Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt. This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
Visiting Egypt offers travelers opportunities to experience both modern and ancient traditions through activities like sunbathing on the Red Sea coast, scuba diving near Sharm el-Sheikh to see colorful underwater life, and exploring historical sites in Cairo and Luxor including the pyramids and temples. The document recommends Egypt for those seeking new adventures, cultures, and sensations away from everyday routines. It provides details on scenic and cultural destinations throughout Egypt along the Red Sea and Nile River valley.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian civilization. It discusses the geography of Egypt, noting the Nile River flowed north and divided the country into Upper and Lower Egypt. It also describes the three main periods or kingdoms of ancient Egypt: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Additionally, it covers Egyptian architecture including pyramids, tombs, and the Valley of the Kings. The government was led by powerful pharaohs who were seen as both rulers and representatives of the gods. Royal women and symbols of royalty are also outlined.
Ancient civilizations first developed along major rivers like the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia over 5,500 years ago. They invented writing to help manage production, land, and taxes. Major early civilizations included Mesopotamia, where the Code of Hammurabi established a set of laws, and cities first appeared with structures like ziggurats. Greek civilization began around 3,000 years ago and was centered around prosperous city-states like Athens and Sparta. The Greeks were interested in philosophy, science and art, and invented democracy as a new form of government. The Roman Empire expanded from the city of Rome and dominated the Mediterranean world for centuries, building cities, monuments
The document provides information on several ancient river valley civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and China. It discusses the geography, political structures, economic systems, and social aspects of each civilization. Key points mentioned include Mesopotamia emerging between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and having a tradition of writing called cuneiform, Egypt centered around the Nile River and led by pharaohs with hieroglyphic writing, the Indus Valley civilization located in modern-day Pakistan but with an unknown writing system, and China emerging around the Yellow River valley and inventing silk and advances in astronomy.
The document describes key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization and its relationship to the Nile River. It explains that the Nile provided stability, unity, and isolation that allowed Egypt to develop as a prosperous kingdom. The river served as a highway for travel and transportation, and also provided irrigation for agriculture. The annual flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and contributed to Egypt's power and lasting civilization.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization from its origins along the Nile River around 1500 BC to its fall to the Roman Empire in 30 BC. Some of Egypt's greatest achievements included monumental architecture like the pyramids and temples of Luxor, advanced irrigation methods for agriculture, and accomplishments in art, mathematics, and medicine. The civilization progressed through stable kingdoms separated by unstable intermediate periods and ultimately came under rule of the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty before becoming a Roman province.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization that developed along the Nile River in northeast Africa around 3400 years ago. It consisted of two kingdoms, upper and lower Egypt, which were referred to as the "black earth." The Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and that the Pharaoh was chosen by the gods. They would honor the gods through prayers and rituals conducted in temples that housed statues of the gods. Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted from around 3100 BC to 330 BC over a series of 30 dynasties, giving rise to the field of Egyptology.
The document provides an overview of various aspects of daily life in ancient Egypt. It discusses burial practices involving rebirth after death. It also describes how craftsmen were often respected members of communities and brickmaking was an important occupation. Additionally, it notes the Egyptian belief in rebirth drove their funeral practices and religion was the foundation of their civilization.
Visiting Egypt offers travelers opportunities to experience both modern and ancient traditions through activities like sunbathing on the Red Sea coast, scuba diving near Sharm el-Sheikh to see colorful underwater life, and exploring historical sites in Cairo and Luxor including the pyramids and temples. The document recommends Egypt for those seeking new adventures, cultures, and sensations away from everyday routines. It provides details on scenic and cultural destinations throughout Egypt along the Red Sea and Nile River valley.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian civilization. It discusses the geography of Egypt, noting the Nile River flowed north and divided the country into Upper and Lower Egypt. It also describes the three main periods or kingdoms of ancient Egypt: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Additionally, it covers Egyptian architecture including pyramids, tombs, and the Valley of the Kings. The government was led by powerful pharaohs who were seen as both rulers and representatives of the gods. Royal women and symbols of royalty are also outlined.
Ancient civilizations first developed along major rivers like the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia over 5,500 years ago. They invented writing to help manage production, land, and taxes. Major early civilizations included Mesopotamia, where the Code of Hammurabi established a set of laws, and cities first appeared with structures like ziggurats. Greek civilization began around 3,000 years ago and was centered around prosperous city-states like Athens and Sparta. The Greeks were interested in philosophy, science and art, and invented democracy as a new form of government. The Roman Empire expanded from the city of Rome and dominated the Mediterranean world for centuries, building cities, monuments
The document provides information on several ancient river valley civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and China. It discusses the geography, political structures, economic systems, and social aspects of each civilization. Key points mentioned include Mesopotamia emerging between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and having a tradition of writing called cuneiform, Egypt centered around the Nile River and led by pharaohs with hieroglyphic writing, the Indus Valley civilization located in modern-day Pakistan but with an unknown writing system, and China emerging around the Yellow River valley and inventing silk and advances in astronomy.
The document describes key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization and its relationship to the Nile River. It explains that the Nile provided stability, unity, and isolation that allowed Egypt to develop as a prosperous kingdom. The river served as a highway for travel and transportation, and also provided irrigation for agriculture. The annual flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and contributed to Egypt's power and lasting civilization.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization from its origins along the Nile River around 1500 BC to its fall to the Roman Empire in 30 BC. Some of Egypt's greatest achievements included monumental architecture like the pyramids and temples of Luxor, advanced irrigation methods for agriculture, and accomplishments in art, mathematics, and medicine. The civilization progressed through stable kingdoms separated by unstable intermediate periods and ultimately came under rule of the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty before becoming a Roman province.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization that developed along the Nile River in northeast Africa around 3400 years ago. It consisted of two kingdoms, upper and lower Egypt, which were referred to as the "black earth." The Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and that the Pharaoh was chosen by the gods. They would honor the gods through prayers and rituals conducted in temples that housed statues of the gods. Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted from around 3100 BC to 330 BC over a series of 30 dynasties, giving rise to the field of Egyptology.
