Conservation agriculture (CA) is being promoted in Southern Africa partly for its benefits of reducing water and soil loss. This study examined whether CA is a promising option for smallholder farmers in Zambia to respond to increased rainfall variability and droughts or floods. The study found that as the percentage of cultivated area under CA increased over the study period, CA farmers adapted to flooding by back-filling flooded basins and continuing to adopt ripping. Farmers reported being able to harvest some crops from CA fields despite floods, whereas conventionally tilled fields failed. This suggests CA systems may be more robust during extreme weather and have potential for higher production during droughts and floods compared to conventional agriculture.
Strategic Aquatic Habitat Conservation Opportunities for Minnesota Lakes discusses fish habitat in lakes, including physical structures like vegetation and woody habitat, as well as water quality properties. The primary disturbance drivers are shoreline development and watershed disturbances from urbanization and agriculture. The document analyzes how these disturbances impact habitat conditions and proposes allocating resources to protection and restoration efforts to reduce risks to water quality and fish populations.
Jonathan Davies: Priorities for Research in the Wetland Forests of BruneiWetlands International
The document outlines research priorities for the wetland forests of Brunei, including mangroves, freshwater swamp forests, peat swamp forests, and kerapah forests. It provides an overview of each forest type and their areas. Key research priorities identified include updating the status of mangrove forests, evaluating their economic value, studying diseases and rehabilitation strategies. For peat swamp forests, priorities are carbon dynamics, hydrological studies, economic valuation, vegetation studies, and rehabilitation techniques. The document recommends whole ecosystem studies to better understand these important wetland habitats.
The document discusses wetland forests in Brunei Darussalam. It notes that wetland forests make up 30% of Brunei's forests and are home to over 1,300 tree species. However, these ecosystems are endangered due to threats like logging, agriculture expansion, and forest fires. The degradation of peatland forests in particular has led to substantial carbon losses. There is an urgent need for multi-sectoral efforts to protect these vital ecosystems through policies that promote sustainable development and establish markets for environmental services to conserve Brunei's wetland forests.
The peat swamp forests of Brunei host unique biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services like carbon storage and flood regulation. However, they are threatened by drainage for agriculture and logging, which causes drying and burning of peatlands. This releases large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere and degrades the peat soil. Efforts are underway in Brunei to conserve intact forests, restore degraded areas, control fires, and support sustainable livelihoods to safeguard these important peat swamp forests.
The document discusses algal blooms in the Gippsland Lakes in southeastern Victoria. It describes the formation of the lakes and increasing algal blooms that have impacted water quality. The Gippsland Lakes & Catchment Taskforce was created to address this issue through programs that reduce nutrient runoff from farms and improve waste management. Research has provided insight into what drives algal blooms in the lakes and the need for ongoing management to limit nutrient inputs.
The document discusses rainbow water, which refers to recycled atmospheric inputs that benefit water supply. It notes that blue water traditionally focuses on rivers and uses, while grey water added pollution. Green water realized the importance of upper watersheds and forests. Rainbow water closes the hydrological cycle and sees evapotranspiration as recycling. The document includes an agenda for a workshop with blocks on new scientific insights, relating findings to climate policy and negotiations, and priorities for linking science to climate action.
This document summarizes research into nuisance algal growth along the southeast shore of Lake Huron. Underwater surveys from 1977, 2007, and 2010 show a significant increase in algal coverage over time. The algae originate from rocky areas offshore and are transported onto beaches during storms. Abundances of the rooted plant Chara and filamentous algae Cladophora match their areas of greatest underwater growth. Periodic peaks in beached algae correspond with the time needed for regrowth. While nutrient inputs and dreissenid mussels may play a role, declines in the densities of invertebrate grazers appear responsible for reduced algal consumption, allowing more prolific algal growth.
Wetlands: Climate adaptation, mitigation and biodiversity protectionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, LAC Climate Change Team, Worldbank
Landscape approaches to mitigation and adaptation, Forest Day 3
Sunday, 13 December 2009
Copenhagen, Denmark
Strategic Aquatic Habitat Conservation Opportunities for Minnesota Lakes discusses fish habitat in lakes, including physical structures like vegetation and woody habitat, as well as water quality properties. The primary disturbance drivers are shoreline development and watershed disturbances from urbanization and agriculture. The document analyzes how these disturbances impact habitat conditions and proposes allocating resources to protection and restoration efforts to reduce risks to water quality and fish populations.
Jonathan Davies: Priorities for Research in the Wetland Forests of BruneiWetlands International
The document outlines research priorities for the wetland forests of Brunei, including mangroves, freshwater swamp forests, peat swamp forests, and kerapah forests. It provides an overview of each forest type and their areas. Key research priorities identified include updating the status of mangrove forests, evaluating their economic value, studying diseases and rehabilitation strategies. For peat swamp forests, priorities are carbon dynamics, hydrological studies, economic valuation, vegetation studies, and rehabilitation techniques. The document recommends whole ecosystem studies to better understand these important wetland habitats.
The document discusses wetland forests in Brunei Darussalam. It notes that wetland forests make up 30% of Brunei's forests and are home to over 1,300 tree species. However, these ecosystems are endangered due to threats like logging, agriculture expansion, and forest fires. The degradation of peatland forests in particular has led to substantial carbon losses. There is an urgent need for multi-sectoral efforts to protect these vital ecosystems through policies that promote sustainable development and establish markets for environmental services to conserve Brunei's wetland forests.
The peat swamp forests of Brunei host unique biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services like carbon storage and flood regulation. However, they are threatened by drainage for agriculture and logging, which causes drying and burning of peatlands. This releases large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere and degrades the peat soil. Efforts are underway in Brunei to conserve intact forests, restore degraded areas, control fires, and support sustainable livelihoods to safeguard these important peat swamp forests.
