinational logic circuits, sequential circuits, and computer architecture.
The document provides information about different number systems used in computers, including binary, octal, hexadecimal, and decimal. It explains the characteristics of each system such as the base and digits used. Methods for converting between number systems like binary to decimal and vice versa are presented. Shortcut methods for direct conversions between binary, octal, and hexadecimal are also described. Binary arithmetic and binary-coded decimal number representation are discussed.
This document summarizes different data representation and number systems used in computing. It defines data, information, analog and digital data. It then explains different number systems including binary, decimal, and hexadecimal. It discusses place value and why computers use the binary number system based on transistors being either on or off. The document provides examples of converting between binary and decimal numbers by setting place values and subtracting the highest place value possible at each step.
The document discusses different number systems used in digital technologies, including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. It provides details on how each system works, such as having 10 symbols in decimal, 2 symbols in binary, 8 symbols in octal, and 16 symbols in hexadecimal. The document also covers error detection codes like parity and checksums that are used to detect errors in digital data transmission and storage.
The document provides information about digital electronics and digital systems. It introduces digital logic and how digital systems represent information using discrete binary values of 0 and 1. Digital computers are able to manipulate this discrete digital data through programs. Common number systems like binary, octal, hexadecimal and their conversions to decimal are explained. Signed and unsigned binary numbers are also discussed.
Digital computer deals with numbers; it is essential to know what kind of numbers can be handled most easily when using these machines. We accustomed to work primarily with the decimal number system for numerical calculations, but there is some number of systems that are far better suited to the capabilities of digital computers. And there is a number system used to represents numerical data when using the computer.
Data is stored in computers in binary format using bits and bytes. The design cycle for developing programs includes problem analysis, data organization, algorithm design, coding, and testing. An example is provided of calculating the area and circumference of a circle given the radius. The steps are to specify the inputs and outputs, design the algorithm using the appropriate formulas, code the program, and test it by running it with different inputs and checking for errors. Errors can be syntax, logical, or run-time errors.
The document provides information about data representation in computers. It discusses how computers use binary numbers to represent decimal numbers, text, and graphics. It explains how integers, real numbers, text in ASCII, and graphics in bitmapped and vector formats are represented and stored in memory. Color graphics using RGB values and compression techniques for bitmapped images are also covered.
This document provides an overview of data representation and computer structure. It discusses how computers use binary numbers to represent data, including integers, real numbers, text, and graphics. It also describes the basic structure of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU) with its arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit. The document outlines the stored program concept where a series of machine instructions stored in memory direct the CPU. It also explains the fetch-execute cycle where the CPU fetches and executes one instruction at a time. Memory types like RAM, ROM, cache and external memory are described along with their functions in a computer system.
This document provides an overview of data representation and computer structure. It discusses how computers use binary numbers to represent data, including integers, real numbers, text, and graphics. Different number systems like decimal, binary, hexadecimal are explained. Computer memory types like RAM, ROM, cache are defined along with their functions. The basic concepts of the stored program concept, fetch-execute cycle and CPU components like ALU, control unit and registers are introduced at a high level.
This document summarizes a lecture on number systems and binary codes for an electrical engineering course. It discusses hexadecimal, octal, and binary number systems as well as binary-decimal conversions. It also covers signed, unsigned, and 2's complement numbers, floating point format, BCD code, Gray code, and error detection codes like parity bits. Examples are provided for binary-octal/hexadecimal conversions, 2's complement, BCD addition, and using parity bits. The lecture aims to explain alternate number representations and error detection methods for digital logic design.
This document discusses binary coded decimal (BCD). It defines BCD as a numerical code that assigns a 4-bit binary code to each decimal digit from 0 to 9. Numbers larger than 9 are expressed digit by digit in BCD. BCD is used because it is easy to encode/decode decimals and useful for digital systems that display decimal outputs. The document also describes how addition and subtraction are performed in BCD through binary addition rules and handling carries.
Physics investigatory project for class 12 logic gatesbiswanath dehuri
This document provides an overview of digital electronics and Boolean algebra. It discusses digital and analog signals, different number systems including binary, and basic logic gates. Boolean algebra rules are also covered, including commutative, associative, distributive, AND, and OR laws. Common digital applications are listed such as industrial controls, medical equipment, and communications systems. The key advantages of digital systems are accuracy, versatility, less noise and distortion.
This document summarizes binary arithmetic, including single and multiple bit addition and subtraction using carries and borrows. It also covers binary multiplication, which uses a simple multiplication table to multiply bits and extends the process to multiple digits using partial products. The key concepts covered are single and multiple bit addition and subtraction using carries and borrows, and multiplying binary numbers by using a table to multiply bits and extending the process to multiple digits.