The document provides an overview of various aspects of daily life in ancient Egypt. It discusses burial practices involving rebirth after death. It also describes how craftsmen were often respected members of communities and brickmaking was an important occupation. Additionally, it notes the Egyptian belief in rebirth drove their funeral practices and religion was the foundation of their civilization.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization along the lower Nile River that lasted from around 3150 BC to 30 BC. It began as independent kingdoms that eventually were united and experienced stable periods under powerful rulers, such as the Old Kingdom and New Kingdom. The civilization was able to thrive due to stable agriculture supported by annual Nile River floods. Ancient Egyptian architecture featured post and lintel construction with columns decorated to resemble plants. The major religion was polytheistic and centered around gods controlling nature and important myths like that of Osiris and Isis. Egyptians had an elaborate concept of the afterlife involving mummification and tombs to preserve the soul.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization from 3300 BC to 30 BC. It discusses the geography of Egypt and the importance of the Nile River in enabling agriculture. It also summarizes Egyptian religion, government as a monarchy led by pharaohs, daily life, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and tombs. Key figures mentioned include Imhotep, Khufu, and various pharaohs and gods.
1. Ancient Egypt's civilization arose around 3200 BCE when King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt.
2. The Egyptians developed a stratified society led by pharaohs, who were viewed as human gods, followed by priests, nobles, peasants, and slaves.
3. Egypt's economy and agriculture were centered around the annual flooding of the Nile River, which deposited fertile soil and allowed for irrigation to grow crops like barley, emmer wheat, and vegetables.
Ancient Egypt was a highly advanced civilization that developed along the Nile River valley starting around 3150 BC. It achieved success through organized agriculture, irrigation, dense populations, and social/cultural development. The pharaoh was the absolute ruler, relying on bureaucrats and officials to manage administration, the military, construction projects, trade, and more. The Egyptians made many achievements in construction, mathematics, medicine, ships, and more. Society was stratified but both men and women could own property and had legal rights. Their culture, religion, and highly developed hieroglyphic writing system left enduring legacies.
The document discusses several key pharaohs who contributed to Egypt's New Kingdom period of power and expansion. Ahmose rid Egypt of the Hyksos and established trade, expanding Egypt's borders. Amenhotep expanded further into Nubia and built a new capital. Thutmose fully established the warrior pharaoh concept and took control of Nubian resources. Hatshepsut encouraged trade instead of warfare and sent trading expeditions. Tuthmosis III organized soldiers to defeat enemies and created Egypt's largest empire. Religion greatly influenced Egyptian society and culture.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egypt's development along the Nile River Valley. It describes how the valley's fertile soil, annual flooding, and irrigation systems supported agriculture and population growth. This led to the rise of Egyptian civilization with distinct social classes ruled by pharaohs over 31 dynasties spanning thousands of years. The Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing, advanced medicine, and built pyramids and other structures as part of their religious beliefs about life after death.
The Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River valley over 6,000 years. Key periods included the Early Dynastic Period, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Late Period. Egyptian society was governed by pharaohs and centered around agriculture along the Nile. They made advances in tools, timekeeping, and developed hieroglyphic writing to preserve their history, religion, and ideas. Egyptian art and architecture included temples, tombs, and pyramids. Their golden ages occurred during the Old and Middle Kingdoms.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egypt, including its geography along the Nile River, architecture such as pyramids and temples, art including sculpture and painting, clothing, and religious beliefs. Some key points:
- The Nile River was essential to the development of Egyptian civilization, providing fertile land and resources.
- Major architectural achievements included pyramids and other monumental structures built of stone with skilled labor. Pyramids symbolized the pharaoh's role and the afterlife.
- Art served religious and funerary purposes, depicting the pharaoh's power and assisting the deceased. Sculptures emphasized social hierarchy while paintings illustrated the afterlife.
- Religious beliefs centered around gods
Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River valley from around 3150 BC. It was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as absolute ruler and farmers comprising most of the population. The geography of the Nile valley supported the growth of agriculture and trade, which the Egyptians used to build large cities and construct monumental architecture and temples. Egyptian culture had a lasting influence in the areas of art, architecture, religion, and language.
Ancient Egypt emerged along the fertile banks of the Nile River around 6,000 years ago. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as absolute ruler at the top. Common people worked as peasants farming the land or as craftsmen and merchants in cities, while scribes and priests comprised the privileged upper class. Egyptians mummified their dead and built elaborate tombs and temples, leaving behind artifacts that provide insight into their religious and cultural practices today.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization, with a focus on architecture and tombs. It describes how the Egyptians built monumental structures like pyramids, temples and palaces out of stone. The earliest royal tombs were mastabas built at Abydos, followed by stepped pyramids and later the famous large smooth-sided pyramids at Giza. To prevent robbery, later kings built hidden tombs cut into the cliffs in the Valley of the Kings. The document discusses theories for how pyramids were constructed using primitive tools and large workforces, and provides pictures of Egyptian architectural sites.
Ancient Egypt The New Kingdom And The Third InSam Law
During the New Kingdom period (1550-1069 BCE), ancient Egypt expanded its territory into Nubia, Syria-Palestine, and Turkey. The capital moved from Thebes to Akhetaten and back. Egypt was ruled by theocratic pharaohs and powerful priests. Art flourished in pottery, sculpture, and paintings in temples and the Book of the Dead. Architecture evolved from mud bricks and stone temples to carved tombs in valley walls.
Assignment on ancient egyptian civilizationrashminmahady
The ancient Egyptian civilization had three key components - a ceremonial center, system of writing, and cities. It was supported by the Nile River, which provided water, fertile soil, transportation, and opportunities for agriculture, fishing and trade. Women had significant legal rights and social positions. Education was based on one's social status, with higher education available to some. Egyptians developed advanced banking, commerce, taxation, and accounting systems using papyrus records. Governance was centralized under the powerful pharaoh, though it decentralized temporarily, and laws and punishments were established. Detailed accounting records were kept by scribes for the royal palace, temples, and various projects using double-entry bookkeeping methods.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization. It describes Egypt's geography along the Nile River, which provided fertile soil and was important for transportation and irrigation. Early structures for the dead evolved from mastabas to pyramids. Egyptian social classes were based on wealth, occupation, and education. Hieroglyphics was their written language. Pharaohs ruled as divine kings and were mummified after death. Egyptians made contributions like calendars, papyrus, irrigation systems, and mathematics. The major gods were Ra, Osiris, Horus, and Anubis.
The Egyptian civilization was shaped by its geography along the Nile River. The yearly flooding of the Nile provided fertile soil for agriculture and determined Egypt's agricultural cycle. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as the absolute ruler considered a living god. Religion permeated all aspects of Egyptian life. The Egyptians built massive pyramids and temples out of stone as burial monuments and places of worship. Hieroglyphic writing and mummification of the dead were other defining aspects of ancient Egyptian culture. Over time, foreign powers like the Persians, Greeks, and Romans came to control Egypt, culminating in the Arab conquest in 639 CE that marked the end of ancient Egyptian civilization.