The document discusses algal blooms in the Gippsland Lakes in southeastern Victoria. It describes the formation of the lakes and increasing algal blooms that have impacted water quality. The Gippsland Lakes & Catchment Taskforce was created to address this issue through programs that reduce nutrient runoff from farms and improve waste management. Research has provided insight into what drives algal blooms in the lakes and the need for ongoing management to limit nutrient inputs.
The document discusses rainbow water, which refers to recycled atmospheric inputs that benefit water supply. It notes that blue water traditionally focuses on rivers and uses, while grey water added pollution. Green water realized the importance of upper watersheds and forests. Rainbow water closes the hydrological cycle and sees evapotranspiration as recycling. The document includes an agenda for a workshop with blocks on new scientific insights, relating findings to climate policy and negotiations, and priorities for linking science to climate action.
This document summarizes research into nuisance algal growth along the southeast shore of Lake Huron. Underwater surveys from 1977, 2007, and 2010 show a significant increase in algal coverage over time. The algae originate from rocky areas offshore and are transported onto beaches during storms. Abundances of the rooted plant Chara and filamentous algae Cladophora match their areas of greatest underwater growth. Periodic peaks in beached algae correspond with the time needed for regrowth. While nutrient inputs and dreissenid mussels may play a role, declines in the densities of invertebrate grazers appear responsible for reduced algal consumption, allowing more prolific algal growth.
Wetlands: Climate adaptation, mitigation and biodiversity protectionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, LAC Climate Change Team, Worldbank
Landscape approaches to mitigation and adaptation, Forest Day 3
Sunday, 13 December 2009
Copenhagen, Denmark
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, The World Bank, at Forest Day 3, 13 December 2009, Copenhagen. Learning event "Landscape approaches to Adaptation and Mitigation"
This document discusses international assessment of adaptation strategies for water, food, and the environment under climate change in seven river basins. It outlines the goal of downscaling climate change impacts at a regional level. It then briefly describes the seven river basins being studied, including their major issues. Next, it lists the collaborators and describes the methodology involving hydrological and food production models. It also summarizes expected climate changes in the basins and how these may impact crop yields and water resources. Adaptation strategies will be developed and evaluated based on these potential impacts.
This document summarizes a conference on the topic of "Rainbow water: rainfall, the water cycle, forests and trees". It includes the conference schedule with different blocks and presentations on topics like precipitation patterns, the role of trees in climate variability and change, climate policy, and linking emerging science to policy actions. It also includes diagrams on topics like the holistic forest and tree view of the world, vegetation effects on rainfall, and the relationship between global climate models and local hydrology models.
1) Agricultural expansion, logging, and climate variability such as drought are disturbing the Amazon basin. Recent extreme droughts have led to higher tree mortality rates and loss of forest carbon storage.
2) Deforestation reduces evapotranspiration from forests and alters regional climate patterns, lengthening dry seasons and increasing flooding. As deforestation and drought interact, forests become more vulnerable to degradation.
3) While the Amazon forest has resisted moderate annual droughts by accessing deep soil water, extreme multi-year droughts can overwhelm this resilience, as seen in severe droughts in 2005 and 2010 that caused higher tree mortality across the basin.
GEOG5839.05, How does weather and climate affect tree growth?Scott St. George
This document discusses how various environmental factors affect tree growth. It explains that temperature, moisture, and day length all impact growth rates. Temperature affects photosynthesis and the length of the growing season. Trees grow best within an optimal temperature range. Moisture is also critical, as trees need water for photosynthesis and cell growth. A lack of water can limit these processes. Day length influences dormancy and flowering cycles in many tree species. The document concludes that tree growth is limited by whichever factor is in shortest supply, based on the law of the minimum.
This document provides a summary of marine conditions observed in Puget Sound on August 27, 2012. Aerial photos show high abundances of macroalgae in Central Sound and red-brown algal blooms in South Sound inlets and parts of Central Sound. Jellyfish patches were numerous and increasing in size in Sinclair and Budd inlets. Ferry and satellite data indicate low-moderate fluorescence and turbidity in the Main Basin and Admiralty Inlet, with temperatures in the Main Basin dropping below 15°C and near-surface salinity above 28 PSU.
1) Terrestrial carbon sequestration involves photosynthesis fixing more carbon than is released by respiration, storing excess carbon in biomass and soils over time.
2) Carbon is sequestered in live biomass like trees and roots, dead biomass like coarse and fine litter, wood products, and soil organic matter.
3) Afforestation projects that convert agricultural or grazing land to forests can sequester 1-5 tons of carbon per hectare per year on average by planting fast-growing tree species.
Presentation 10Apr2009 to conference "It Pays To Be Nice: Economic Models To Encourage Social & Environmental Responsibility, Center For Socially Responsible Business, Lokey Graduate School of Business, Mills College
Filtracion Chesapeake Articulo Walter AdeyH2RAmbiental
- Walter Adey, a scientist from the Smithsonian Institution, has developed an idea called an Algal Turf Scrubber to clean excess nutrients from the Susquehanna River before it enters the Chesapeake Bay.
- The Algal Turf Scrubber uses fast-growing algae to uptake nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from polluted river water flowing over long mesh screens covered in algae. This process also oxygenates the water.
- Researchers led by Patrick Kangas are testing Adey's concept through a pilot project on the Susquehanna River, with the goals of both cleaning the river water and using the algae to produce biofuel.
Green and Blue Water - a model & data based analysis of water scarcity, produ...Global Water Partnership
The document summarizes analyses from an eco-hydrological model (LPJmL) regarding global water scarcity and agricultural productivity. It shows:
1) Current green and blue water availability per capita in major river basins.
2) Current crop water productivity (calories produced per cubic meter of water) in countries.
