This Slides covers:
Introduction to world of Computers, Basic Structure of Computer System, Computers in Home (Reference, Education & Communications, Entertainment an Digital Media Delivery, Smart Appliances, Home Computers), Computers in Education, Computers in workplace (productivity and decision making, customer services, communications), Computers on the move (Portable and Hand held computers, Self-Service kiosks, GPS Applications), Generation of Computer, Types of Computer (Size and Technology wise), Support Systems - Hardware and Software, Computer Peripherals, Memory Management.
This document provides an introduction to computers, including:
- Definitions of a computer as a machine that can perform calculations and logical operations at high speeds.
- The advantages of computers like speed, accuracy, large storage capacity, versatility, and ability to work continuously without tiring.
- A brief history of early mechanical calculating devices and how programmable computers evolved through the use of vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and networking.
- The five generations of computers defined by their underlying technology from vacuum tubes to parallel processing and artificial intelligence.
- Different types of computers like analog, digital, general purpose, special purpose, hybrid, and classifications based on features.
- That hardware refers
There are three main ways to classify computers: by purpose, data processed, and size/speed. By purpose, there are general purpose computers designed for a variety of tasks and special purpose computers designed for a single task. By data processed, there are analog computers that measure data, digital computers that use binary, and hybrid computers that can do both. By size/speed, there are supercomputers that are the largest and fastest, mainframes for large organizations, mini computers for medium-sized uses, and microcomputers for personal use.
A computer has several key characteristics:
It is automatic, meaning it will perform tasks without human intervention once started. It is extremely fast, able to perform calculations in milliseconds. Computers are also very accurate in their calculations. Unlike humans, computers can work continuously without getting tired or losing concentration. Computers are also versatile, as their capabilities can be changed by loading new programs. They have enormous memory and storage capabilities to store and recall vast amounts of information. However, computers have no intelligence or feelings of their own - they must be programmed with logical step-by-step instructions to perform tasks.
A computer is an electronic device that receives user input and outputs information. It has both hardware and software components. The hardware refers to the physical and visible parts of the computer, while software includes programs and instructions used to operate the computer. A computer has many advantages such as speed, accuracy, reliability, memory, logical reasoning, versatility, and powerful data storage capabilities. It can perform calculations quickly and precisely, work continuously for long periods, and store unlimited amounts of data that can be retrieved over many years.
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols. Its principal characteristics are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
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This document provides an introduction to computers, including how they work and their key characteristics. It defines a computer as an electronic device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. It then describes the main components of a computer and how data is processed. The document outlines the main characteristics of computers as being fast, accurate, having large memory and storage, being diligent and versatile. It also categorizes the different types of computers as analog, digital, and hybrid and provides examples of each type. Finally, it classifies computers as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers and describes the defining features of each.
Digital computers operate on data expressed in binary digits (0s and 1s). They are highly accurate and fast. Microcomputers are single-user computers like desktops, laptops, and PDAs. Mini computers have more storage and memory than microcomputers and support multiple users. Mainframe computers are the largest and most powerful, able to support hundreds of users and handle massive amounts of data processing. Supercomputers use parallel processing with multiple coordinated processors and are used for highly complex tasks like weather modeling.
The document describes the basic components of a computer system including the processor, memory, storage devices, input and output devices, and application and system software. The processor, consisting of the control unit and arithmetic logic unit, runs the software and communicates with memory and storage. Input and output devices allow the computer to receive and display information.
This document provides an introduction to computers, including:
- Definitions of a computer as a machine that can perform calculations and logical operations at high speeds.
- The advantages of computers like speed, accuracy, large storage capacity, versatility, and ability to work continuously without tiring.
- A brief history of early mechanical calculating devices and how programmable computers evolved through the use of vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and networking.
- The five generations of computers defined by their underlying technology from vacuum tubes to parallel processing and artificial intelligence.
- Different types of computers like analog, digital, general purpose, special purpose, hybrid, and classifications based on features.
- That hardware refers
There are three main ways to classify computers: by purpose, data processed, and size/speed. By purpose, there are general purpose computers designed for a variety of tasks and special purpose computers designed for a single task. By data processed, there are analog computers that measure data, digital computers that use binary, and hybrid computers that can do both. By size/speed, there are supercomputers that are the largest and fastest, mainframes for large organizations, mini computers for medium-sized uses, and microcomputers for personal use.
A computer has several key characteristics:
It is automatic, meaning it will perform tasks without human intervention once started. It is extremely fast, able to perform calculations in milliseconds. Computers are also very accurate in their calculations. Unlike humans, computers can work continuously without getting tired or losing concentration. Computers are also versatile, as their capabilities can be changed by loading new programs. They have enormous memory and storage capabilities to store and recall vast amounts of information. However, computers have no intelligence or feelings of their own - they must be programmed with logical step-by-step instructions to perform tasks.
A computer is an electronic device that receives user input and outputs information. It has both hardware and software components. The hardware refers to the physical and visible parts of the computer, while software includes programs and instructions used to operate the computer. A computer has many advantages such as speed, accuracy, reliability, memory, logical reasoning, versatility, and powerful data storage capabilities. It can perform calculations quickly and precisely, work continuously for long periods, and store unlimited amounts of data that can be retrieved over many years.
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols. Its principal characteristics are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
This document provides an introduction to computers, including how they work and their key characteristics. It defines a computer as an electronic device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. It then describes the main components of a computer and how data is processed. The document outlines the main characteristics of computers as being fast, accurate, having large memory and storage, being diligent and versatile. It also categorizes the different types of computers as analog, digital, and hybrid and provides examples of each type. Finally, it classifies computers as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers and describes the defining features of each.
Digital computers operate on data expressed in binary digits (0s and 1s). They are highly accurate and fast. Microcomputers are single-user computers like desktops, laptops, and PDAs. Mini computers have more storage and memory than microcomputers and support multiple users. Mainframe computers are the largest and most powerful, able to support hundreds of users and handle massive amounts of data processing. Supercomputers use parallel processing with multiple coordinated processors and are used for highly complex tasks like weather modeling.
The document describes the basic components of a computer system including the processor, memory, storage devices, input and output devices, and application and system software. The processor, consisting of the control unit and arithmetic logic unit, runs the software and communicates with memory and storage. Input and output devices allow the computer to receive and display information.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on the following topics:
Definition
Objectives of Operating System
Structure of Operating System
Need for Operating Systems
OS Components and Functions
OS Services
Types of Operating Systems
Examples of Operating Systems
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on information technology. It outlines the course requirements, including exams, assignments, and a final project that contribute to the overall grade. It also describes lecture notes, written assignments, presentations, and other class activities. Tips are provided on how to earn more marks, such as avoiding plagiarism and demonstrating a strong work ethic. The course aims to teach basic computer knowledge, hardware, office applications, and internet skills.
The document summarizes different types of system software, including system control programs like operating systems (OS), system support programs like utility programs, and system development programs like language translators. It describes the main functions of each type of system software - OS manage computer resources and perform functions like memory, processor, and file management, utility programs provide common services like sorting and copying data, and language translators convert programs between languages like assemblers converting to machine code.
The document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It explains that a computer consists of hardware and software. The hardware includes components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices, and other external devices. The software includes operating systems, application software, and utility software. A computer performs four basic functions - input, processing, output, and storage. It takes in data through input devices, processes the data using programs, produces output through output devices, and stores processed data and instructions in memory and storage.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU). It describes the CPU as the multipurpose, programmable component of a computer that interprets instructions and performs logical and arithmetic operations. The CPU is composed of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs calculations, a control unit (CU) that directs signals between memory and the ALU, and register arrays that temporarily store processed data. Factors like clock rate, memory size, and instruction set complexity can impact a CPU's processing speed. The CPU executes a cycle of fetching instructions from memory, decoding them, executing operations, and storing results.