Egyptian civilization developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River, which provided reliable annual flooding and fertile soil. This allowed Egypt to develop strong agricultural capabilities. Egypt was also protected geographically, making invasion difficult. Around 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under a single ruler, further strengthening Egyptian civilization. Key periods included the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Egyptian civilization made major contributions, including developing hieroglyphic writing, advancing astronomy and medicine, and discovering mathematical concepts like the 360-degree circle.
Egypt is an ancient civilization located in North Africa with the Sinile Peninsula extending into Asia. It has a population of over 81 million people mostly living along the Nile River. Egypt experienced a revolution in 2011 that removed President Hosni Mubarak from power after 30 years. Egypt has a long history dating back thousands of years with notable periods including the Ancient Egypt era known for constructing pyramids, the Ptolemaic and Roman rule, and the Muslim and Ottoman period when Egypt was absorbed into the Islamic Empire.
Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt.
This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
This document provides a high-level overview of the history of sculpture from prehistoric times through the 20th century. It covers major periods and locations where sculpture flourished including prehistoric sculpture, Mesolithic sculpture, Neolithic sculpture, sculpture of ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia and China, sculpture of Classical Antiquity including Archaic and Classical Greek sculpture and Roman sculpture, and later periods like Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassical and 20th century sculpture. Key developments in sculptural materials, styles and techniques are discussed for each major time period and culture.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization along the lower Nile River that lasted from around 3150 BC to 30 BC. It began as independent kingdoms that eventually were united and experienced stable periods under powerful rulers, such as the Old Kingdom and New Kingdom. The civilization was able to thrive due to stable agriculture supported by annual Nile River floods. Ancient Egyptian architecture featured post and lintel construction with columns decorated to resemble plants. The major religion was polytheistic and centered around gods controlling nature and important myths like that of Osiris and Isis. Egyptians had an elaborate concept of the afterlife involving mummification and tombs to preserve the soul.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization from 3300 BC to 30 BC. It discusses the geography of Egypt and the importance of the Nile River in enabling agriculture. It also summarizes Egyptian religion, government as a monarchy led by pharaohs, daily life, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and tombs. Key figures mentioned include Imhotep, Khufu, and various pharaohs and gods.
1. Ancient Egypt's civilization arose around 3200 BCE when King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt.
2. The Egyptians developed a stratified society led by pharaohs, who were viewed as human gods, followed by priests, nobles, peasants, and slaves.
3. Egypt's economy and agriculture were centered around the annual flooding of the Nile River, which deposited fertile soil and allowed for irrigation to grow crops like barley, emmer wheat, and vegetables.
Ancient Egypt was a highly advanced civilization that developed along the Nile River valley starting around 3150 BC. It achieved success through organized agriculture, irrigation, dense populations, and social/cultural development. The pharaoh was the absolute ruler, relying on bureaucrats and officials to manage administration, the military, construction projects, trade, and more. The Egyptians made many achievements in construction, mathematics, medicine, ships, and more. Society was stratified but both men and women could own property and had legal rights. Their culture, religion, and highly developed hieroglyphic writing system left enduring legacies.
The document discusses several key pharaohs who contributed to Egypt's New Kingdom period of power and expansion. Ahmose rid Egypt of the Hyksos and established trade, expanding Egypt's borders. Amenhotep expanded further into Nubia and built a new capital. Thutmose fully established the warrior pharaoh concept and took control of Nubian resources. Hatshepsut encouraged trade instead of warfare and sent trading expeditions. Tuthmosis III organized soldiers to defeat enemies and created Egypt's largest empire. Religion greatly influenced Egyptian society and culture.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egypt's development along the Nile River Valley. It describes how the valley's fertile soil, annual flooding, and irrigation systems supported agriculture and population growth. This led to the rise of Egyptian civilization with distinct social classes ruled by pharaohs over 31 dynasties spanning thousands of years. The Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing, advanced medicine, and built pyramids and other structures as part of their religious beliefs about life after death.
The Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River valley over 6,000 years. Key periods included the Early Dynastic Period, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Late Period. Egyptian society was governed by pharaohs and centered around agriculture along the Nile. They made advances in tools, timekeeping, and developed hieroglyphic writing to preserve their history, religion, and ideas. Egyptian art and architecture included temples, tombs, and pyramids. Their golden ages occurred during the Old and Middle Kingdoms.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egypt, including its geography along the Nile River, architecture such as pyramids and temples, art including sculpture and painting, clothing, and religious beliefs. Some key points:
- The Nile River was essential to the development of Egyptian civilization, providing fertile land and resources.
- Major architectural achievements included pyramids and other monumental structures built of stone with skilled labor. Pyramids symbolized the pharaoh's role and the afterlife.
- Art served religious and funerary purposes, depicting the pharaoh's power and assisting the deceased. Sculptures emphasized social hierarchy while paintings illustrated the afterlife.
- Religious beliefs centered around gods
Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River valley from around 3150 BC. It was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as absolute ruler and farmers comprising most of the population. The geography of the Nile valley supported the growth of agriculture and trade, which the Egyptians used to build large cities and construct monumental architecture and temples. Egyptian culture had a lasting influence in the areas of art, architecture, religion, and language.
Ancient Egypt emerged along the fertile banks of the Nile River around 6,000 years ago. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as absolute ruler at the top. Common people worked as peasants farming the land or as craftsmen and merchants in cities, while scribes and priests comprised the privileged upper class. Egyptians mummified their dead and built elaborate tombs and temples, leaving behind artifacts that provide insight into their religious and cultural practices today.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization, with a focus on architecture and tombs. It describes how the Egyptians built monumental structures like pyramids, temples and palaces out of stone. The earliest royal tombs were mastabas built at Abydos, followed by stepped pyramids and later the famous large smooth-sided pyramids at Giza. To prevent robbery, later kings built hidden tombs cut into the cliffs in the Valley of the Kings. The document discusses theories for how pyramids were constructed using primitive tools and large workforces, and provides pictures of Egyptian architectural sites.
Ancient Egypt The New Kingdom And The Third InSam Law
During the New Kingdom period (1550-1069 BCE), ancient Egypt expanded its territory into Nubia, Syria-Palestine, and Turkey. The capital moved from Thebes to Akhetaten and back. Egypt was ruled by theocratic pharaohs and powerful priests. Art flourished in pottery, sculpture, and paintings in temples and the Book of the Dead. Architecture evolved from mud bricks and stone temples to carved tombs in valley walls.