3) The maximum potential crop calorie production for each river basin based on current water availability and productivity.
4) Inter-annual variability in green and blue water availability for each basin as modeled by LPJmL versus observed CPWF data.
Factors influencing the distribution and abundance of Daphnia middendorffiana in alpine lakes of the Canadian Rockies. Presented by Janet Fischer at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Stormwater runoff from developed areas like roads, parking lots, and rooftops is identified as the biggest threat to the health of New Hampshire's lakes. The author encourages readers to implement at least one project on their property to reduce stormwater runoff and pollution, such as building a rain garden, installing a rain barrel, or diverting runoff with a culvert. Reducing stormwater runoff will help improve water quality in lakes and allow more water to soak into the ground.
Overview of paddock to reef integrated monitoring, modelling and reporting, j...International WaterCentre
This document discusses a project called "Paddock to Reef" that involves integrated monitoring, modelling, and reporting from agricultural lands to the Great Barrier Reef. The project monitors water quality at various scales, from individual paddocks up to the reef ecosystem scale, to understand the impacts of agricultural management on pollutant loads. Field instruments are used to collect data on soil, surface runoff, and deep drainage water quality from sugarcane and banana sites. The current wet season has provided good sampling opportunities for the project.
1. The study investigated the effect of soil fertility levels on water productivity of maize and potato grown in the Abay Basin in Ethiopia using the AquaCrop model.
2. Simulations showed that soil fertility was the main factor limiting productivity, and biomass and grain yields increased significantly with improved soil fertility.
3. Increasing soil fertility from poor to non-limiting conditions could more than triple maize biomass yields and increase water productivity. Harvesting excess rainfall could allow growing a second crop.
This document contains a 15 question multiple choice quiz about water resources. The questions cover topics such as the proportion of fresh surface water, causes of water constraints in different areas, how lifestyle changes impact water demand, definitions of catchment areas and their advantages/disadvantages, how international agreements can increase water supply, reasons for water reclamation, the process of desalination, distribution of major desalination plants, benefits of conserving water, and facts about NEWater.
Water resources and biofuels water quality april 2012Sharon Lezberg
This document discusses water quality issues related to hypoxia. It begins by defining hypoxia as low dissolved oxygen concentrations that cannot support marine life, typically below 2 ppm. It then explains that hypoxia occurs due to algae blooms in freshwater settling on the bottom and consuming oxygen during decomposition. The size of hypoxic areas can be large, such as the size in 2008 shown on a map. Nutrient flux and sources of nitrogen and phosphorus that contribute to algae blooms and hypoxia are also discussed. The document considers future impacts on water quality from different cropping systems and biofuel production approaches.
Participatory Ecological Restoration in the Rio Blanco Watershed: Ecosystem B...GPFLR
Presentation by Angela Andrade, Klaus Schutze y Angélica Cardon on participatory ecological restoration in the Rio Blanco watershed, Colombia. This was presented during the SER Conference Mexico, August 2011
An unprecedented lawsuit has been filed challenging plans to line the All American Canal, which could dry up thousands of acres of farmland and wetlands in Mexico. The lawsuit seeks to update the environmental review and asserts Mexico has rights to water seepage. Additionally, a major defeat was delivered to the proposed Eagle Mountain garbage dump, which would be surrounded by Joshua Tree National Park. Lastly, the article discusses concerns over development plans at Tejon Ranch that could harm endangered California condors.
This document discusses various long-term climate change monitoring and research programs being conducted in Mount Rainier National Park and the surrounding area. It describes monitoring of temperature, precipitation, snow levels and other climate variables over time for understanding trends. Research includes studies of mercury levels in fish, impacts on wetlands and amphibians from changing conditions, modeling of climate change effects on hydrology, and inventories of butterfly populations to assess changes. The goal is to understand how the local ecosystem is being impacted by climate change and inform conservation efforts.
This document discusses insights into dam sustainability from economic, environmental, and social perspectives. It notes that over 85,000 dams in the US have an average age of 51 years and many are deficient or at high risk of failure. Dams provide economic benefits like power generation, water supply, and flood prevention but also have environmental impacts such as altering downstream flows and sediment transport. Socially, dams can displace local communities and impact health while also providing new infrastructure and jobs. The document recommends investing in maintenance of existing dams in developed nations and ensuring all stakeholders are involved and impacts are well-defined for new dams in developing areas.
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, The World Bank, at Forest Day 3, 13 December 2009, Copenhagen. Learning event "Landscape approaches to Adaptation and Mitigation"
This document discusses international assessment of adaptation strategies for water, food, and the environment under climate change in seven river basins. It outlines the goal of downscaling climate change impacts at a regional level. It then briefly describes the seven river basins being studied, including their major issues. Next, it lists the collaborators and describes the methodology involving hydrological and food production models. It also summarizes expected climate changes in the basins and how these may impact crop yields and water resources. Adaptation strategies will be developed and evaluated based on these potential impacts.
This document summarizes a conference on the topic of "Rainbow water: rainfall, the water cycle, forests and trees". It includes the conference schedule with different blocks and presentations on topics like precipitation patterns, the role of trees in climate variability and change, climate policy, and linking emerging science to policy actions. It also includes diagrams on topics like the holistic forest and tree view of the world, vegetation effects on rainfall, and the relationship between global climate models and local hydrology models.
1) Agricultural expansion, logging, and climate variability such as drought are disturbing the Amazon basin. Recent extreme droughts have led to higher tree mortality rates and loss of forest carbon storage.
2) Deforestation reduces evapotranspiration from forests and alters regional climate patterns, lengthening dry seasons and increasing flooding. As deforestation and drought interact, forests become more vulnerable to degradation.
3) While the Amazon forest has resisted moderate annual droughts by accessing deep soil water, extreme multi-year droughts can overwhelm this resilience, as seen in severe droughts in 2005 and 2010 that caused higher tree mortality across the basin.