This document provides an overview of computer components and their functions. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU) which contains the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and memory unit. The CPU is located on a microprocessor chip in the system unit. Storage devices like hard disks, CD drives, and DVD drives are attached to the CPU and housed inside or outside the computer. A USB port connected to the CPU allows input/output devices and USB drives to interface with the computer.
The basic components of a computer system are the input unit, output unit, memory, and processor. The input unit includes devices like keyboards and mice that allow data to be entered. The output unit displays or prints the results and includes monitors and printers. Memory temporarily stores data and programs during use and permanently stores them when not in use, including RAM, ROM, hard disks, and floppy disks. The processor, made up of the ALU and control unit, is the brain that performs computations and controls the system.
This document classifies and describes different types of computers. It discusses analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. It then focuses on classifications of microcomputers like home computers, personal computers, mini computers, laptop computers, mainframe computers, super computers, wearable computers, and palm computers. For each type of computer, it provides a brief description of its key features and examples. The overall document aims to provide an overview of how computers can be classified according to their size and logical functions.
Input and output devices allow users to interact with computers. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, digital cameras, microphones, touch screens, optical mark readers, scanners, and smart cards. Keyboards are used to enter text, mice are pointing devices, and digital cameras capture photos or videos. Microphones record sound, touch screens accept input via finger touch, and scanners convert printed documents into digital files. Output devices such as computer monitors, speakers, printers, and plotters allow users to see and hear computer output or create hard copies. Monitors display visual output, speakers produce audio, printers create paper copies, and plotters generate large-scale drawings.
The document defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data according to instructions, produce information as output, and store information for future use. It describes the basic components of a computer as hardware and software. The key hardware components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices like monitors and printers. The document also provides definitions and examples of different types of computers classified by size and power, including personal computers, laptops, workstations, minicomputers, and mainframes.
Computer is an electronic device that processes data according to programmed instructions. It has hardware components that can be seen like input devices to enter data, output devices to display processed information, processing devices to execute instructions on data, and storage devices to store data. It also uses software programs installed on the hardware to perform specific tasks, including system software to manage the hardware, application software to perform user-oriented tasks, and utility software provided by vendors to perform common functions.
The document provides an overview of computers and their components. It discusses how computers accept data as input, process it, and produce output. The main components are the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and networking capabilities. It also covers different types of computers from personal to servers, and examples of how computers are used in various sectors like education, healthcare, business, and more.
CPU-Central Processing Unit (With History and Complete Detail)Adeel Rasheed
CPU is the heart and brain of a computer. It receives data as input.The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is simply the central processor or the processor where most calculation takes places.
There are several types of computers:
- Analog computers represent data continuously as physical quantities like temperature and output is also continuous.
- Digital computers represent data as discrete numbers and output discrete results. They are faster and more accurate than analog computers.
- Microcomputers are the smallest type, ranging from calculators to desktop PCs, using a microprocessor as the CPU. They are used for personal and small office/business applications.
- Minicomputers are more powerful than microcomputers and used for departmental and work group systems.
- Mainframe computers offer high-speed processing and large storage and are used as central databases and host systems.
- Supercomputers are designed for scientific tasks and contain multiple
This document discusses various types of computer input devices. It describes keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens, trackballs, scanners, microphones, optical character readers, bar code readers, and voice recognition chips as common input devices. Keyboards and mice are highlighted as the most popular input devices, with keyboards allowing text input and mice used to control cursor movement.
This document defines data and information and differentiates between the two. It states that data refers to raw facts and figures that have no inherent meaning on their own. Information, on the other hand, is data that has been processed and organized to give it context and meaning. Several examples are provided to illustrate the difference, such as numbers representing different things depending on context. The key points are that data is meaningless on its own, while information is meaningful data that has undergone processing.
Digital, analog, and hybrid computers are the three main types. Digital computers operate using binary digits while analog computers represent continuous values. Hybrid computers have qualities of both.
The document also distinguishes between computer professionals and users, as well as literacy and competency. Professionals have advanced degrees and create software, while users operate existing programs. Literacy means basic understanding and tasks, while competency performs simple operations without full understanding.
basics of computer ( B.K. school of maangement ).pptPragatiKachhi1
Computer generations have evolved from vacuum tube-based machines filling entire rooms to today's portable devices. The first generation used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums, and machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, and symbolic programming emerged. Integrated circuits miniaturized components for the third generation, enabling time-sharing operating systems. The fourth generation saw the microprocessor integrate most components onto a single chip and GUI interfaces. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop artificial intelligence through parallel processing and natural language interfaces.
The document discusses computers, their definition, characteristics, limitations, and generations. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, process it according to programmed instructions, produce output, and store information. Computers have advantages over humans like speed, accuracy, memory, reliability and versatility. However, they also have limitations as they cannot think, decide, express ideas or implement policies like humans. The document then covers the five generations of computers, describing the technologies used and advantages and disadvantages of each.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on the following topics:
Definition
Objectives of Operating System
Structure of Operating System
Need for Operating Systems
OS Components and Functions
OS Services
Types of Operating Systems
Examples of Operating Systems
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on information technology. It outlines the course requirements, including exams, assignments, and a final project that contribute to the overall grade. It also describes lecture notes, written assignments, presentations, and other class activities. Tips are provided on how to earn more marks, such as avoiding plagiarism and demonstrating a strong work ethic. The course aims to teach basic computer knowledge, hardware, office applications, and internet skills.
The document summarizes different types of system software, including system control programs like operating systems (OS), system support programs like utility programs, and system development programs like language translators. It describes the main functions of each type of system software - OS manage computer resources and perform functions like memory, processor, and file management, utility programs provide common services like sorting and copying data, and language translators convert programs between languages like assemblers converting to machine code.
The document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It explains that a computer consists of hardware and software. The hardware includes components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices, and other external devices. The software includes operating systems, application software, and utility software. A computer performs four basic functions - input, processing, output, and storage. It takes in data through input devices, processes the data using programs, produces output through output devices, and stores processed data and instructions in memory and storage.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU). It describes the CPU as the multipurpose, programmable component of a computer that interprets instructions and performs logical and arithmetic operations. The CPU is composed of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs calculations, a control unit (CU) that directs signals between memory and the ALU, and register arrays that temporarily store processed data. Factors like clock rate, memory size, and instruction set complexity can impact a CPU's processing speed. The CPU executes a cycle of fetching instructions from memory, decoding them, executing operations, and storing results.
This document provides an overview of computer components and their functions. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU) which contains the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and memory unit. The CPU is located on a microprocessor chip in the system unit. Storage devices like hard disks, CD drives, and DVD drives are attached to the CPU and housed inside or outside the computer. A USB port connected to the CPU allows input/output devices and USB drives to interface with the computer.
The basic components of a computer system are the input unit, output unit, memory, and processor. The input unit includes devices like keyboards and mice that allow data to be entered. The output unit displays or prints the results and includes monitors and printers. Memory temporarily stores data and programs during use and permanently stores them when not in use, including RAM, ROM, hard disks, and floppy disks. The processor, made up of the ALU and control unit, is the brain that performs computations and controls the system.
This document classifies and describes different types of computers. It discusses analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. It then focuses on classifications of microcomputers like home computers, personal computers, mini computers, laptop computers, mainframe computers, super computers, wearable computers, and palm computers. For each type of computer, it provides a brief description of its key features and examples. The overall document aims to provide an overview of how computers can be classified according to their size and logical functions.
Input and output devices allow users to interact with computers. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, digital cameras, microphones, touch screens, optical mark readers, scanners, and smart cards. Keyboards are used to enter text, mice are pointing devices, and digital cameras capture photos or videos. Microphones record sound, touch screens accept input via finger touch, and scanners convert printed documents into digital files. Output devices such as computer monitors, speakers, printers, and plotters allow users to see and hear computer output or create hard copies. Monitors display visual output, speakers produce audio, printers create paper copies, and plotters generate large-scale drawings.