Assignment on ancient egyptian civilizationrashminmahady
The ancient Egyptian civilization had three key components - a ceremonial center, system of writing, and cities. It was supported by the Nile River, which provided water, fertile soil, transportation, and opportunities for agriculture, fishing and trade. Women had significant legal rights and social positions. Education was based on one's social status, with higher education available to some. Egyptians developed advanced banking, commerce, taxation, and accounting systems using papyrus records. Governance was centralized under the powerful pharaoh, though it decentralized temporarily, and laws and punishments were established. Detailed accounting records were kept by scribes for the royal palace, temples, and various projects using double-entry bookkeeping methods.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization. It describes Egypt's geography along the Nile River, which provided fertile soil and was important for transportation and irrigation. Early structures for the dead evolved from mastabas to pyramids. Egyptian social classes were based on wealth, occupation, and education. Hieroglyphics was their written language. Pharaohs ruled as divine kings and were mummified after death. Egyptians made contributions like calendars, papyrus, irrigation systems, and mathematics. The major gods were Ra, Osiris, Horus, and Anubis.
The Egyptian civilization was shaped by its geography along the Nile River. The yearly flooding of the Nile provided fertile soil for agriculture and determined Egypt's agricultural cycle. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as the absolute ruler considered a living god. Religion permeated all aspects of Egyptian life. The Egyptians built massive pyramids and temples out of stone as burial monuments and places of worship. Hieroglyphic writing and mummification of the dead were other defining aspects of ancient Egyptian culture. Over time, foreign powers like the Persians, Greeks, and Romans came to control Egypt, culminating in the Arab conquest in 639 CE that marked the end of ancient Egyptian civilization.
Egyptian civilization developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River, which provided reliable annual flooding and fertile soil. This allowed Egypt to develop strong agricultural capabilities. Egypt was also protected geographically, making invasion difficult. Around 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under a single ruler, further strengthening Egyptian civilization. Key periods included the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Egyptian civilization made major contributions, including developing hieroglyphic writing, advancing astronomy and medicine, and discovering mathematical concepts like the 360-degree circle.
Egypt is an ancient civilization located in North Africa with the Sinile Peninsula extending into Asia. It has a population of over 81 million people mostly living along the Nile River. Egypt experienced a revolution in 2011 that removed President Hosni Mubarak from power after 30 years. Egypt has a long history dating back thousands of years with notable periods including the Ancient Egypt era known for constructing pyramids, the Ptolemaic and Roman rule, and the Muslim and Ottoman period when Egypt was absorbed into the Islamic Empire.
Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt.
This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
This document provides a high-level overview of the history of sculpture from prehistoric times through the 20th century. It covers major periods and locations where sculpture flourished including prehistoric sculpture, Mesolithic sculpture, Neolithic sculpture, sculpture of ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia and China, sculpture of Classical Antiquity including Archaic and Classical Greek sculpture and Roman sculpture, and later periods like Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassical and 20th century sculpture. Key developments in sculptural materials, styles and techniques are discussed for each major time period and culture.
Ancient Egypt lasted over 3000 years along the fertile Nile River valley. The Nile provided food, water, soil and transportation vital to the Egyptians' prosperity. Egyptian civilization was organized into kingdoms like the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms when Egypt was strongest. Egyptians had advanced cultures including government tied to religion, with the Pharaoh as political and spiritual leader, and hieroglyphic writing system. Pharaohs built lavish pyramids and tombs to take treasures into the afterlife. Ancient Egypt declined when conquered by foreign empires like Assyria, Persia, Greece and Rome.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilizations from around 5000 BCE to 525 BCE. It describes the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under King Narmer in 3100 BCE, marking the beginning of Egyptian history. The history is then divided into major periods - the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Key aspects of each period are highlighted, including political structures, architecture like pyramids and temples, sculpture, and religious beliefs. Figures like Akhenaten who challenged traditions and the discovery of King Tut's intact tomb are also mentioned. Music and its social aspects in ancient Egypt are briefly covered at the end.
This document provides an overview of art history across various historical periods and cultures. It begins with cave art from the Stone Age and discusses the art of ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and the Medieval period in Europe. It also covers Chinese and Japanese art forms like Ukiyo-e woodblock prints. Key details include the dominant artistic media, influential artists, philosophical influences, and socio-economic factors for each time period and culture.
This document provides background information on Egyptian mythology and discusses several key topics:
1. It outlines the objectives of studying Egyptian mythology which are to discuss Egyptian gods and goddesses, creation myths, and appreciate the values learned.
2. It then provides historical context on ancient Egypt from unification in 3100 BC until conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 BC.
3. The main body covers religious centers in Egypt like Memphis and Heliopolis, important gods and goddesses, and creation stories from these different centers including the stories of Atum, Ptah, and Osiris.
4. Sources of mythology like the Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, and Book of
Early settlers began farming along the Nile River in Egypt around 7000 BC. Between 2600-2500 BC, the largest pyramids at Giza, including the Great Pyramid of Khufu, were built. Tutankhamun, who ruled from 1336-1327 BC, was discovered in 1922 in his intact tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Ramses II ruled from 1279-1213 BC and had many temples built. The Rosetta Stone, carved in 196 BC in three scripts including Greek and Egyptian, was discovered in 1799 and helped with deciphering hieroglyphics. Cleopatra, one of Egypt's most famous queens, spoke many languages and had relationships with Julius Caesar
Early settlers began farming along the Nile River in Egypt around 7000 BC. Between 2600-2500 BC, the largest pyramids at Giza, including the Great Pyramid of Khufu, were built. Tutankhamun, who ruled from 1336-1327 BC, was discovered in 1922 in his intact tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Ramses II ruled from 1279-1213 BC and had many temples built. The Rosetta Stone, carved in 196 BC in three scripts including Greek and Egyptian, was discovered in 1799 and helped with deciphering hieroglyphics. Cleopatra, one of Egypt's most famous queens, spoke many languages and had relationships with Julius Caesar
Early settlers began farming along the Nile River in Egypt around 7000 BC. Between 2600-2500 BC, the largest pyramids at Giza, including the Great Pyramid of Khufu, were built. Tutankhamun, who ruled from 1336-1327 BC, was discovered in 1922 in his intact tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Ramses II ruled from 1279-1213 BC and had many temples built. The Rosetta Stone, carved in 196 BC in three scripts including Greek and Egyptian, was discovered in 1799 and helped with deciphering hieroglyphics. Cleopatra, one of Egypt's most famous queens, spoke many languages and had relationships with Julius Caesar
Early settlers began farming along the Nile river in Egypt around 7000 BC. Egyptians started using hieroglyphic writing around 3100 BC to record important information. The largest pyramid at Giza, built for Pharaoh Khufu between 2600-2500 BC, stands 147 meters tall and weighs around 6.5 million tonnes. Tutankhamun ruled Egypt for 9 years until 1327 BC and his tomb was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter. Ramses II ruled for 66 years from 1279-1213 BC, building many temples and statues as a great military leader.