The document discusses digital representation and data storage. It explains that a bit is the smallest unit of data that can have a value of 1 or 0. Bytes make up the basic unit of digital storage, with a byte equal to 8 bits. Larger units of data storage are kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes. Converting a decimal number to binary is done by repeatedly dividing the number by 2 and recording the remainders from top to bottom to get the binary equivalent. Storage capacity is measured in bytes, with files and folders taking up space in bytes that is calculated based on their size in kilobytes or megabytes.
This document discusses basic computer and information technology concepts. It introduces computer number systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It explains that computers use the binary number system and how bits and bytes are used to represent data. Examples are provided for converting between decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems.
The document discusses several key topics in data link layer design including framing, error detection and correction, and flow control. It describes different framing techniques like character counting, stuffing, and physical layer coding violations. It also explains various error detection methods like parity checks, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), and Hamming codes. Flow control mechanisms like sliding window protocols are also mentioned. Examples are provided to illustrate Hamming codes and CRC calculations.
Error coding uses mathematical formulas to encode data bits into longer code words for transmission. This allows errors caused by environmental interference to be detected and sometimes corrected at the destination. There are two main types of error coding: error-detecting codes and error-correcting codes. Error-detecting codes add enough redundancy to allow errors to be detected but not corrected, while error-correcting codes add more redundancy to allow errors to be corrected. Common error-detecting coding techniques include parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). These techniques use additional redundant bits appended to the data to facilitate error detection. CRC is particularly powerful as it can detect all single-bit errors and many burst errors.
This document provides an introduction to number systems and binary codes used in digital electronics. It discusses decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems. The key points covered include:
- Decimal is a base-10 system commonly used, while binary is base-2 and best for digital circuits using two voltage levels.
- Conversions between number systems involve determining the place value of each digit.
- Binary addition and subtraction follow simple rules like 1+1=0 carry 1.
- Binary is used internally in computers and calculators, with conversions between binary and decimal for input/output.
This document outlines the key topics covered in Chapter 1 of a course on digital systems and computer design fundamentals. It includes:
- An introduction to digital systems and information representation.
- Details on number systems like binary, octal, and hexadecimal, along with arithmetic operations and base conversion between these systems.
- Overviews of topics like binary coded decimal, Gray codes, alphanumeric codes, and parity bits.
- Explanations of binary addition, subtraction, multiplication, and the conversion between decimal and binary numbers.
- Information on the course instructor, textbook, grading policy, exam dates, and course content which includes topics on combinational logic circuits, sequential circuits, and computer architecture.
The document provides information about different number systems used in computers, including binary, octal, hexadecimal, and decimal. It explains the characteristics of each system such as the base and digits used. Methods for converting between number systems like binary to decimal and vice versa are presented. Shortcut methods for direct conversions between binary, octal, and hexadecimal are also described. Binary arithmetic and binary-coded decimal number representation are discussed.
This document summarizes different data representation and number systems used in computing. It defines data, information, analog and digital data. It then explains different number systems including binary, decimal, and hexadecimal. It discusses place value and why computers use the binary number system based on transistors being either on or off. The document provides examples of converting between binary and decimal numbers by setting place values and subtracting the highest place value possible at each step.
The document discusses different number systems used in digital technologies, including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. It provides details on how each system works, such as having 10 symbols in decimal, 2 symbols in binary, 8 symbols in octal, and 16 symbols in hexadecimal. The document also covers error detection codes like parity and checksums that are used to detect errors in digital data transmission and storage.
The document provides information about digital electronics and digital systems. It introduces digital logic and how digital systems represent information using discrete binary values of 0 and 1. Digital computers are able to manipulate this discrete digital data through programs. Common number systems like binary, octal, hexadecimal and their conversions to decimal are explained. Signed and unsigned binary numbers are also discussed.
Digital computer deals with numbers; it is essential to know what kind of numbers can be handled most easily when using these machines. We accustomed to work primarily with the decimal number system for numerical calculations, but there is some number of systems that are far better suited to the capabilities of digital computers. And there is a number system used to represents numerical data when using the computer.
Data is stored in computers in binary format using bits and bytes. The design cycle for developing programs includes problem analysis, data organization, algorithm design, coding, and testing. An example is provided of calculating the area and circumference of a circle given the radius. The steps are to specify the inputs and outputs, design the algorithm using the appropriate formulas, code the program, and test it by running it with different inputs and checking for errors. Errors can be syntax, logical, or run-time errors.
Ähnlich wie Chapter 1 - Information Representation.pdf (20)
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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11. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > Numbers and Quantities
12. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude
Since binary number can have only two symbols either 0 or 1 for each
position or bit, so it is not possible to add minus or plus symbols in
front of a binary number.