The document defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data according to instructions, produce information as output, and store information for future use. It describes the basic components of a computer as hardware and software. The key hardware components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices like monitors and printers. The document also provides definitions and examples of different types of computers classified by size and power, including personal computers, laptops, workstations, minicomputers, and mainframes.
Computer is an electronic device that processes data according to programmed instructions. It has hardware components that can be seen like input devices to enter data, output devices to display processed information, processing devices to execute instructions on data, and storage devices to store data. It also uses software programs installed on the hardware to perform specific tasks, including system software to manage the hardware, application software to perform user-oriented tasks, and utility software provided by vendors to perform common functions.
The document provides an overview of computers and their components. It discusses how computers accept data as input, process it, and produce output. The main components are the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and networking capabilities. It also covers different types of computers from personal to servers, and examples of how computers are used in various sectors like education, healthcare, business, and more.
CPU-Central Processing Unit (With History and Complete Detail)Adeel Rasheed
CPU is the heart and brain of a computer. It receives data as input.The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is simply the central processor or the processor where most calculation takes places.
There are several types of computers:
- Analog computers represent data continuously as physical quantities like temperature and output is also continuous.
- Digital computers represent data as discrete numbers and output discrete results. They are faster and more accurate than analog computers.
- Microcomputers are the smallest type, ranging from calculators to desktop PCs, using a microprocessor as the CPU. They are used for personal and small office/business applications.
- Minicomputers are more powerful than microcomputers and used for departmental and work group systems.
- Mainframe computers offer high-speed processing and large storage and are used as central databases and host systems.
- Supercomputers are designed for scientific tasks and contain multiple
This document discusses various types of computer input devices. It describes keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens, trackballs, scanners, microphones, optical character readers, bar code readers, and voice recognition chips as common input devices. Keyboards and mice are highlighted as the most popular input devices, with keyboards allowing text input and mice used to control cursor movement.
This document defines data and information and differentiates between the two. It states that data refers to raw facts and figures that have no inherent meaning on their own. Information, on the other hand, is data that has been processed and organized to give it context and meaning. Several examples are provided to illustrate the difference, such as numbers representing different things depending on context. The key points are that data is meaningless on its own, while information is meaningful data that has undergone processing.
Digital, analog, and hybrid computers are the three main types. Digital computers operate using binary digits while analog computers represent continuous values. Hybrid computers have qualities of both.
The document also distinguishes between computer professionals and users, as well as literacy and competency. Professionals have advanced degrees and create software, while users operate existing programs. Literacy means basic understanding and tasks, while competency performs simple operations without full understanding.
basics of computer ( B.K. school of maangement ).pptPragatiKachhi1
Computer generations have evolved from vacuum tube-based machines filling entire rooms to today's portable devices. The first generation used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums, and machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, and symbolic programming emerged. Integrated circuits miniaturized components for the third generation, enabling time-sharing operating systems. The fourth generation saw the microprocessor integrate most components onto a single chip and GUI interfaces. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop artificial intelligence through parallel processing and natural language interfaces.
The document discusses computers, their definition, characteristics, limitations, and generations. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, process it according to programmed instructions, produce output, and store information. Computers have advantages over humans like speed, accuracy, memory, reliability and versatility. However, they also have limitations as they cannot think, decide, express ideas or implement policies like humans. The document then covers the five generations of computers, describing the technologies used and advantages and disadvantages of each.
The document provides information on the different generations of computers from the first to the fifth generation. It discusses the hardware and software technologies used and examples of computers from each generation. The key highlights include computers becoming faster, smaller, cheaper, more powerful and reliable with each new generation. Later generations also had greater capabilities and were used for more applications compared to earlier ones.
Fundamentals of computer and information system(unit 1)SURBHI SAROHA
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of computer and information systems. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can store, process, and arrange information to produce outputs. The document then discusses characteristics of computers like speed, accuracy, versatility, and reliability. It outlines advantages such as multitasking, speed, data storage capacity, and accuracy. Limitations including viruses, cybercrimes, environmental impacts, and health issues are also summarized. The document categorizes types of computers as supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, and personal computers. It concludes by listing applications of computers in fields like banking, education, industries, entertainment, hospitals, and data processing.
This document provides an overview of key topics in computer education, including:
- The importance of equal access to education and how technology can help address disparities.
- An introduction to the parts of a computer, including input/output devices and the central processing unit.
- Classifications of computers by size, purpose, and functionality.
- The development of computers from first to fifth generation and how the technology has advanced.
- Common areas where computers are used, such as offices, education, communication, and more.
- Safety precautions that should be followed when working in a computer laboratory.
Computer is an electronic device that takes in raw data as input, processes it according to programmed instructions, and outputs results. It can perform calculations much faster and more accurately than humans. Computers are now used in nearly every field due to their speed, storage capacity, versatility, and ability to perform repetitive tasks without tiring. The document outlines the history of computers through their generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits to modern microprocessors, and describes their various applications in business, education, healthcare, engineering and more.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in Lecture 1 of the ACCE 2204 Fundamentals of Computer Science and Engineering course. The lecture includes sections on the parts of a computer system including hardware, software, data, and users. It also covers the history of computer generations from first to fifth generation and classifications of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. The document recommends books for the course and outlines the distribution of marks for assessments.
The document discusses the different generations of computers from the 1st to 5th generation. It provides details about the characteristics of each generation including the technologies used and some examples of computers from each generation. The 1st generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The 2nd generation saw the introduction of transistors replacing vacuum tubes. The 3rd generation brought integrated circuits and operating systems. Personal computers emerged in the 4th generation along with other advances. The 5th generation focuses on parallel processing and artificial intelligence.
Chapter one-Introduction to Computer.pptxgadisaAdamu
This document provides an outline for a course on computer applications in management. It covers topics like the definition of a computer, how computers work, comparisons between computers and humans, the importance and uses of computers. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of computers, different computer generations and classifications. It also defines key terms like data, information and knowledge. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of introductory computer concepts for a management course.
Students will learn about data, information, technology and sources of information. They will understand the differences between computer generations and recognize types of computers used today. The unit will cover how data is processed into information, the evolution of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, and types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers and personal computers.
Computer Meaning and characteristics english.pptxSiddarajuSiddu4
Computer is an electronic device that processes data based on a set of instructions. It has four main functions: input, processing, output, and storage. Computers are very fast, accurate, reliable, versatile, automatic, have powerful memory and storage capabilities, and are cost effective. They can perform millions of calculations per second without tiring. Modern computers have become smaller in size while increasing in capabilities. However, computers are limited in that they only perform tasks based on their programming and have no feelings or judgment.
Identifying and categorizing computer softwareGetawu
The document discusses connecting hardware peripherals and confirming client requirements. It covers connecting peripherals devices, connecting workstations to the internet, and confirming a client's needs. The learning objectives are to obtain required peripherals, connect hardware, connect to the internet, and confirm client requirements. The document also provides an overview of computer hardware, software, generations of computers from vacuum tubes to microprocessors, and types of computers based on data handling and size.
The document provides an introduction to basic computer organization, including:
- The history and evolution of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focusing on artificial intelligence.
- The basic components of a computer including the central processing unit, main memory, input/output devices, and secondary storage.
- How the CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions from main memory to perform operations like data movement, arithmetic, and program control.
- Classifications of computers based on operating principles, application area, size, and capability.
The document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the technology required for information processing, particularly using electronic computers, communication devices, and software applications. It discusses how information is used to make decisions and predictions. The document also defines communication and provides a brief history of computers from early mechanical devices like the Antikythera mechanism and abacus to modern computers based on integrated circuits. It summarizes the characteristics and components of computers as well as their uses in fields like science, medicine, education, banking, crime investigation, and entertainment.