This document provides information on various topics related to Egyptian history, culture, and literature. It discusses important historical sites and monuments in Egypt like the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Egyptian Museum, Abu Simbel, and Pyramids of Giza. It also covers Egyptian art, architecture, and religious practices during different dynastic periods. Furthermore, it summarizes the development of Egyptian literature from ancient hieroglyphs to modern novels and how Arabic literature flourished under Islamic rule.
Science and technology of ancient civilizationsMarvin Gonzaga
1. Egypt is among the oldest civilizations, located in North Africa along the Nile River. Early settlements began around 5500 BCE as nomadic groups sought water and began farming.
2. The Egyptians had advanced knowledge in astronomy, using instruments to accurately align structures like the Great Pyramids. They also had a 365 day calendar system divided into three seasons.
3. Alexandria was founded in 331 BCE by Alexander the Great and grew to be a major center of learning and science, attracting scholars from across the Mediterranean. It declined after the rise of Christianity and wars between Christian Byzantines and Muslim Arabs.
The document provides background information on ancient Greek and Egyptian art and civilization. It discusses how the Greeks valued intellectual pursuits and discovery, which influenced their artistic focus on realistic human representation. Greek art advanced beyond Egyptian conventions of stylized figures. It also overview key aspects of Egyptian civilization and art, noting their focus on religion and the afterlife, which influenced their monumental tomb and pyramid construction and preservation of the dead through mummification.
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Egypt Research Paper
The document summarizes ancient Egyptian arts and architecture from 5000 BC to 30 BC. It describes how early Predynastic Egyptians began creating art using materials like bone, clay and ivory. During the Dynastic period, important buildings constructed included temples to worship gods, royal tombs, and palaces for kings. Temples, tombs and statues were decorated with painted reliefs and scenes to ensure the deceased's safe passage. Architecture evolved from early step pyramids to structures like the Great Pyramids and temples built by pharaohs like Ramses II and Hatshepsut at Luxor.
Archaeology in Ancient Egypt spans over 4,000 years of history along the Nile River valley. Early settlements developed around 3500 BC along the fertile banks of the Nile, relying on annual floods for agriculture. Egyptian civilization emerged with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in the Archaic Period. Egypt's history is divided into 30 dynasties by the Egyptian historian Manetho. Modern Egyptology was born from Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in the late 18th century and Jean-François Champollion's deciphering of hieroglyphics using the Rosetta Stone.
Introduction to art chapter 16 ancient africa 172 chapssuser47f0be
This document provides an overview of ancient African civilizations, including their origins, art, and major cultures. It discusses early rock paintings from 7000 BCE depicting domesticated animals in Sahara and southern Africa. Later, the Nok culture in Nigeria produced sophisticated terracotta sculptures from 500 BCE to 200 CE. Many ancient urban cultures arose south of the Sahara after 1000 CE, including cities along the Niger River like Jenne-jeno. Egypt is also discussed in depth, noting its immense influence and over 3000 years of cultural continuity and stability along the Nile River.
The Egyptian civilization flourished along the fertile banks of the Nile River. The annual flooding of the Nile deposited rich soil that allowed the Egyptians to develop a strong agricultural society. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as the supreme ruler and priests, officials, and artisans below peasants and slaves. The Egyptians made advancements in architecture, building pyramids, temples and sculptures. They also developed hieroglyphic writing to record administrative and historical events. By around 1000 BC, invasions from the west brought an end to the great Egyptian civilization.
Ancient Egypt was dominated by the worship of gods like Amon, the sun god and creator. Pharaohs like Tutankhamun were believed to have a divine right to rule that was granted by the gods. Egyptians also had a strong cult of the dead and belief in the afterlife, as evidenced by practices like mummification and the construction of pyramids and the Book of the Dead to guide souls in the afterlife. Akhenaten later challenged traditional Egyptian polytheism by establishing a monotheistic cult that worshipped the sun god Aten as the sole deity.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian art from the Predynastic period through the Old Kingdom. It describes key developments like the unification of Egypt under King Narmer, the evolution of tomb architecture from mastabas to step pyramids and true pyramids, and important artistic conventions like frontalism. Major artworks discussed include the Narmer Palette, the Step Pyramid and mortuary of Djoser, statues of Khafre and Menkaure, and wall paintings from Saqqara tombs. The document also outlines Egyptian contributions to mathematics, shipbuilding, and other areas.
Claude Monet (1840-1926) was the leading member of the Impressionist group and the one who longest practised the principles of absolute fidelity to the visual sensation and painting directly from the object, in necessary out of door. Cezanne is said to have described him as ’only one eye, but my God what an eye!’. Monet is also the one who took impressionism into new contradictory way to become, in the 1940s, a major influence on Abstract Expressionism.
This document provides images and descriptions related to the colours and culture of Galicia, a region in northern Spain with Celtic roots. It includes photographs of traditional horreo structures used for food storage, mussel aquaculture platforms, fishing boats and equipment, coastal scenery including beaches, cathedrals, bridges and cities. Brief captions describe Galicia's fishing and seafood industries, pilgrimage routes, and coastal landscapes along the treacherous Costa Morte shoreline subject to shipwrecks and environmental disasters.
Clara Peeters (1594-c1659) was active between 1607 and 1621. Unlike many of the women painters of her time, she specialized on Still-life. She was a pioneer female painter. Early female painters were mostly portrait painters. There is not much known about her life as well. Her paintings of tables of food and other objects ware early manifestations of naturalism. As far as we know, her paintings of fish are the first that were dedicated to this subject.