• Sign-Magnitude method
• 1’s Complement method
• 2’s complement method
• The representation of signed binary number is commonly referred
to as sign magnitude.
3 Ways to Represent Magnitude
13. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > signed magnitude
14. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > signed magnitude
15. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > signed magnitude
16. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > signed magnitude
17. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > signed magnitude
18. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > 1’s Complement
19. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > 2’s Complement
20. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > 2’s Complement
21. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > 2’s Complement
22. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude > 2’s Complement
23. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Magnitude
1. Using 2’s complement method, show the process to convert (0101
1011)2 into its negative equivalent.
Present your workings in the class.
24. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Decimal Prefixes
Key Terms: Decimal prefixes are prefixes to define the magnitude of a
value. Examples are kilo, mega, giga, and tera.
(Based on SI Units)
Prefix Name of Memory Size Equivalent Denary Value
kilo 1 kilobyte (1 KB) 1 000
mega 1 megabyte (1 MB) 1 000 000
giga 1 gigabyte (1 GB) 1 000 000 000
tera 1 terabyte (1 TB) 1 000 000 000 000
peta 1 petabyte (1 PB) 1 000 000 000 000 000
25. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Prefixes
Key Terms: Binary prefixes are prefixes to define the magnitude
of a value. Examples are kibi, mebi, gibi, and tebi.
Prefix Name of Memory Size Number of bytes Equivalent denary value (bytes)
kibi 1 kibibyte (1 KiB) 210 1 024
mebi 1 mebibyte (1 MiB) 220 1 048 576
gibi 1 gibibyte (1 GiB) 230 1 073 741 824
tebi 1 tebibyte (1 TiB) 240 1 099 511 627 776
pebi 1 pebibyte (1 PiB) 250 1 125 899 906 842 624
Since memory sizes are measured in terms of powers of 2, the base 10 numbering system is technically
inaccurate, hence another system has been introduced.
(Based on IEE Units)
26. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Prefixes
How much a 4 MiB of RAM could store bytes of data?
It could store 4 x 220 bytes of data.
27. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Coded Decimal
Key Terms: Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) system uses 4-bit code to
represent each denary digit.
0000 = 0 0101 = 5
0001 = 1 0110 = 6
0010 = 2 0111 = 7
0011 = 3 1000 = 8
0100 = 4 1001 = 9
So,
28. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Coded Decimal
Can we consider as a BCD?
1010 = 10
1011 = 11
1100 = 12
1101 = 13
1110 = 14
1111 = 15
No, these are considered forbidden numbers and can not
be used in BCD system. Why though?
29. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Coded Decimal
Therefore,
the denary number 3 1 6 5 would be 0011 0001 0110 0101
in BCD format.
30. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Coded Decimal
What are the 2 ways to represent BCD in computers?
Check your coursebook (Cambridge Press) at page 13.
31. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Coded Decimal
1. Convert these denary numbers into BCD format.
a. 271 b. 5006 c. 7990
2. Convert these BCD numbers into denary numbers.
a. 1001 0011 0111
b. 0111 0111 0110 0010
c. 0010 1111 1010
39. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Adding Binary Numbers
1. Carry out these binary additions and show if the answer matches
its denary equivalent.
a. 00111001 + 00101001
b. 01001011 + 00100011
c. 01011000 + 00101000
40. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > BCD Addition
Extension Activity:
Look into how to add BCD and give examples.
41. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of BCD
Advantages Limitations Uses
Easy conversion between machine-
readable and human-readable
numerals.
Requires extra bits of storage in
computer’s memory.
Used in digital displays such as in
calculators and digital clocks.
To get around the size limitations
imposed on integer arithmetic.
Performing arithmetic can be
cumbersome since no digit can
exceed 9.
Used in currency applications
where floating point representation
are inaccurate.
42. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of BCD
Uses
Used in digital displays such as
in calculators and digital clocks.
Used in currency applications
where floating point
representation are inaccurate.
Homework 1: Uses of BCD
• Explain how BCD is used in
digital displays and currency
applications?
43. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
44. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
45. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
46. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
47. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
48. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
49. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
50. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
51. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
52. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
53. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
54. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
55. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Uses of Hexadecimal Number System
56. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Binary Subtraction
How to subtract
binary numbers?
58. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Subtracting Binary Numbers
59. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Subtracting Binary Numbers
60. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Subtracting Binary Numbers > 2’s Complement
Binary Subtraction Using 2's Complement
Step 1: Find the 1's complement of the subtrahend, which means the second number
of subtraction.
Step 2: Add it with the minuend or the first number.
Step 3: If there is a carryover left then add it with the result obtained from step 2.