This module discusses the history and uses of computers in education. It covers the five generations of computers from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence. Some key uses of computers discussed include better presentation of information, access to online resources, and data storage. Both advantages like efficient storage and quick processing, and disadvantages like technical issues and plagiarism are reviewed. Graphic tools, desktop publishing, databases, and similarities of hardware and software are also summarized.
General features of computer – Evolution of computers; Computer Applications – Data Processing – Information Processing – Commercial – Office Automation – Industry and Engineering – Healthcare – Education – Disruptive technologies.
This document provides an introduction to computers. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can receive input, store and process the input according to user instructions, and provide output in a desired format. It discusses the basic functions of a computer system including input, storage, processing, output, and control. It also covers the different types and generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation using artificial intelligence.
This document provides an overview of computers, including their components, types, applications, advantages, and a brief history. It discusses the central processing unit, storage, memory, and input/output devices. It covers the evolution of computers from early vacuum tube-based mainframes to modern microchips. Applications include spreadsheets, word processing, and desktop publishing. Key advantages are speed, efficiency, and use as an instruction medium. The document also summarizes operating systems, software categories, networking, and the booting process.
Ähnlich wie Basic of Computer Introduction - World of Computers (20)
1. What are the differences between a DBMS and RDBMS?
2. Explain the terms database and DBMS. Also, mention the different types of DBMS.
3. What are the advantages of DBMS?
4. Mention the different languages present in DBMS
5. What do you understand by query optimization?
6. Do we consider NULL values the same as that of blank space or zero?
7. What do you understand by aggregation and atomicity?
8. What are the different levels of abstraction in the DBMS?
9. What is an entity-relationship model?
10. What do you understand by the terms Entity, Entity Type, and Entity Set in DBMS?
11. What are relationships and mention different types of relationships in the DBMS
12. What is concurrency control?
13. What are the ACID properties in DBMS?
14. What is normalization and what are the different types of normalization?
15. What are the different types of keys in the database?
16. What do you understand by correlated subqueries in DBMS?
17. Explain Database partitioning and its importance.
18. What do you understand by functional dependency and transitive dependency in DBMS?
19. What is the difference between two and three-tier architectures?
20. Mention the differences between Unique Key and Primary Key
21. What is a checkpoint in DBMS and when does it occur?
22. Mention the differences between Trigger and Stored Procedures
23. What are the differences between Hash join, Merge join and Nested loops?
24. What do you understand by Proactive, Retroactive and Simultaneous Update?
25. What are indexes? Mention the differences between the clustered and non-clustered index
26. What do you understand by intension and extension?
27. What do you understand by cursor? Mention the different types of cursor A cursor is a database object which helps in manipulating data, row by row and represents a result set.
28. Explain the terms specialization and generalization
29. What do you understand by Data Independence?
30. What are the different integrity rules present in the DBMS?
31. What does Fill Factor concept mean with respect to indexes?
32. What is Index hunting and how does it help in improving query performance?
33. What are the differences between network and hierarchical database model?
34. Explain what is a deadlock and mention how it can be resolved?
35. What are the differences between an exclusive lock and a shared lock?
=>Concept of Governance
=>Risk and Control (GRC) as applicable to IT operational risk
=>Importance of documentation
=>DATA FLOW DIAGRAM for every application
=>Review of changes in the Data flow, reporting, etc.
=>Parameters for review
=>Importance of review on SLA compliance
=>Reporting to IT Strategy committee, Board etc.
Importance of Data - Where to find it, how to store, manipulate, and characterize it
Artificial Intelligence (AI)- Introduction to AI & ML Technologies/ Applications
Machine Learning (ML), Basic Machine Learning algorithms.
Applications of AI & ML in Marketing, Sales, Finance, Operations, Supply Chain
& Human Resources Data Governance
Legal and Ethical Issues
Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cloud Computing
This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines key terms like database, DBMS, and database system. It describes the common components of a database including database administrators, designers, and end users. It outlines advantages of DBMS over file processing systems and discusses data models, database schemas and instances, DBMS architecture including internal, conceptual and external schemas, and data independence.
What is Data ?
What is Information?
Data Models, Schema and Instances
Components of Database System
What is DBMS ?
Database Languages
Applications of DBMS
Introduction to Databases
Fundamentals of Data Modeling and Database Design
Database Normalization
Types of keys in database management system
Distributed Database
CASE (COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING)
CASE and its Scope
CASE support in software life cycle documentation
project management
Internal Interface
Reverse Software Engineering
Architecture of CASE environment.
SOFTWARE RELIABILITY AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
Reliability issues
Reliability metrics
Reliability growth modeling
Software quality
ISO 9000 certification for software industry
SEI capability maturity model
comparison between ISO and SEI CMM
Software Testing
Different Types of Software Testing
Verification
Validation
Unit Testing
Beta Testing
Alpha Testing
Black Box Testing
White Box testing
Error
Bug
Software Design
Design principles
Problem partitioning
Abstraction
Top down and bottom up-design
Structured approach
Functional versus object oriented approach
Design specifications and verification
Monitoring and control
Cohesiveness
Coupling
Fourth generation techniques
Functional independence
Software Architecture
Transaction and Transform Mapping
This document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including iterative and spiral models. The iterative model involves building a product incrementally in iterations, with requirements evolving in each iteration based on user feedback. The spiral model similarly progresses in iterations but places more emphasis on risk analysis. Each spiral involves planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation phases. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of each model, as well as the role of management in software projects, including planning, monitoring and control, and termination analysis.
Software Lifecycle Models / Software Development Models
Types of Software development models
Waterfall Model
Features of Waterfall Model
Phase of Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Advantages of Prototype Model
Disadvantages of Prototype model
V Model
Advantages of V-model
Disadvantages of V-model
When to use the V-model
Incremental Model
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
INCREMENTAL MODEL LIFE CYCLE
When to use the Incremental model
Rapid Application Development RAD Model
phases in the rapid application development (RAD) model
Advantages of the RAD model
Disadvantages of RAD model
When to use RAD model
Agile Model
Advantages of Agile model
Disadvantages of Agile model
When to use Agile model
Introduction to software engineering
Software products
Why Software is Important?
Software costs
Features of Software?
Software Applications
Software—New Categories
Software Engineering
Importance of Software Engineering
Essential attributes / Characteristics of good software
Software Components
Software Process
Five Activities of a Generic Process framework
Relative Costs of Fixing Software Faults
Software Qualities
Software crisis
Software Development Stages/SDLC
What is Software Verification
Advantages of Software Verification
Advantages of Validation
Cloud Computing
Categories of Cloud Computing
SaaS
PaaS
IaaS
Threads of Cloud Computing
Insurance Challenges
Cloud Solutions
Security of the Insurance Industry
Cloud Solutions
Insurance Security in the Insurance Industry with respect to Indian market
Application Software
Applications Software
Software Types
Task-Oriented Productivity Software
Business Software
Application Software and Ethics
Computers and People
Software:
Systems and Application Software
Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software
Outline the role of the operating system and identify the features of several popular operating systems
Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives
Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each
Outline the overall evolution and importance of programming languages and clearly differentiate among the generations of programming languages
Identify several key software issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals
Programming Languages
A formal language for describing computation?
A “user interface” to a computer?
Syntax + semantics?
Compiler, or interpreter, or translator?
A tool to support a programming paradigm?
This document discusses various number coding systems and data storage methods used in computing. It covers 2's complement for binary numbers, binary coded decimal, Gray codes, and ASCII character encoding. Data is stored in binary registers and can be transferred between registers using digital logic circuits. Building the processing, storage, and communication components of a computer allows information to be input, stored, and transferred.
Mehr von Amity University | FMS - DU | IMT | Stratford University | KKMI International Institute | AIMA | DTU (20)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. 2
Introduction to Computers
Many people believe that knowing how to use a computer, is
one of the basic skills needed to succeed in the workplace. In
order to use the computer it is necessary to understand how the
computer works
3. 3
What is Computer
The computer is an electronic device that accepts data, performs
operations on that data , presents the results, and stores the data or
results as needed. and give you desired result.