Lavinia Fontana (1552-1614) lived in Bologna, Italy. She was a contemporary of Sofonisba Anguissola, who was internationally known. Her father was a distinguished printed of the School of Bologna. Her earliest work was printed in 1575, ‘The Child of the Monkey’, At 23. She specialised in painted portraits and mainly on women of nobleman and of high society. She was particularly skilled in painting dresses. Her relationships with female clients were often warm and some became godparents of her children.
Fontana married artist Gian Zappi in 1577. She gave birth to 11 children. After the marriage Fontana continued to paint to support her family. Zappi cared for the household and served as assistant agent in selling his wife’s painting. He also depicted small elements of her pictures such as draperies and another details.
Lavinia was elected an honorary member of the University of Bologna and was honoured as a doctorate in 1580.
In 1603, she and her family moved Rome on the invitation of Pope Clement VIII and appointed as a portraitist in the Vatican. Her career flourished in Rome. She was elected to the San Luca Academy in Rome. She died in 1614 and left behind over 100 of her work.
Sofonisba Anguissola was the first internationally known female painter in history. She was born in Cremona, Italy in 1532 to a noble family and received an education in fine art. As a young woman she traveled to Rome where she met Michelangelo, who recognized her talent after she drew a laughing child and then successfully drew a crying child at his challenge. She later became a lady-in-waiting and tutor to Queen Isabel of Spain. Anguissola painted many portraits of royalty and aristocrats over her long career, including several self-portraits showing her artistic progression. She lived to age 92 and opened doors for many other female painters.
The world’s oceans and seas cover 71% of the surface of the Earth. It makes the Earth unique within the Solar System. It is also where life first began. Today the ocean is regarded as the last major frontier on Earth for exploration and development of resources to sustain mankind in the future. The sea also has an irresistible attraction on us, drawing us nearer to the shores. The sound of the waves lashing on the sandy beaches, the gentle breeze of a hot summer evening, the shimmers of silver lights, the fisherman coming home with their catch, the long voyages of container carriers that link the world economy are all part of our acquaintance with the sea. In its fury, it can unleash power that can destroy cities, sending ships and army to the bottom of the sea. No wonder, apart from our scientists, the seas is often a favourite subject for artists, poets and musicians. The song La Mer was an example, composed and sang by Charles Trenet’s in 1946 offers us a romantics version of our encounter with the sea.
Caravaggio was an influential Italian painter in the early 17th century. He pioneered a realistic style using dramatic lighting and everyday subjects. He had a turbulent life that included fights and murder. He went into hiding after killing a man in Rome in 1606. Many painters were strongly influenced by his style, known as Caravaggism or Caravaggisti. Some of his most prominent followers included Artemisia Gentileschi, Jusepe de Ribera, and Rembrandt, who incorporated his use of chiaroscuro and everyday subjects into their own works. Caravaggio's dramatic realism had a major and long-lasting impact on European painting.
The British Isles are situated at the edge of the European continent. Historically the Roman invaded Britain in 43 AD and ruled for 350 years. This was followed by successive settlements by northern European. The last successful invasion was by the Norman from France in 1066. Today Britain is administratively divided into four main regions – Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales and England. Culturally, British influence has been very important in the world. Many former colonies have inherited the political culture and the social practices from Britain, in particularly the English speaking countries of the world. Economically, Britain was the first country to begin the process of Industrial Revolution. Britain is rich in energy resource but poor in material resources. As an island country, maritime trading has been and important development in its economy. Geological its landscape is varied with many types of habitats.
The document provides a list of artists and artworks housed at the Musees Royaux des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, Belgium. It includes over 50 listings of artists from the 15th-17th centuries such as Bruegel, Rubens, Jordaens, Van Dyck, and Ruysdael along with brief descriptions of some of their paintings. The document also notes that Philippe de Champaigne was a French portrait painter employed by King Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu who had some works displayed at the museum.
Van Dyck was a prolific Flemish painter known for his portraits of English royalty in the 17th century. He showed talent from a young age, becoming a studio assistant to Rubens by age 19. After travels to Italy where he was influenced by Titian, he moved to London in 1632 where he became the most important court painter under King Charles I. He is renowned for portraits that conveyed a sense of elegance and status, including his equestrian portrait of Charles I and many portraits of other members of the royal family and nobility. Van Dyck spent his later years in London before passing away in 1641.
P Bruegel’s greatness is so widely acknowledged today that it is hard to imagine that in his life his supremacy was not recognised. He was immensely popular, but many contemporaries regarded his work as old-fasioned.
The greatest Flemish artist of 16th century. This realistic and landscape painter, gives us a gleam of life in the Low Country 400 years ago. His paintings are full of details & messages and so interesting to look at. Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c1525/30-69), nicknamed ‘Peasant Bruegel’, was the most important satirist in the Netherlands after Bosch and one of the greatest landscape painters. After he became Master in the Antwerp Guild in 1551, he went to France and Italy, travelling as far south as Sicily. He was impressed by the landscape of Italy but not so on the Italian paintings. From his painting, he gave us insights to the peasant life and their relationship with nature of 16C in the Low Countries. He was an educated man, well able to associate with his distinguished clients and sophisticated enough disguised his political opinions as a biblical story.
The greatest Flemish artist of 16th century. This realistic and landscape painter, gives us a gleam of life in the Low Country 400 years ago. His paintings are full of details & messages and so interesting to look at. Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c1525/30-69), nicknamed ‘Peasant Bruegel’, was the most important satirist in the Netherlands after Bosch and one of the greatest landscape painters. After he became Master in the Antwerp Guild in 1551, he went to France and Italy, travelling as far south as Sicily. He was impressed by the landscape of Italy but not so on the Italian paintings. From his painting, he gave us insights to the peasant life and their relationship with nature of 16C in the Low Countries. He was an educated man, well able to associate with his distinguished clients and sophisticated enough disguised his political opinions as a biblical story.
British Museum has a “permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. The British Museum was the first public national museum in the world.
The Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Anglo-Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public in 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. The museum's expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of British colonisation” Wikipedia.
London is one of the financial centre of the world. It is also an important centre for performance, arts, museums, theatres and fashion. What is particularly noticeable is that London is made up of two city centres. The City of London for finance, the West End for entertainment and the political entre of Westminster.
Yellowstone is US first National Park. It is also the world’s oldest. The park was created in 1872. Today National Parks are established for purpose of conservation. These are designated areas of natural beauty, an island in a developing world.