Step 4: If there are no carryovers, then the result obtained in step 2 is the difference
of the two numbers using 1's complement binary subtraction.
61. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Subtracting Binary Numbers
Let us understand this with an example.
Subtract 1100102 - 1001012 using 1's complement.
Here the binary equivalent of 50 is 1100102 and the binary equivalent of 37 is 1001012.
62. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Subtracting Binary Numbers
Let us understand this with an example.
Subtract 1100102 - 1001012 using 1's complement.
Here the binary equivalent of 50 is 1101012 and the binary equivalent of 37 is 1001012.
63. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.1 Data Representation > Subtracting Binary Numbers
With a partner, perform the following binary operation using the binary
numbers given below:
1. Borrowing Method:
2. 2’s Complement method:
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0
-
__________________
78. File Header
Bitmap image also contains
the File Header which has the
metadata contents of the
bitmap file, including image size,
number of colors, etc.
79. Image Resolution
Number of pixels that make up an
image, for example, an image could
contain 4096 x 3192 pixels (12,738,656
pixels in total).
80. Screen Resolution
• Number of horizontal and vertical pixels that
make up a screen display.
• If screen resolution is smaller than image
resolution, the whole image can not be shown
on the screen.
81. Color Depth
Number of bits used to represent
the colors in a pixel. 8 bit color
depth can represent 28 = 256 colors.
82. Bit Depth
• Number of bits used to represent the
smallest unit in sound or image file.
• The larger the bit depth, the better
the quality.
83. Chapter 1: Information Representation > Recap > Decimal Prefixes
Key Terms: Decimal prefixes are prefixes to define the magnitude of a
value. Examples are kilo, mega, giga, and tera.
(Based on SI Units)
Prefix Name of Memory Size Equivalent Denary Value
kilo 1 kilobyte (1 KB) 1 000
mega 1 megabyte (1 MB) 1 000 000
giga 1 gigabyte (1 GB) 1 000 000 000
tera 1 terabyte (1 TB) 1 000 000 000 000
peta 1 petabyte (1 PB) 1 000 000 000 000 000
84. Chapter 1: Information Representation > Recap> Binary Prefixes
Key Terms: Binary prefixes are prefixes to define the magnitude
of a value. Examples are kibi, mebi, gibi, and tebi.
Prefix Name of Memory Size Number of bytes Equivalent denary value (bytes)
kibi 1 kibibyte (1 KiB) 210 1 024
mebi 1 mebibyte (1 MiB) 220 1 048 576
gibi 1 gibibyte (1 GiB) 230 1 073 741 824
tebi 1 tebibyte (1 TiB) 240 1 099 511 627 776
pebi 1 pebibyte (1 PiB) 250 1 125 899 906 842 624
Since memory sizes are measured in terms of powers of 2, the base 10 numbering system is technically
inaccurate, hence another system has been introduced.
(Based on IEE Units)
85. Chapter 1: Information Representation > Recap> Binary Prefixes
Chapter 1: Information Representation > Recap> bits to bytes to KB to MB to GB to TB
86. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.2: Multimedia > Encoding Bitmapped Images
How data for a bitmap image is encoded?
• Data for a bitmapped image is encoded by assigning a solid color to
each pixel, i.e., through bit patterns.
• Bit patterns are generated by considering each row of the grid as a series
of binary color codes which correspond to each pixel’s color.
• These bit patterns are ‘mapped’ onto main memory
87. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.2: Multimedia > Encoding Bitmapped Images
How data for a bitmap image is encoded?
Watch the video for further explanation:
Digital Data: Image Encoding
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TeQPizV1kg
While watching:
1. What is an image?
2. What is a bitmap?
3. What is the role of color lookup table?
88. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.2: Multimedia > Screen Resolution
Screen Resolution
• Number of pixels which can be viewed horizontally &vertically on the
device’s screen
• Number of pixels = width × height
E.g. 1680 × 1080 pixels
89. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.2: Multimedia > Color Depth and File Size
Color Depth
Color depth: number of bits used to represent the color of a single pixel
• An image with n bits has 2n colors per pixel
• E.g. 16-colour bitmap has 4 bits per pixel ∵ 24=1624=16
• Color depth↑: color quality↑ but file size↑
• File Size = Number of Pixels × color depth
• Convert bits to bytes by dividing by 8 if necessary.
91. Chapter 1: Information Representation > 1.2: Multimedia > Image Resolution
What happens if image resolution is increased?
• If image resolution increases, then image is sharper/more detailed
Watch the video for further explanation:
Image Resolution:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvb5oNuvBLU
While watching:
1. What is another term for image resolution?
2. To have a smoother circle, you need to have what?
3. What is the pixel density of a 2 X 2 inches2 image size having a 10 x 10 px pixel dimension?