It perform four primary operations are:
1. INPUT – entering data into the computer
2. PROCESSING – performing operations on the data
3. OUTPUT – presenting the results
4. STORAGE – saving data, or output for future use.
4. 4
Data
• Data is a collection of facts, figures and statistics related to an
object. Data can be processed to create useful information.
Data is a valuable asset for an organization.
• Data can be used by the managers to perform effective and
successful operations of management. It provides a view of
past activities related to the rise and fall of an organization. It
also enables the user to make better decision for future. Data is
very useful for generating reports, graphs and statistics.
Example
Students fill an admission form when they get admission in
college. The form consists of raw facts about the students.
These raw facts are student's name, father name, address etc.
The purpose of collecting this data is to maintain the records
of the students during their study period in the college.
5. 5
Information
• The manipulated and processed form of data is called
information. It is more meaningful than data. It is used for
making decisions. Data is used as input for processing and
information is used as output of this processing.
Example
Data collected from census is used to generate different type
of information. The government can use it to determine the
literacy rate in the country. Government can use the
information in important decision to improve literacy rate.
6. 6
Characteristics of a Computer
• Now-a-days computer is playing a main role in everyday life it has
become the need of people just like television, telephone or other
electronic devices at home. It solves the human problems very
quickly as well as accurately. The important characteristics of a
computer are described below:
• The characteristics of a computer are:
1. Speed : The computer is a very high speed electronic device. The
operations on the data inside the computer are performed through
electronic circuits according to the given instructions. The data
and instructions flow along these circuits with high speed that is
close to the speed of light. Computer can perform million of
billion of operations on the data in one second.
7. 7
Characteristics of a Computer
2. Spontaneous (Automatic) : The computers are automatic. It may
execute the process without any intervention of user once they are
assigned to a work. Once the data or instruction are fetched
from the secondary devices such as optical disks, hard disks
etc. Immediately they get stored into RAM (primary memory)
and then sequentially they get executed.
3. Storage : A computer has internal storage (memory) as well as
external or secondary storage. In secondary storage, a large
amount of data and programs (set of instructions) can be stored
for future use. The stored data and programs are available any
time for processing. Similarly information downloaded from the
internet can be saved on the storage media.
8. 8
Characteristics of a Computer
4. No Feelings : Computer is an electronic machine. It has no
feelings. It detects objects on the basis of instructions given to it.
Based on our feelings, taste, knowledge and experience: we can
make certain decisions and judgments in our daily life. On the
other hand, computer can not make such judgments on their own.
Their judgments are totally based on instructions given to them.
5. Consistency : People often have difficulty to repeat their
instructions again and again. For example, a lecturer feels
difficulty to repeat a same lecture in a class room again and again.
Computer can repeat actions consistently (again and again)
without loosing its concentration
9. 9
Characteristics of a Computer
6. Communications: Today computer is mostly used to
exchange messages or data through computer networks all
over the world. For example the information can be received
or send through the internet with the help of computer. It
is most important feature of the modern information
technology.
7. Diligence : A computer can continually work for hours
without creating any error. It does not get tired while
working after hours of work it performs the operations
with the same accuracy as well as speed as the first one.
10. 10
Generations of Computers
• The term generation indicates the type of technology used in the
computer construction. As new technology was emerging, it was
being used in the making of computer. The new technology
improved the speed, accuracy and storage capacity of the
computers. Different technologies have been used for computers
in different times.
Therefore, computers can be divided into five generations
depending upon the technologies used. These are:
• First Generation (1942 - 1955)
• Second Generation (1955 - 1964)
• Third Generation (1964 - 1975)
• Fourth Generation (Since 1975)
• Fifth Generation (Since 1980)
12. 12
First Generation Computers (1942 - 1955)
• The vacuum tube technology was used in first-generation
computers. Mark-1m, ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-1
etc. machines belong to the first generation of computers. The
machine language only was used in first-generation
computers.
Advantages are :
• These computers were the fastest of their time.
• They were programmed using machine language.
13. 13
First Generation Computers (1942 - 1955)
Disadvantages are :
• Unreliable
• Very costly
• Generate lot of heat
• Huge size
• Need of A.C.
• Non portable
• Consumed lot of electricity
• Constant (or frequent) maintenance required
15. 15
Second Generation Computers (1955 - 1964)
• This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less
power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the
first generation machines made of vaccum tubes.
Advantages are :
• Use of transistors
• Reliable as compared to First generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to First generation computers
• Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation
computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Assembly Language was introduced.
16. 16
Second Generation Computers (1955 - 1964)
Disadvantages are:
• Still very costly
• A.C. needed
• Constant (or frequent) maintenance required
18. 18
Third Generation Computers (1964 - 1975)
• The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated
Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single I.C has many
transistors, resistors and capacitors. This development made
computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient.
Advantages are :
• More reliable
• Smaller size
• Generate less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Consumed lesser electricity
19. 19
Third Generation Computers (1964 - 1975)
• Support high level language
• Magnetic disk, used for external storage
• More storage capacity
• Many input/output devices were introduced such as mouse and
keyboard etc.
Disadvantages are:
• Still costly
• A.C needed
21. 21
Fourth Generation Computers -1975 onwards
• The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very
Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about
5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of
fourth generation. Fourth Generation computers became more
powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to
personal computer (PC) revolution.
Advantages are:
• VLSI technology used
• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PC's
22. 22
Fourth Generation Computers -1975 onwards
• Smaller in size
• Production cost is very low
• Very high processing speed
• Very large internal and external storage capacity
Disadvantages are:
• Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturer of
microprocessor chips
23. 23
Fifth Generation Computers (In process)
The main drawback of first to fourth generation computers is that the
computers have not their own thinking power. These are totally
depending upon the instructions given by the users.
Fifth generation computers are supposed to be the ideal computers, but
do not exist. The scientists are working to design such computers that
will have the following features.
• Having their own thinking power
• Making decisions themselves
• Having capabilities of reasoning
• Having large capacity of internal storage
• Having extra high processing speed
25. Fifth Generation Computers (In process)
The main features of Fifth Generation are:
• ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale Integration Circuits ) technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
• Very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
25
26. 26
Advantage of Computer
• Easy processing of complex tasks.
• It saves time by quick manipulation of data as compared to
when done manually.
• The errors in data processing are minimized when a computer
is used.
• It has helped in making communication easier by using
internet.
• It stores, retrieves, and processes a large amount of data.
• It helps in multitasking of various jobs.
27. 27
Disadvantage of Computer
• Un-Employment
• Cyber-crime
• Computer can perform only what is it programmed to do.
• Computer need well defined instructions to perform any
operation
28. 28
Application of Computer
Computer is playing very important role in every field of life.
Computers are everywhere such as at home, at school. In daily
life a large number of activities are dependent on computers. The
main fields where computer is playing very important role are:
29. 29
Application of Computer
1. Education : Education is the process of developing knowledge
through instructions. The instructions are received from people
such as parents, teachers etc. and from printed material such as
books, journals etc. Today, the modern technique to get
knowledge is by using computers. All schools use computers in
classrooms and labs to teach students. Many educators prefer to
deliver their lectures by computer-based presentations. In
schools, colleges and universities, students use software
packages to complete their assignments.
The computer-based training (CBT) or presentation is also called
computer aided instruction (CAI). In this method, computer is
used as an aid to teach the students in the classroom. The
instructions of particular subject are received from the
instructions that uses a program presented by a computer as
learning medium.
30. 30
Application of Computer
2. Entertainment : Computer has also played a very important role
for the entertainment of humans. Computer has become need of
humans for entertainment at their home. Form example, to play
video games at home, different game software are available to play
games. Similarly, software are available to see movie films and to
listen music. Today the movie files and famous songs are mostly
available on CDs or on the web at very low cost. You can listen
music while you work on the computer.