GEOG5839.05, How does weather and climate affect tree growth?Scott St. George
This document discusses how various environmental factors affect tree growth. It explains that temperature, moisture, and day length all impact growth rates. Temperature affects photosynthesis and the length of the growing season. Trees grow best within an optimal temperature range. Moisture is also critical, as trees need water for photosynthesis and cell growth. A lack of water can limit these processes. Day length influences dormancy and flowering cycles in many tree species. The document concludes that tree growth is limited by whichever factor is in shortest supply, based on the law of the minimum.
This document provides a summary of marine conditions observed in Puget Sound on August 27, 2012. Aerial photos show high abundances of macroalgae in Central Sound and red-brown algal blooms in South Sound inlets and parts of Central Sound. Jellyfish patches were numerous and increasing in size in Sinclair and Budd inlets. Ferry and satellite data indicate low-moderate fluorescence and turbidity in the Main Basin and Admiralty Inlet, with temperatures in the Main Basin dropping below 15°C and near-surface salinity above 28 PSU.
1) Terrestrial carbon sequestration involves photosynthesis fixing more carbon than is released by respiration, storing excess carbon in biomass and soils over time.
2) Carbon is sequestered in live biomass like trees and roots, dead biomass like coarse and fine litter, wood products, and soil organic matter.
3) Afforestation projects that convert agricultural or grazing land to forests can sequester 1-5 tons of carbon per hectare per year on average by planting fast-growing tree species.
Presentation 10Apr2009 to conference "It Pays To Be Nice: Economic Models To Encourage Social & Environmental Responsibility, Center For Socially Responsible Business, Lokey Graduate School of Business, Mills College
Filtracion Chesapeake Articulo Walter AdeyH2RAmbiental
- Walter Adey, a scientist from the Smithsonian Institution, has developed an idea called an Algal Turf Scrubber to clean excess nutrients from the Susquehanna River before it enters the Chesapeake Bay.
- The Algal Turf Scrubber uses fast-growing algae to uptake nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from polluted river water flowing over long mesh screens covered in algae. This process also oxygenates the water.
- Researchers led by Patrick Kangas are testing Adey's concept through a pilot project on the Susquehanna River, with the goals of both cleaning the river water and using the algae to produce biofuel.
Green and Blue Water - a model & data based analysis of water scarcity, produ...Global Water Partnership
The document summarizes analyses from an eco-hydrological model (LPJmL) regarding global water scarcity and agricultural productivity. It shows:
1) Current green and blue water availability per capita in major river basins.
2) Current crop water productivity (calories produced per cubic meter of water) in countries.
3) The maximum potential crop calorie production for each river basin based on current water availability and productivity.
4) Inter-annual variability in green and blue water availability for each basin as modeled by LPJmL versus observed CPWF data.
Factors influencing the distribution and abundance of Daphnia middendorffiana in alpine lakes of the Canadian Rockies. Presented by Janet Fischer at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Stormwater runoff from developed areas like roads, parking lots, and rooftops is identified as the biggest threat to the health of New Hampshire's lakes. The author encourages readers to implement at least one project on their property to reduce stormwater runoff and pollution, such as building a rain garden, installing a rain barrel, or diverting runoff with a culvert. Reducing stormwater runoff will help improve water quality in lakes and allow more water to soak into the ground.
Overview of paddock to reef integrated monitoring, modelling and reporting, j...International WaterCentre
This document discusses a project called "Paddock to Reef" that involves integrated monitoring, modelling, and reporting from agricultural lands to the Great Barrier Reef. The project monitors water quality at various scales, from individual paddocks up to the reef ecosystem scale, to understand the impacts of agricultural management on pollutant loads. Field instruments are used to collect data on soil, surface runoff, and deep drainage water quality from sugarcane and banana sites. The current wet season has provided good sampling opportunities for the project.
1. The study investigated the effect of soil fertility levels on water productivity of maize and potato grown in the Abay Basin in Ethiopia using the AquaCrop model.
2. Simulations showed that soil fertility was the main factor limiting productivity, and biomass and grain yields increased significantly with improved soil fertility.
3. Increasing soil fertility from poor to non-limiting conditions could more than triple maize biomass yields and increase water productivity. Harvesting excess rainfall could allow growing a second crop.
This document contains a 15 question multiple choice quiz about water resources. The questions cover topics such as the proportion of fresh surface water, causes of water constraints in different areas, how lifestyle changes impact water demand, definitions of catchment areas and their advantages/disadvantages, how international agreements can increase water supply, reasons for water reclamation, the process of desalination, distribution of major desalination plants, benefits of conserving water, and facts about NEWater.
Water resources and biofuels water quality april 2012Sharon Lezberg
This document discusses water quality issues related to hypoxia. It begins by defining hypoxia as low dissolved oxygen concentrations that cannot support marine life, typically below 2 ppm. It then explains that hypoxia occurs due to algae blooms in freshwater settling on the bottom and consuming oxygen during decomposition. The size of hypoxic areas can be large, such as the size in 2008 shown on a map. Nutrient flux and sources of nitrogen and phosphorus that contribute to algae blooms and hypoxia are also discussed. The document considers future impacts on water quality from different cropping systems and biofuel production approaches.
Participatory Ecological Restoration in the Rio Blanco Watershed: Ecosystem B...GPFLR
Presentation by Angela Andrade, Klaus Schutze y Angélica Cardon on participatory ecological restoration in the Rio Blanco watershed, Colombia. This was presented during the SER Conference Mexico, August 2011
An unprecedented lawsuit has been filed challenging plans to line the All American Canal, which could dry up thousands of acres of farmland and wetlands in Mexico. The lawsuit seeks to update the environmental review and asserts Mexico has rights to water seepage. Additionally, a major defeat was delivered to the proposed Eagle Mountain garbage dump, which would be surrounded by Joshua Tree National Park. Lastly, the article discusses concerns over development plans at Tejon Ranch that could harm endangered California condors.
