ertainly! The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, was a remarkable ancient civilization that flourished from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Let’s delve into some key aspects of this fascinating civilization:

1. Pre historic period

2. Indus valley civilization
( 2500 BC — 1750 BC)
 One of the earliest civilizations of the world.
 Mesopotamia( Tigris and Euphrates)
 China( Hwang ho)
 Egypt( Nile)
 IVC( INDUS)

3.  Harappan civilization — first excavated city – Harappa
 Saraswati – Sindhu civilization — most of the sites have been found at Halkara
Ghaggar river.
 SirJohn Marshal— played a crucial role in both of these.
 First European to discover ß document the ruins of harappa — Charles Masson.
Harappa R.B. Dayaram
Sahni
Ravi 1921
Mohenjodaro R.D. Banerjee Indus 1922

4.  Part of proto History
 Belongs to the Bronze Age ( Meatal Age)
 More than 100 sites have been excavated.
 Copper,Bronze,Silver , Gold — Known.
. Iron was not.

5. Geographical extent

6.  Covered by parts of Pb, Sindh,Gj,Rj,Up
 Major sites in pakistan : Harappa
Mohenjodaro
Chanhu- Daro
 India : Lothal(GJ)
Rangpur(GJ)
Surkotada(GJ)
Kalibanga( RJ)
Banawali( HR)
Alamgirpur( UP)

7.  Afganistan — Mundigak, Shortughai.
 Largest Harappan site ( overall) — Rakhigarhi
Mohenjodaro
Harappa

8. Agriculture
 Sowed seeds – November
 Reaped their harvests – April
 Grew wheat , barely, mustard.
 Rice — Lothal( GJ)

9.  The indus people were the first to produce cotton.
 Kalibangan — Fields were ploughed with wooden plough
 Produced sufficient to feed themselves.
. Foodgrains were stored in granaries.
 Domesticated animals on large scale — Cats, Dogs,
Horse was not in regular use.
Elephant( ✓)
 Remains of Horse — Surkotada(GJ)
Dogs with men in grave — Ropar.

10. Backbone of the civilization
 Soil was fertile due to the flooding caused by river Indus.
 Mohenjadaro — A fragment of woven cloth was found.
 Sugarcane was not known.
 Dholavira — Dams ß irrigation.
 Camel Bones — Kalibangan
 Romains of Horse — Surkotada.

11. Trade ß commerce
 Well knit external ß Internal trade.
 No metallic money.
 Trade was done through – Barter system.
 Coins(×)
 Bullock carts, Boats — used for transportation.

13.  Bead making factory — chanhudaro ß Lothal.
( Items of export)
Dockyard — Lothal
. Steatile stone
 Every merchantile family — seal = Emblem+ name
. Religious character. For description
primary pose to mark the ownership.

14.  Mesopotamia records — Trade — Meluha ( Ancient name of IVC)
Also traded with sumer ( modern s.Iraq.)
 Town associated with different Industries:
Daimabad. : Bronze industry
Lothal. : Stone tools factory
Balakot. : pearl, bangle ß shell Industry
Chanhudaro. : Beads, bangle Industry.