3. Science : Computer is used in all branches of science to collect and
analyze data. The scientists also use internet to collect the latest
information around the world. Today, it is impossible to carry out
scientific researches without use of computers. In all branches of
science, it is mainly used to get accurate experimental results, for
example to get accurate forecasting of weather etc.
31. 31
Application of Computer
4. Publishing : In the field of publishing, computer is playing very
important role such as to publish the books, magazines and
newspapers etc. The publishers use computer and word processors
and graphics software to design pages of the books or magazines.
Many writes and publishers use Internet to collect information that
is used for compiling a new book of magazine. Some websites
allow you to download and entire book, called an electronic book
(e-book).
5. Agriculture : In agriculture field also, computer is playing very
important role. The agricultural scientists are computer for
analyzing the agricultural data. The students of agriculture also
uses computer to get latest information about agriculture on the
internet. The farmers also use computer to get information about
crops and to calculate bills and cost per acre as well as to get
information about crops market prices.
32. 32
Application of Computer
6. Government : A government runs the country by making policies
and provides citizens with up-to-date information. Most of the
government departments have their own websites. The computers
are used in all government departments have their own websites.
The computers are used in all government offices to perform
various activities. The government agencies use computers as part
of their daily routine.
7. Home : Like other electronic devices used in home such as T.V.
set, washing machine etc. computer has also become the need of
every person at home. It is used at home as an educational tool for
children. But it is also used at home to keep records, write letters,
prepare budgets, connect with others to send and get information on
the internet, to watch films and to listen music or other
entertainment etc.
33. 33
Computer System
• Computer is an electronic machine that is used to solve different
kinds of problems according to a set of instructions given to it.
Computer consists of different units that perform various functions.
All the operations of the computer are controlled by the program
instructions. These program instructions are known as software. A
system is a group of related components that make up a body to
perform a specific function. Therefore computer system is defined
as:
• The computer along with various units and software that performs
different activities in data processing are collectively known a
computer system. A computer system is divided into two sub-
systems:
1. Computer Software
2. Computer Hardware
34. 34
Computer Software
A set of instructions given to the computer in machine code that tells
the computer what to do and how to perform the given task of the
user is known as computer software. The software is developed in
computer programming languages. You can not feel, touch or see
software inside the computer memory.
The Computer software is classified into two main categories:
1.Application software.
2.System software.
35. 35
Application Software
A set of programs used to solve particular problems of user through
computer is called Application software. It is also known as
application package. The ready packages are also available in
market
on CDs for various purposes. These are used by user who does not
know the computer programming. The users solve their problems by
using ready packages more easily and quickly.
Some of application packages are:
1.Word processing software (e.g Word)
2.Spreadsheet software. (e.g Excel)
3.Database Management System software. (e.g Oracle, Microsoft
Access)
4.Graphics software (eg: PowerPoint )
5.Communication software (e.g Internet Explorer )
36. System Software
• The operating system and utility programs are the two major
categories of system software. Just as the processor is the nucleus of
the computer system, the operating system is the nucleus of all
software activity.
• The operating system is the most important program that runs on a
computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating
system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks,
such as
1. Recognizing input from the keyboard
2. Sending output to the display screen
3. Keeping track of files and directories on the disk
4. Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
36
37. System Software
• It is the first program loaded into memory when the computer is
turned on and, in a sense, brings life to the computer hardware.
Without it, you cannot use your word processing software,
spreadsheet software, or any other applications.
• Without an operating system, you cannot communicate with your
computer. When you give the computer a command, the operating
system relays the instructions to the 'brain' of the computer, called the
microprocessor or CPU. You cannot speak directly to the CPU
because it only understands machine language. When you are working
in an application software program, such as Microsoft Word,
commands that you give the application are sent through the operating
system to the CPU. Windows2000, Window95/98, Mac OS, Unix and
DOS are all examples of operating systems. 37
38. System Software
• Utility programs help manage, maintain and control computer
resources. These programs are available to help you with the day-to-
day chores associated with personal computing and to keep your
system running at peak performance.
Some examples of utility programs include:
• Virus scanning software
• Backup software
• Scandisk
• Disk defragmenter
Virus Scanning Software are utility programs designed to protect your
computer from computer viruses. 38
39. System Software
• Backup software is software that assists you in backing up your files
and even the entire computer hard drive.
• Scandisk is a utility provided with Windows computers. Scandisk
scans your disks to see if there are any potential problems on the disk,
such as bad disk areas.
• Disk Defragmenter software assists you in keep reorganizing your
disk drives. After files are saved, deleted and resaved again, the disk
can become fragmented --- available space is in small blocks located
throughout the disk. Disk defragmenters gather those free spots and
put them together to enable you to continue to save your data in the
most efficient manner. 39
40. 40
Computer Hardware
The physical parts of a computer are known as computer hardware
You can touch, see and feel the hardware. The hardware consists of
electronic circuits and mechanical equipment etc. used to perform
various functions in the computer.
The hardware components are:
1.Input devices
2.Output devices
3.Central Processing Unit (CPU)
4.Memory unit
5.Storage devices
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Input and Output Devices
Input is any data or instructions entered into the computer in the form
of signals. The input into the computer can be entered:
• Through keyboard (by typing characters).
• By selecting commands (icons) on the screen and then clicking
with mouse.
• By pressing finger on a touch screen.
• By speaking into a microphone.
• By scanning data printed on paper through scanner etc.
• Therefore, the devices that are used to enter data and instructions or
commands into the computer are called input devices or units. The
input devices are the eyes and ears of computers. In old computers
the punched card readers, paper tape readers were used as input
devices.
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Input Devices
Now-a-days, the commonly used input devices are:
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Microphone
• Digital Camera
• Optical Bar Code Reader
• Optical mark recognition (OMR)
• Touch Screen
• Joystick
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
It must be noted that floppy drives, hard disks and CD drives are
used for both input and output devices.
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Input Devices
• Keyboard : The keyboard is still the commonest way of
entering information into a Computer.
• Mouse : A pointing device is any human interface device that
allows a user to input spatial data to a computer .
• Scanners : A scanner allows you to scan printed material
and convert it into a file format that may be used within the PC.
• Microphone : Microphone is an input device used to enter the
sound signals of user into the computer. It is used to record the
voice of the user in a computer. It is also used to talk to others on
the Internet. The user talks to another user on the Internet by
sending his message through the microphone and receives the
response on the speaker attached to the computer. For this
purpose you must have the microphone and a sound card with
your computer
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Input Devices
• Digital Camera : Digital Camera is an input device used to take
pictures and to store directly in computer in digital form. It
operates on the same basic principle as a traditional or
conventional camera but digital camera sends images directly
inside the PC in digital form instead of storing it on a conventional
film. When a picture is taken with digital camera, the electric
image of the picture is stored in digital form on the floppy disk or
CD-R attached with the camera. The stored picture can be loaded
into the computer from the disk for editing.
• Optical Bar Code Reader (OBR) : Data coded in the form of
small vertical lines forms the basis of bar coding. Alphanumeric
data is represented using adjacent vertical lines called Bar Codes.
These are of varying widths and spacing between them used to
uniquely identify books, merchandise in stores, postal packages
etc.
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Input Devices
• Optical mark recognition (OMR) : OMR devices can sense
marks on computer readable paper. This kind of device is typically
used by academic institutions to grade aptitude tests whether
candidates need to mark the correct option from a number of
alternatives , on a special sheet of paper. These answer sheets can
then be directly read by the optical mark recognition devices and
can be used for further processing by the computer.
• Touch Screen : The touch screen can detect exactly where on its
surface it has been touched. Touch screen are used in lot of fast
food and restaurants because they are easy to keep clean re-
program if changes need to be made to menu.