This document discusses various long-term climate change monitoring and research programs being conducted in Mount Rainier National Park and the surrounding area. It describes monitoring of temperature, precipitation, snow levels and other climate variables over time for understanding trends. Research includes studies of mercury levels in fish, impacts on wetlands and amphibians from changing conditions, modeling of climate change effects on hydrology, and inventories of butterfly populations to assess changes. The goal is to understand how the local ecosystem is being impacted by climate change and inform conservation efforts.
This document discusses insights into dam sustainability from economic, environmental, and social perspectives. It notes that over 85,000 dams in the US have an average age of 51 years and many are deficient or at high risk of failure. Dams provide economic benefits like power generation, water supply, and flood prevention but also have environmental impacts such as altering downstream flows and sediment transport. Socially, dams can displace local communities and impact health while also providing new infrastructure and jobs. The document recommends investing in maintenance of existing dams in developed nations and ensuring all stakeholders are involved and impacts are well-defined for new dams in developing areas.
Coping with Extremes: The Impact of Water Supply Infrastructure on Floods and...CPWF Mekong
This document discusses water supply infrastructure (WSI) in the Mekong Basin and its impact on floods and droughts. It notes that between 1250-1450, the Angkor Kingdom in Cambodia experienced extreme fluctuations in drought and monsoon conditions that weakened the kingdom by shrinking water supplies and damaging its irrigation system. The document outlines a study to assess how expanded WSI in the Mekong Basin by 2030 may modulate floods and droughts, and implications for food security. Key research questions focus on how WSI affect extreme events and how their impacts are viewed by different stakeholders. The study will involve modeling, community surveys, and developing an index to assess WSI capacity to regulate floods.
This document discusses challenges related to water resource management in Kenya, including deforestation, soil erosion, water scarcity, pollution, and conflicts over water usage. It notes issues such as the lack of water during dry seasons, encroachment into wetlands, inappropriate water utilization, and poor management of springs. The goal of integrated water resource management (IWRM) planning is outlined as changing lives by addressing priority water problems through a basin planning approach that takes all water-related activities and developments into account to achieve sustainable use. Opportunities for IWRM include managing watershed resources like agriculture land, wetlands, and forests.
Climate Change Challenges in Transboundary River Water Resources Management p...Global Water Partnership
Clim - Presentation Transcript
1.CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES IN TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Dr Mohamed AIT KADI GWP/Technical Committee Chair MRC International Conference 2-3 April 2010, Hua Hin, Thailand
The Challenges for the Palawan Biosphere Reserve in Dealing with Climate ChangeNo to mining in Palawan
This document summarizes a forum on climate change held in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan for stakeholders in the province. It discusses the challenges the Palawan Biosphere Reserve faces from climate change, the role of the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) and Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) in regulating resource use and development. It also summarizes the significance of Palawan's forests, beaches, mangroves, and coral reefs to climate change and strategies for mitigation and adaptation being implemented by local institutions and communities.
The importance of tropical mountains, dams and PWS SchemesAndesBFP
1) The number of dams in the tropics amounts to around 18770, with the majority located in Asia and South America. About 32% of tropical land area contributes watersheds to these dams.
2) In the case of the Andean region, runoff from around 10.5% of its mountainous watersheds translates to a hydroelectric capacity of at least 20000MW. The region has around 174 dams with 80300Mm3 of storage capacity.
3) Cloud forests cover just 4.4% of the area contributing to tropical dams but receive around 15% of the rainfall and account for almost 50% of the surface water resources, highlighting their hydrological importance.
The document discusses developing the Ganges Basin in Bangladesh to improve agriculture and aquaculture. It aims to reduce poverty and increase resilience through better water governance, intensified farming, and diversified crops. Key challenges include salinity intrusion, flooding, and effects of climate change like sea level rise. A survey was conducted to understand how population growth, market forces, policies, and other drivers impact water resources. Hydrological models will be used to project climate change impacts and evaluate management practices.
This document provides information about Sinnakulam village in Sri Lanka, including its climate, geography, population, and key challenges related to climate change and disaster risk. It describes how the village faces increased risks of flooding and drought due to climate change impacts like rising temperatures. Initiatives to address these challenges include constructing houses, roads, and drainage systems, as well as installing a windmill to provide a sustainable water source and reduce vulnerability. The document emphasizes integrated approaches to disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.
Applying advanced spatial tools for landscape analysis and climate change ada...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Applying advanced spatial tools can help analyze landscapes and climate change impacts in Asian highlands. In Yunnan, China, evidence shows warming temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and loss of biodiversity and traditional livelihoods. Case studies in Xishuangbanna and Baoshan show expanding rubber plantations and loss of forests and agricultural lands. Protected areas may no longer protect intended habitats by 2050 due to climate change. Adaptation strategies are needed to help alpine plants shift ranges upward to cope with warming temperatures in southwest China's highlands.
This document summarizes Stephen Quandzie's MSc thesis on the potential to increase agricultural water productivity in Ghana's Black Volta Basin. The research questions whether agricultural water productivity can be increased, if increased dry season agriculture would help reduce poverty, and which agricultural water management intervention has the potential to improve livelihoods sustainably. The methodology involves using the CROPWAT and CLIMWAT models to analyze crop water consumption factors and physical, economic, and livestock water productivity. The results found that small reservoirs, shallow wells, and water pumps with reservoirs over-irrigated crops. Water pumps with reservoirs or river access were identified as having the best potential to enhance agricultural water management and promote off-farm skills development.