Today, Yellowstone National Park is probably the best known in the world and easily accessible. Wildlife abounds from the smallest to the largest mammals found in North America. The wolf, here, is a recovery story that is a major restoration of the balance of nature. There large herd of bison roaming in park, following their migration routes. Black and brown bears are frequently seen here. The park lies in the heart of the the Rocky Mountain Range. Here, powerful volcanic forces erupted 2 million, 1.3 million and as recently as 640,000 years ago, to create three of the world’s largest volcanic depressions, or calderas.
Native Americans have lived in the region for at least 11,000 years. Today with large number of visitors, the management and control of the park is vital to ensure its long term future.
The Rijksmuseum is a major European treasury of art. It houses the world’s greatest collection of Dutch paintings of 17C, the Golden Age. It is also a museum for Dutch history, art objects, drawings, sculptures and furniture. The building was opened in 1885. Its building was one of the first to be constructed specially as a museum. In 2004 the museum largely closed for 10 years to undertake a major renovation. The major features of the renovation were the of construction two large atriums covered by glass roofs to provide more amenity spaces for the visitors. The garden was also modified, statues were added, for the visitors to relax and enjoy the summer sun.
Human civilization has existed for a very short time on Earth. If we take the existence of Earth as equivalent to one year in time. Then human civilisation only appears on the last second of the last hour of the last day in the Earth’s year. Human has been fighting each other since the beginning of history. In the last century, we had two World Wars, when millions were killed. But I am the luck generation that miraculously never experienced wars, although the drums of wars are never too far away. We have arsenals of weapons that could destroy the world many times over. In my life time, I have also seen many of our children, marrying people of different races too. Our greatest enemy is ourselves. If we can survive this, there is the whole universe to explore. Finally, just remind ourselves that the longest Ice Age on Earth lasted for well over 1 billion years long and our civilisation is only 10,000 years old. 16 Jan 2022.
Paolo Veronese was a renowned 16th century Venetian painter known for his large-scale frescoes and decorative works. He mastered using bright colors and perspectives to depict elaborate scenes from Renaissance Venice and religious subjects. Some of his most famous works include the Wedding at Cana, The Family of Darius before Alexander, and Allegory of Love paintings - known for their exuberant expressions of Renaissance sensuality and wealth through detailed costumes against architectural backgrounds.
For Sweden 13th December is an important day. It is the beginning of Christmas. It is the festival of Santa Lucia or the Festival of Light. On that day the eldest daughter of the family traditionally dresses in a white robe and wears a crown of candles, bringing lights to the dark winter. It is also a festive reason with specially dishes, foods and drinks for the occasion. Santa Lucia Festival is celebrated in Italy, Norway and Swedish Finland.
It is very scenic and the chosen location for The Roman Holiday, La Dolce Vita and There coins in the Fountain. It has many famous sites, rich in architecture and paintings – Pantheon, RoRome is known as the Eternal City because of its long history. man Forum, Colosseum, castel sant’ Angelo, Vatican, Basilica of St Peter, Trevi Fountain, If Gensu, the Spanish steps, Piazza Navona. Rome is shaped by two important artists Michelangelo and Bernini. This slideshow sketch the development of architecture from the Ancient, to the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque to the modern age.
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Boudoir photography, a genre that captures intimate and sensual images of individuals, has experienced significant transformation over the years, particularly in New York City (NYC). Known for its diversity and vibrant arts scene, NYC has been a hub for the evolution of various art forms, including boudoir photography. This article delves into the historical background, cultural significance, technological advancements, and the contemporary landscape of boudoir photography in NYC.
4. Development of Early Egypt to Unification
The above traces continuous development along the River Nile from Neolithic Jebel Sahaba
warfare to the beginning of farming, trade, religion and finally the unification of Upper and
Lower Egypt. The above timeline is recreated, based on the information displayed at the
British Museum.
5. Predynastic
pottery – c 3600
BC
Even at this early stage of Egyptian history their pottery can still be attractive. The Amratian
vase (right) is estimated to be before 3600 BC. British Museum. 10 Jun 2016
6. Predynastic Mummy – c 3500 BC
The Gebelein Man B is one of six natural mummies discovered in 1890s in a cemetery in
Upper Egypt. It is estimated that the mummy died c 3500 BC, at an age of 20 – 35 year old.
A recent CT scan shows the Internal organs the brain and the lung are still inside the mummy.
The reconstructed grave included some of the black top red pottery of Upper Egypt. The
mummy is permanent on show at the British Museum.
7. The earliest settlement in Egypt can be
traced back all the way to about 8000
years ago.
Egyptian Pre-dynastic Period – Before 3150 BC
By about 3600 BC Neolithic Egyptian societies
along the Nile River based their culture on the
raising of crops and the domestication of
animals. Shortly after 3600 BC, Egyptian society
began to grow and advance rapidly toward
refined civilization. The Gebel el-Arak knife, now
the Louvre, dated from this period c3450 BC.
The Master of Animals
motif common in
Mesopotamia showing
its influence on Egypt.
Handle made from ivory.
17 such ceremonial
knives are known.
8. Hieroglyphics – c 3200 BC Writing is a key part of any civilization.
Hieroglyphics writing was invented around
3100 BC. Writing made it possible to
communicate across space and time.
Writing makes it possible to form large
and complex social organisations. All high
officials, nobility and royalty in ancient
Egypt were literate.
Paint limestone statue c2400 BC is belived to represent a
provincial governor of the 5th Dynasty..
Hieroglyph was used for the formal
inscriptions on wall of temples and tombs.
A simplified writing called hieratic script
was invented for daily usage. The hieratic
script is thought to date back to the same
time as the Hieroglyphics.
A papyrus written in hieratic script on medical treatment.
about 1700 BC
9. Unification of Egypt At the end of the Pre-dynastic Period (6000 BC –
3100 BC), Egypt was divided into two kingdoms,
the Lower Kingdom (the Nile delta in the south)
and the Upper Kingdom (the Nile valley in the
North. Around 3150 BC. (in conventional
chronology) Upper and Lower Egypt was united
under the rule of the first pharaoh Narmer (also
known as Menes). The event was recorded on the
Narmer Palette (see next slide). This marks the
beginning of the Early Dynastic Period or the
Protodynastic period, which lasted until 2686 BC,
to the beginning of the Old Kingdom. The Bronze
Age arrived in Egypt around about this time..
Predynastic Egypt was in the
stone age. Their pottery is called
‘black top redware’ (right). From
their pottery, archaeologists
believe that Upper Egypt had the
technological edge over Lower
Egypt in the north.
The Unification of Egypt, show Narmer using
his maze delivering a blow to the enemy.