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Input Devices
• Joysticks: The main function of joysticks is to play computer
games by controlling the way that something moves on the
screen. Joysticks can be used to control movement from side
by side, up and down and diagonally.
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) : is similar to
optical mark recognition and is used exclusively by the bank
industry. MICR devices are used by the banking Industry to
read the account numbers on cheques directly and
subsequently do the necessary processing
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Output and Output Devices
The processed input data into a useful form is called output when input
data is processed, computer generates several types of output,
depending upon the hardware and software used and the requirements
of the user. The user use output on a screen, prints it on the printer or
hear it through speakers or head sets.
Therefore, output is normally classifieds as:
• Softcopy Output : The output received on the display screen or in
the audio or video form is called softcopy output. This kind of output
is not tangible and can not the touched. The most popular and
commonly used softcopy output device is display screen
• Hardcopy Output : The output printed on the paper is called
hardcopy. The printers and plotters devices are used for this purpose.
• Sound Output : The output received into the form of sound is called
sound output. The speakers are most commonly used to receive the
sound output.
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Output Devices
• An output device is a hardware component used to get output from
the computer. A number of output devices are available. The
commonly used output devices include display device (Monitor),
printer, speaker and headset, fax machine etc.
OUTPUT DEVICES
• Monitors: The monitor is a popular and most commonly used output
device. The monitor consists of a screen and the electronic
components that produce the output on the screen for a temporary
period. The output received on the screen is called softcopy. Most
monitors used in personal computers display text, graphics and video
information.
• Plotters: A plotter is a special output device used to produce
hardcopies of graphs and designs on the paper. A plotter is typically
used to print large-format graphs or maps such as construction maps
or engineering drawings.
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OUTPUT DEVICES
• Speaker : A speaker gives you sound output from your computer.
Some speakers are built into the computer and some are separate.
• Printers: These are most commonly used output devices used to
get prints of documents on the paper. The output printed on the
paper is called hard copy. The hard copy is also called as print out.
Two types of Printers:
1. Impact printer
2. Non-Impact printers
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Printer
Impact Printers : An Impact printer prints characters and graphics on
the paper with the strikes of hammer on a ribbon. A simple example
of an impact printer is typewriter, which uses small hammers to strike
the ribbon. Each hammer is embossed with the shape of alphanumeric
character that shape is printed on the paper through inked ribbon.
There are many types of impact printers but the most popular and
commonly used is the dot matrix printer.
Non-Impact Printers: The printers that produce the output on a paper
without striking the paper are known as non-impact printers. The main
features of non-impact printers are:
• Faster than impact printers.
• Print high quality output.
• Produce no noise during printing.
• Examples of non-impact printers are Laser printer, Inkjet printers etc.
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Impact Printers
• Dot-Matrix Printers : are called Impact printers because
they print by hammering the pins on the inked ribbon to leave
ink impressions on a paper. Hence, they can be used to
produce multiple copies by using carbon paper or its
equivalent.
• A dot matrix printer makes a hard copy by printing one
character at a time.
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Non-Impact Printers
• Inkjet Printers : are called Non-Impact printers because they print
by spraying ink on the paper. Being of non-impact type, they
cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a single
printing.
• Laser Printer: A Laser printer is the fastest and high quality non-
impact printer. Laser printers are most expensive than Inkjet
printers and their print quality is also higher. The print quality and
printing speed of Laser printers make them ideal for offices and
business. The price of Laser printer depends on the quality and
printing speed. The color printers are most costly than black and
white Laser printers. The higher the resolution and speed the more
expensive the printer.
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Memory
Memory refers to chip-based storage. When the term “memory”
is used alone , it refers to chip –based storage used by the
computer-usually the amount of the computer’s main memory
(called RAM), which is located inside the system unit. In
contrast, “ storage” refers to the amount of long-term storage
available to a PC- usually in the form of the PC’s hard drive or
removal storage media such as CDs, DVDs, and USB flash
drives.
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
When the computer is powered on, certain operating system files load
into RAM from the storage device such as a hard disk. Then operating
system remains in RAM as long as the computer has continuous
power.
Holds its data as long as the computer is switched on
All data in RAM is lost when the computer is switched off
Described as being volatile
It is direct access as it can be both written to or read from in any
order
There are two types of main memory, Random Access Memory
(RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM)
Types of Main Memory
55. 55
Random Access Memory (RAM)
• The RAM is further divided into:
1. DRAM 2.SRAM
DRAM : DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory.
DRAM is the most common type of RAM used to store data &
instructions. In order to maintain data in DRAM chip, the chip is
refreshed frequently (hundreds of time a second), otherwise data
may be lost. During the refreshing process the CPU has to wait to
read & write data in DRAM. It is because DRAM decreases the
processing speed of the computer.
SRAM: SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It is faster
than DRAM because it does not have to be refreshed frequently
and the CPU has not to wait to read & write data. SRAM chips
however are more expensive than DRAM chips. Special
applications such as cache use SRAM chips.
56. Difference Between SRAM & DRAM
1. SRAM is static while DRAM is dynamic
2. SRAM is faster compared to DRAM
3. SRAM consumes less power than DRAM
4. SRAM uses more transistors per bit of memory compared to DRAM
5. SRAM is more expensive than DRAM
6. Cheaper DRAM is used in main memory while SRAM is commonly
used in cache memory
56
57. 57
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The ROM contains
instructions that are permanently stored by the manufacturers
when they manufacture the chips.
In fact recording data and instructions permanently into this kind
of memory is called "burning in the data". The instructions stored
in ROM can only be read but cannot be modified. This is the
reason why it is called Read Only Memory.
ROM is a semiconductor chip programmed at the time of its
manufacture and is not re-programmable by the user.
It is a non-volatile memory. The contents of ROM are not lost
when the computer is turned off.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
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The ROM contains the Basic Input / Output System (BIOS) which is a
set of instructions that are automatically activated when the computer
is turned on. It means that computer uses the instructions of ROM at
the time of booting for the following purposes.
• To check different units of computer system.
• To load the operating system into computer memory etc.
Data can be read by the CPU in any order so ROM is also direct
access
The contents of ROM are fixed at the time of manufacture
Read Only Memory (ROM)
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Types of READ ONLY MEMORY
• Many other devices also contain ROM chips. For example a
printer has a ROM chip that contains data or information for
fonts. You can say that each electronic device has ROM chip
that contains information about that device.
• The ROM is further divided into:
• PROM
• EPROM
• EEPROM
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Types of READ ONLY MEMORY
• PROM
PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. PROM is a
blank ROM chip on which the user can write his own program
instructions and data but only once. However once the program or
data is written in PROM chip, it cannot be changed. The
programmer uses micro-code instructions to write information in a
PROM chip. Once the programmer writes the micro-code on the
PROM chip, it functions like a normal ROM chip.
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Types of READ ONLY MEMORY
• EPROM
Once ROM or PROM is programmed, its contents cannot be
changed. However there is another type of memory chip called
EPROM that overcomes this problem.
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
It is another important form of read only memory. Like PROM, it
is initially blank and the user or manufacture can writes his own
program or data by using special devices. Unlike PROM the data
written in EPROM chip can be erased by using special purpose
devices and ultraviolet rays. So program or data written in EPROM
chip can be changed and new data can also be added on this form of
ROM. When EPROM is in use, its contents can only be read.
62. 62
Types of READ ONLY MEMORY
• EEPROM
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory. This kind of ROM can be re-written by using
electrical devices and so data stored on this ROM chip can be
easily modified.
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Cache memory
• Data and program instructions are moved from RAM to CPU's
registers during data processing. It is most time consuming method
and CPU has to waste a lot of time to access data from memory.