This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in Kenya. It proposes a landscape approach called Locally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (LAMA) that recognizes the administrative, social, and environmental mosaics in the landscape. LAMA is presented as a middle path between globally mandated actions and purely local actions. The document advocates for realistic, conditional, voluntary and pro-poor climate strategies that address challenges across these aspects.
The communication strategy for the Citarum River restoration program in Indonesia aims to enhance information sharing and raise awareness among stakeholders and the public. It seeks to support the roadmap's vision of improving the river's health through partnership between government and communities. The strategy uses various approaches like media campaigns, coordination meetings, and tailored messaging for different groups to promote participation and contributions towards achieving the common goal of a healthier Citarum River. It also recognizes the need for paradigm shifts and evolving strategies as the restoration program progresses through different stages.
Judy Goode presents a seminar from the second Water Wednesday entitled "Options for the environmental future of the River Murray. Judy Goode is the SA River Murray Environmental Manager for the SA MDB NRM board.
1) The document discusses the effect of climate change on water related disasters in Indonesia. It notes that climate change has led to increasing temperatures, more intense rainfall, rising sea levels and more extreme conditions like flooding and drought.
2) It outlines Indonesia's water resources law and the government's holistic approach to integrated water resources management that includes conservation, utilization and disaster control.
3) The document proposes strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change impacts like improving water infrastructure, reforestation, and water management.
A monitoring program is needed to help guide an adaptive management strategy for a landscape that is being experimentally altered. The program will measure physical and biological processes like soil erosion and biodiversity impacts. Data like rainfall interception, water flow, erosion rates, and habitat availability for key species will be collected using tools like pluviometers, notch weirs, runoff plots, erosion pins, and nest boxes to track changes from the landscape alterations. This will provide insights to optimize outcomes like the water cycle, crop strategies, forest structure, and recovery of open habitat flora and fauna.
The Green Belt Movement has planted over 45 million trees across Kenya to help restore forests and combat environmental degradation. This study analyzed the effectiveness of the GBM's reforestation efforts by comparing tree cover in GBM project watersheds to non-project areas, and assessing suitability based on population density, poverty levels, and other factors. The results showed significantly higher forest cover in the GBM watersheds, indicating their reforestation work is effective and focused in areas most suitable for replanting. The implications are that similar approaches could benefit other countries facing deforestation.
Sasumua: linking a landscape and institutional mosaic to climate change in KenyaCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Meine van Noordwijk & Thomas Yatich, ICRAF
Landscape approaches to mitigation and adaptation, Forest Day 3
Sunday, 13 December 2009
Copenhagen, Denmark
Ähnlich wie CA and rainfall variability in Zambia: Is CA a promising option for responding to droughts and floods? Bridget Umar (20)
Nick Austin presentation to Food Security Forum AdelaideJoanna Hicks
The document outlines a strategic framework for Australia's international agricultural research investments to increase their impact. It proposes increasing funding and targeting priority countries and regions, including Africa. The framework focuses on jointly identifying research themes with developing country partners, establishing long-term partnerships, and taking new approaches like team-based programs and engaging more with global research initiatives like the CGIAR. The goal is for Australian agricultural research to substantially increase the number of poor and food insecure people that benefit.
Carbon footprint of crop production due to shift from conventional to CA. Ran...Joanna Hicks
The document discusses carbon footprints of different crop production scenarios in Bihar, India. Four scenarios were studied: (1) farmer practice of rice-wheat, (2) best available practices including conservation tillage, (3) conservation agriculture with zero-tillage and residue retention, and (4) diversified system with rice-maize-cowpea. Carbon footprints were estimated based on diesel used for tillage and electricity for irrigation. Scenario 4 had the lowest carbon footprint due to reduced tillage, residue retention and crop diversification.
The impact of trash management and tillage on soybean productivity in sugar b...Joanna Hicks
This document summarizes a study on the impact of trash management and tillage on soybean productivity in sugarcane farming systems. The study tested different combinations of trash management (full trash retention, partial removal through baling, or burning) and tillage intensity (conventional tillage, strip tillage, or direct drilling). Strip tillage was found to improve soybean establishment and early growth compared to direct drilling, while maintaining comparable yields to conventional tillage. Strip tillage addresses subsoil constraints while maintaining surface cover benefits. The results suggest strip tillage warrants further commercial evaluation as it can facilitate reduced tillage within a controlled traffic system to deliver soil health benefits.
Increasing rainfall-use efficiency for dryland crops on duplex soils. Peter SaleJoanna Hicks
This document discusses a new technique called "subsoil manuring" that aims to increase crop yields on duplex soils in southeast Australia. The technique involves deep ripping clay subsoils and incorporating organic matter like lucerne pellets to improve soil structure and water retention. Early research results show the technique increased wheat yields by 60-100% compared to untreated soils, and improved the subsoil's ability to retain water during summer fallows and support more root growth. While the input costs of subsoil manuring with poultry litter are estimated at $670-950 per hectare, the technique has generated great interest among local farmers for improving productivity of problem clay soils.
Rice straw mulching and nitrogen requirement to improve productivity of no-ti...Joanna Hicks
1) The document discusses experiments on using rice straw mulching to improve productivity of no-till wheat grown after rice in Bangladesh.
2) Short-term rice straw mulching for 20 days after sowing was found to be as effective as retaining straw mulch, in conserving soil moisture, reducing weeds, improving nitrogen uptake and wheat root growth.
3) Both short-term mulching and retaining straw mulch led to higher wheat yields compared to no mulch. The optimum nitrogen level for highest yields was found to be 115-122 kg/ha depending on mulch treatment.
The effect of tillage practice and residue management on wheat yield and yiel...Joanna Hicks
This document summarizes a study on the effects of tillage practices and residue management on wheat yield and stability in two agricultural environments in Mexico. In a rainfed highland system in El Batán, zero tillage with full residue retention produced the highest average yield and was more stable than conventional tillage. In an irrigated wheat system in Cd. Obregón, permanent beds with full residue retention yielded the highest and were the most stable. Conservation agriculture practices led to improved yields, especially under more adverse rainfed conditions, but removing or burning all crop residue was found to be unsustainable.
Towards sustainable intensification of maize-legume cropping systems - Ethiop...Joanna Hicks
This document summarizes the findings of the SIMLESA program in Ethiopia which tested Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices versus conventional tillage methods for maize-legume cropping systems. Key findings include:
1) CA practices such as no-tillage, crop rotation, and residue retention led to increased maize yields of over 32% in mid-altitude sub-humid zones compared to conventional tillage.
2) Benefits of CA included improved soil fertility through increased soil organic matter, better soil and water conservation, and weed control. Intercropping also increased total land productivity and resource use efficiency.
3) Widespread adoption of CA practices could increase agricultural productivity and food security in
SIMLESA: one year later. Mulugetta MekuriaJoanna Hicks
This document provides the agenda for two workshops on the SIMLESA program. The first workshop focuses on the integration design and operational framework of SIMLESA and initial findings on conservation agriculture activities. The agenda covers introductions, an overview of the SIMLESA program pathways to impact, analysis of similarities between environments in Queensland and Africa, and initial variety and conservation agriculture effects in Queensland. The second workshop focuses on initial findings from SIMLESA objective 1 on baseline surveys and experiences with sustainable intensification of maize-legume cropping systems in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Mozambique.
Towards sustainable intensification of Maize-Legume cropping systems: Kenya e...Joanna Hicks
The SIMLESA project in Kenya tested conservation agriculture practices to improve maize-legume production for smallholders. Researchers studied the effects of minimal tillage and residue retention on soil properties, water use efficiency, and crop yields over multiple seasons. Results showed that conservation agriculture practices increased water use efficiency and more than doubled maize yields compared to conventional tillage. Crop modeling with APSIM also accurately predicted yields under different management systems. While adoption of conservation agriculture provided benefits, some challenges like residue competition and lack of farm implements remained barriers for smallholders.
This document discusses conservation agriculture and agroforestry practices that incorporate trees. It provides examples from several African countries of how using trees such as Faidherbia albida has increased maize yields, improved soil fertility, and transformed agricultural landscapes. National programs in countries like Malawi, Niger, and Kenya aim to increase tree cover on farms through agroforestry in order to boost food security and restore degraded lands. [/SUMMARY]
Adoption of CA practices: evidence of interdependence in plot level farmer te...Joanna Hicks
This study examines the adoption of conservation agriculture practices (CAPs) among smallholder farmers in Tanzania. It finds that the adoption of different CAPs is interdependent, with practices often adopted as complements or substitutes. The likelihood of adoption is influenced by factors like production risk, access to extension services and markets, social networks, land characteristics, and farm size. Promoting CAP adoption requires properly targeting practices based on agroecology and improving farmers' organizations, market linkages, education, and extension services.
Soil and yield improvements from controlled traffic farming on a red chromoso...Joanna Hicks
Controlled traffic farming (CTF) improved soil structure and increased crop yields compared to conventional wheel traffic (C) methods on a Red Chromosol soil in South Australia over 6 years. Yields were 12-22% greater with CTF in 5 of the 6 years. Deep ripping had no effect on yields. CTF resulted in better soil structure with increased stable soil aggregates over 2mm and greater water infiltration rates compared to C. CTF also showed signs of improved root growth but the impacts on root morphology and response to diseases or stresses were not fully explained. The results were similar to those found on a Black Vertosol, indicating the benefits of CTF can apply across soil types.
Comparison of different soil tillage systems, under several crop rotations in...Joanna Hicks
This study compared different soil tillage systems and crop rotations for wheat production in Turkey's Central Anatolian Plateau region. The objectives were to evaluate the effects of tillage and previous crops on wheat yield under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. Field experiments from 2002-2007 compared conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-till under various crop rotations. The results showed that under rainfed conditions, no-till produced the highest wheat yields. Under irrigated conditions, reduced tillage and no-till with sugar beet or bean crop rotations produced the highest wheat yields. Adopting alternative tillage practices and crop rotations could improve wheat yields and farm profits in the region.
The effects of minimum and conventional tillage systems on maize grain yield ...Joanna Hicks
The document evaluates the effects of minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on maize yield and soil fertility in western Ethiopia over 5 years. MT with residue retention (MTRR) increased average maize yields by 6.6% compared to MT with residue removal (MTRV) and 12.2% compared to CT. MTRR also increased yields more during drought years. MTRR improved soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels compared to MTRV and CT. The recommended nitrogen fertilizer rate of 92 kg/ha was appropriate for all tillage systems.
Controlled traffic/permanent bed farming reduces GHG emissions. Jeff TullbergJoanna Hicks
Controlled traffic/permanent bed farming reduces greenhouse gas emissions by using permanent traffic lanes that minimize soil compaction compared to conventional tillage. A pilot study found nitrous oxide emissions were 5-7 times higher in permanent traffic lanes compared to non-wheeled permanent beds. As controlled traffic farming only wheels 10-20% of the area while conventional farming wheels 50% or more, controlled traffic farming is expected to reduce soil emissions by over 50%. Improved soil health and water use efficiency with controlled traffic farming may also increase carbon input into soils. Further research is still needed across different environments.
Controlled traffic farming, productivity, sustainability and resilience: outc...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses the principles and benefits of controlled traffic farming (CTF). It summarizes CTF as involving permanent wheel tracks, matched machinery, and zonal management to improve soil health and farming efficiencies. The document outlines six key aspects of CTF systems: 1) controlled traffic, 2) designed field layouts, 3) no-till and controlled traffic, 4) new spatial technologies, 5) automated measurement and management tools, and 6) triple bottom line outcomes of increased profits, lower costs, and improved environmental sustainability.