• Cache memory is similar to RAM but it is extremely fast than
RAM. It is normally used between RAM and CPU. Cache speeds
up processing speed of computer because CPU stores frequently
used instructions and data in it. When the program is running and
the CPU needs a specific data or program instructions, the CPU
first checks it in cache memory. If the data is not there, the CPU
reads the data from RAM into its registers, but it also loads a copy
of the same data or instruction in cache memory. The next time the
CPU uses it if required again and saves the time needed to load it
from RAM.
64. 64
Types of Computers
• Computers can also be divided into three categories
depending upon their instruction and form of input data that
they accept and process. These are:
Analog Computers
Digital Computers
Hybrid Computers
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Analog Computers
• The word "Analog" means continuously varying in quantity. The
analog computers accept input data in continuous form and output
is obtained in the form of graphs.
• It means that these computers accept input and give output in the
form of analog signals. The output is measured on a scale. The
voltage, current, sound, speed, temperature, pressure etc. values are
examples of analog data. These values continuously increase and
decrease.
• The analog computers are used to measure the continuous values.
The thermometer is an example of analog device because it
measures continuously the length of a mercury column.
66. 66
Digital Computers
• The word "Digital" means discrete. It refers to binary system,
which consists of only two digits, i.e. 0 and 1. Digital data consists
of binary data represented by OFF (low) and ON (high) electrical
pulses. These pulses are increased and decreased in discontinuous
form rather than in continuous form.
• The digital computer is designed using digital circuits in which
there are two levels for an input or output signal. These two levels
are known as logic 0 and logic 1. Digital Computers can give more
accurate and faster results.
• Digital computer is well suited for solving complex problems in
engineering and technology. Hence digital computers have an
increasing use in the field of design, research and data processing.
67. Digital Computers
• Digital computers can be further classified as,
i. General Purpose Computers
ii. Special Purpose Computers
Special purpose computer is one that is built for a specific application.
General purpose computers are used for any type of applications. They
can store different programs and do the jobs as per the instructions
specified on those programs. Most of the computers that we see today,
are general purpose computers
67
68. 68
Hybrid Computers
• A hybrid computer combines the desirable features of analog and
digital computers. It is mostly used for automatic operations of
complicated physical processes and machines. Now-a-days analog-to-
digital and digital-to-analog converters are used for transforming the
data into suitable form for either type of computation.
• For example, in hospital’s ICU, analog devices might measure the
patients temperature, blood pressure and other vital signs. These
measurements which are in analog might then be converted into
numbers and supplied to digital components in the system. These
components are used to monitor the patient’s vital sign and send
signals if any abnormal readings are detected. Hybrid computers are
mainly used for specialized tasks.
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ANALOG DIGITAL
Accept input data in continuous form
and output is measured on a scale
Accept input data in digital form and
output is received in digital form.
It may have some errors in output. Output is accurate.
Have low internal memory. Have large internal memory.
Have fewer functions. Have large number of functions.
It is used only in scientific, industrial
and medical fields.
It is general purpose in use.
It is costly. It is low in cost.
It is not easily programmed. It is easily programmed.
Difference between Analog and Digital
70. 70
On the Basis of Processing Speed
and Storage Capacity
Computers are classified according to their data processing speed,
amount of data that they can hold and price. Generally, a computer
with high processing speed and large internal storage is called a big
computer. Due to rapidly improving technology, we are always
confused among the categories of computers.
Depending upon their speed and memory size, computers are
classified into following four main groups.
• Supercomputer
• Mainframe computer
• Mini computer
• Microcomputer
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Super Computer
Supercomputer is the most powerful and fastest, and also very
expensive. It was developed in 1980s. It is used to process large
amount of data and to solve the complicated scientific problems. It
can perform more than one trillions calculations per second. It has
large number of processors connected parallel. So parallel processing
is done in this computer. In a single supercomputer thousands of users
can be connected at the same time and the supercomputer handles the
work of each user separately. Supercomputer are mainly used for:
• Weather forecasting.
• Nuclear energy research.
• Aircraft design.
• To control industrial units.
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Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers are also large-scale computers but
supercomputers are larger than mainframe. These are also very
expensive. The mainframe computer specially requires a very large
clean room with air-conditioner. This makes it very expensive to buy
and operate. It can support a large number of various equipments. It
also has multiple processors. Large mainframe systems can handle the
input and output requirements of several thousand of users. For
example, IBM, S/390 mainframe can support 50,000 users
simultaneously. There are basically two types of terminals used
with mainframe systems. These are:
1. Drum Terminal
2. Intelligent Terminal
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Mainframe Computers
i) Dumb Terminal
Dumb terminal does not have its own CPU and storage devices.
This type of terminal uses the CPU and storage devices of
mainframe system. Typically, a dumb terminal consists of monitor
and a keyboard (or mouse).
ii) Intelligent Terminal
Intelligent terminal has its own processor and can perform some
processing operations. Usually, this type of terminal does not have
its own storage.
The mainframe computers are specially used as servers on the World
Wide Web. The mainframe computers are used in large organizations
such as Banks, Airlines and Universities etc. where many people
(users) need frequent access to the same data, which is usually
organized into one or more huge databases. IBM is the major
manufacturer of mainframe computers.
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Minicomputers
These are smaller in size, have lower processing speed and storage
capacity as compared to mainframe. They are also less expensive than
mainframe . Hence, their performance also will be less than that of
mainframes.
The minicomputers are used in business, education and many other
government departments. Although some minicomputers are designed
for a single user but most are designed to handle multiple terminals.
Minicomputers are commonly used as servers in network environment
and hundreds of personal computers can be connected to the network
with a minicomputer acting as server like mainframes, minicomputers
are used as web servers.
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Microcomputer
• The invention of microprocessor (single chip CPU) gave birth to the
much cheaper micro computers. They are further classified into
Desktop Computers
Laptop Computers
Handheld Computers(PDAs)
Desktop Computers : Desktop computers are also known as personal
computers or simply PCs. They are usually easier to use and more
affordable. They are normally intended for individual users for their
word processing and other small application requirements.
76. • Laptop Computers: Laptop computers are portable computers. They
are lightweight computers with a thin screen. They are also called as
notebook computers because of their small size. They can operate on
batteries and hence are very popular with travellers. The screen folds
down onto the keyboard when not in use.
• Handheld Computers: Handheld computers or Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs) are pen-based and also battery-powered. They are
small and can be carried anywhere. They use a pen like stylus and
accept handwritten input directly on the screen. They are not as
powerful as desktops or laptops but they are used for scheduling
appointments, storing addresses and playing games. They have touch
screens which we use with a finger or a stylus. 76
77. SRAM
• The 'S' in SRAM stands for Static, meaning that it retains
any information which is stored in it, as long as power is
maintained without any outside help.
• The data just sits there, calmly awaiting retrieval by the
system command. Upon receiving an order to over-write
the data or to provide some data being retained, the
SRAM is very fast to respond. That's one of it's
endearing qualities.
77
78. DRAM
• The 'D' in DRAM stands for Dynamic, meaning that the
storage medium itself is constantly changing (forgetting).
DRAM is one of the cheapest forms of memory because
it completely forgets what it was told to remember in 5 or
6 hundreds of a second every time.
• We need to visit each and every bit many times each
second, ask it what it was supposed to remember, and
then remind it to remember what it was remembering
before it forgets altogether. This reminding process is
called "refreshing" the memory, and we have variety of
sophisticated refresh circuits which do nothing but travel
through the vast DRAM memory array polling each bit for
its content before it fully forgets, and re-telling the
memory what it's supposed to remember. 78
Hinweis der Redaktion
Analog: is the transmission of data in a continuous wave form or these signals are continuous in nature. Analog Signal is a continuous signal and is represented by sine waves. Speech is an analog or signal and varies in volume and pitch.
Digital : is the tranmission of data using on and off electrical state and the basis of modern computer. These two states are represented by 1 for on and 0 for off. Digital data communication is faster and more efficient than analog. All the data communication between the computer is in digital form as the computers understand and work only in digital forms.