Production systems for the future: balancing trade-offs between food producti...Joanna Hicks
The document discusses balancing trade-offs between food production, environment, livelihoods, and efficiency in future production systems. It notes the need to feed a growing population while maintaining or reducing environmental impacts. Mixed crop-livestock systems currently produce much of the world's food but face increasing pressures from population growth, urbanization, and rising demand for food and livestock products. Sustainable intensification of these systems will be important to close yield gaps while improving efficiency. Trade-offs between different outcomes need to be considered at farm and broader scales.
Sustainable intensification of maize-bean production among smallholder farmer...Joanna Hicks
This document summarizes a study on sustainable intensification of maize-bean production among smallholder farmers in western Kenya using conservation agriculture (CA) principles. The study found that combining minimal tillage and residue retention increased water use efficiency, soil organic matter, and maize yields by over 100% compared to conventional practices. It also found that rhizobial inoculation increased bean yields. Modeling with APSIM showed a high degree of accuracy in predicting maize and bean yields under CA. While CA practices showed promising results, challenges remain around competition for crop residues and lack of appropriate small-scale farm implements.
Nitrogen is essential to capture the benefit of summer rainfall for wheat in ...Joanna Hicks
1) The document discusses how summer rainfall can benefit wheat production in Mediterranean environments of South Australia that typically receive most rainfall in winter.
2) Adding simulated summer rainfall of 50-100mm increased wheat shoot dry matter, PAR interception, and soil water content compared to control plots with only background rainfall.
3) Nitrogen is important for capturing the benefits of summer rainfall to maximize wheat yields.
Biomass shifts and suppresses weed populations under CA. Michael MulvaneyJoanna Hicks
The document summarizes a study on the effects of conservation agriculture practices including cover crops and organic mulches on weed suppression, soil carbon, and collard yields over three years in central-eastern Alabama. Key findings include: 1) Forage soybean was not effective at weed suppression while mulches improved control of broadleaf weeds and sedges after the first year; 2) Weed populations shifted from broadleaves and sedges to more grasses in the second year; and 3) Transitioning to conservation agriculture practices increased soil organic carbon levels but yields were unaffected by mulching or cover crops.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
CA and rainfall variability in Zambia: Is CA a promising option for responding to droughts and floods? Bridget Umar
1. CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE AND RAINFALL
VARIABILITY IN ZAMBIA:
Is CA a promising option for responding to
droughts and floods?
Bridget Bwalya Umar and Progress. H.Nyanga
2. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
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Introduction
Smallholder farmers in Southern Africa confronted by
risks related to climate, mostly rainfall
Dependence on rain fed agriculture related to low
agricultural productivity and variability in production due
to water stress during critical crop development stages.
Approaches for dealing with climatic risks include water
harvesting.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) promoted partly for its
water soil and water loss reduction benefits (Mazvimavi &
Twomlow 2009)
In-situ water harvesting effect is the main benefit of CA
basins (Enfor et al 2011).
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3. 3
CA Basins
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NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
4. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
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CA Basins and Rainfall
Improved water harvesting and water use efficiency in
low rainfall areas
Problems of water logging in high rainfall areas.
Basin variant of CA mostly promoted in low rainfall areas.
However, with increasing rainfall variability, probability
for low rainfall areas receiving high amounts of rainfall in
a given season increasing.
What happens then?
We report on this
www.umb.no 4
5. 5
Our study
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NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
6. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
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Our study
Panel study from 2007 to 2010
640-440 households
interviews with farmers and key informants
Field observations
Focus group discussions, on experiences during drought
and flood periods.
Yields from fields under CA and Conventional Agriculture
systems compared.
Rainfall data for the study areas for the period.
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7. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
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Results
Farming Season
2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009
Average area under CA (ha) 0.22 0.42 0.42
% of cultivated area under CA 11.5 16.5 24.9
Average are under CV (ha) 1.69 2.12 1.27
Total cultivated area (ha) 1.91 2.54 1.69
Average maize yield (tons/ha) 3.39 0.77 1.65
Average rainfall (mm) 1046.3a 1086.8a 858.6b
CV = Conventional agriculture. This includes the use of mould board plough and traditional hand hoe for tillage.
aMeans followed by the same letter in row are not statistically different at p≤ 0.05 probability level
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8. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
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Results
% of cultivated area under CA increased steadily over
the period.
Flooding experienced during the 2006/2007 and
2007/2008 seasons in the low rainfall study areas.
Large difference in the average maize yields between
2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons (importance of
rainfall distribution)
Flooding during 2007/8 resulted in lower yields
(p=0.0003)
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9. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
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Discussion
Water logged basins were back-filled , raised to make
small ridges. (soil disturbance increased)
FGD reported ability to harvest ”something” from CA
fields despite the floods compared to conventionally
tilled fields.
Similar sentiments expressed for drought periods.
Continued increase in area under ripping demonstrate
farmers’ confidence in the tillage system under flood
conditions.
Benefits of early land preparation and early planting
associated with CA increases chances of survival of
maize, and other crops.
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10. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
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Area under CA Tillage System
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
Area (ha)
Basins
0.15 Ripping
0.10
0.05
0.00
2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009
Farming season
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11. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
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Conclusions
CA farmers adapting to climatic variability
Diversifying CA tillage systems to suit the climatic
variability.
CA systems being perceived to be more robust in
instances of extreme climatic events
Potential for higher production under CA during
incidences of both droughts and floods.
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12. 12
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Thank You!
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Hinweis der Redaktion
Higher labour requirements for Basins, higherweedinfestationafterfloods