12. First Dynasty kings were buried in large cedar shrines, which were
essentially boxes. Some were decorated to emulate shrines and
became the prototypes for later coffins. Grave goods expressed
status by their quantity, rather than their quality. In rich tombs
numerous storage chambers were added to hold all the goods.
(Right).
First Dynasty – 3100 - 2890 BC
First Dynasty was based at Abydos.
Much of what we know about them
comes from their tombs. These
early kings ruled an increasing
urban society spread over a large
geographical area. They effectively
created the first national state using
religion, administration and brute
force.
(Above) – Limestone breccia jar like
this one began to appear. A huge
amount of effort was needed, to
shape and to polish such object,
suggesting Egyptian society was
making great progress.
13. Second Dynasty – Khasekhemwy’s Tomb c2650 BC
Statue of Khasehem, 2770-2649 BC, who might
have changed his name to Khasekhemwy, after his
victory against the rebel.
Egyptian Museum, Cairo (Above).
Below is the Khasehemwy’s
tomb, Second Dynasty at
Abydos Upper Egypt. On the
right a dolomite urn found in
his tomb, with sheet of gold
tied on with fine gold wire and
secured with a clay seal. British
Museum.
14. Dating ancient Egyptian history is a
problem. In particularly during the
early dynasties. The difference
between chronologies (e.g. by
Breasted and by Shaw, see wikipedia)
during the Old Kingdom vary about 300
years, while in the later dynasties in the
New Kingdom narrows within a few
decades.
One Egyptologist, who popularise this
problem is David Rohl, in his book ‘A
Test of Time’ and ‘Legend’. He
suggested some of the dynasties were
running parallel with each rather than
one following another, in particular
around the 20th dynasty to 26th dynasty.
He was able to present evidences to
support his view. He called his
chronology, the New Chronology.
Using his chronology, he also
compares it against the Israeli’s and
the Mesopotamian chronology. So
treat the early dates with some
cautions.
Chronology - The problem of dating Egyptian history.
16. Development of the Pyramid
The most outstanding achievements of the Old Kingdom is mastery of the techniques
necessary to build monumental structures in stone (like the pyramid and the sphinx).
Sculptors also began to create life-size portraits of individuals.
17. Meidum Pyramid c 2630 BC
The Meidum Pyramid is a step pyramid constructed in the Third Dynasty (2686-2613 BC). It is thought to
be started by the pharaoh Huni but finished by the pharaoh Sneferu. It was converted into a true
pyramid with sloping triangles. But the coverings of the pyramid collapsed due to faulty construction.
19. The Great Pyramid Giza 2566 BC
The royal Capital was moved to the Lower Egypt during the Old Kingdom. The Great
Pyramid of Giza is the most visible symbol of its achievements of the Old Kingdom. It is
the only one of the 7 wonders which is still standing. It was built about 2500 BC.
20. The Great Sphinx Giza c 2590 BC
The Great Sphinx, Giza, 4th Dynasty. Limestone. L 73.5m, H 20m. It is believed it represents pharaoh Khafra
21. The statue of Menkaure, 4th Dynasty.
Reign 2490-2472 BC. Cairo Egyptian Museum.
Egyptian sculptors created the first life-sized
statues and fine reliefs in stone, copper and
wood. They perfected the art of carving
intricate relief decoration and produced
detailed images of animals, plants and even
landscape.
There was a rapid development of the stylistic
conventions that characterized Egyptian art
throughout its history.
Old Kingdom sculpture
The Old Kingdom lasted for about 500 years.
The central government collapsed, leading to
famine and small scale civil wars.
Egyptologists named this era as the First
Intermediate Period (2181-1991 BC).
In time two main powers emerged, one in
Lower Egypt and one in Upper Egypt with its
centre of power at Thebes. Eventually, the
Theban forces triumphed, reuniting the Two
Lands.
23. In the beginning of the Middle
Kingdom, the first departure
away from the pyramid
architecture in favour of the
terraced temple began. The
grand funerary temple of
Mentuhotep II, 2020 BC, at
western Thebes was the most
significant of the period.
Middle Kingdom Mortuary architecture
24. The weakening power of the pharaoh at the end of the Old Kingdom meant that the
idea of gods on earth needed to be modified. The idea of human were responsible for
life on Earth, while gods belong to the heaven was gaining acceptance.
Partnership between Pharaoh & Gods, Middle Kingdom 1971-1926 BC.
25. Second Intermediate Period c1650-1550 BC
The Middle Kingdom lasted for
about 450 years. Around 1785 BC,
the Canaanite Hyksos (“foreign
rulers”), a Western Asian people,
living on the Eastern Delta seized of
Lower Egypt, forcing the central
government retreated back to
Thebes.
At the same time, the Kushites, in
Nubian, south of Egypt also raised
against the Egyptian. Egyptology
named this period as the Second
Intermediate Period (1674-1549
BC).
Eventually after about a hundreds
years later the Hyksos and the
Kushites were defeated. The New
Kingdom was established, borders
secured, diplomatic ties
strengthened, leading to a period of
unprecedented prosperity. The
New Kingdom is also known as the
Egyptian Empire.
Hippopotamus from the Second Intermediate Period, Egyptian
Museum, Cairo. Hippo appears in Egyptian art and literature
as far back as the Predynastic Period. They are frequently
found in tombs but disappeared abruptly at the end of 17th
Dynasty.
27. During the reign of Tuthrmosis I
(1504-1492 BC), early in the New
Kingdom, the Egyptian Empire
reached its largest extent. It stretched
from the Euphrates in the north to the
fourth cataract of the Nile in the south,
deep into today’s Sudan.
First Empire – Egyptian Empire c1550-1077 BC
Prince Ipshemuabi of Byblos’ pendant 2000-1500 BC
Department of Antiquities, Beirut, Lebanon.
Tuthmosis I. Mortuary Temple of
Hatshepsut. Deir el-Bahari. Thebes.
28. Hatshepsut reign 1479-1458 BC
Hatshepsut, daughter of Tuthmosis I, ruled over Egypt after the death of her half-brother
husband, first as a Regent and later as co-ruler with Tuthmosis III. Under her reign Egypt was
at the zenith her power. She promoted peace and restored trade routes, as well as expanding
to new regions. Dec 2003
Head of Hatshepsut at the
Temple of Hatshepsut.
Deir-el-Bahri, Thebes.
29. Hatshepsut Temple, Thebes
On the right is the Temple of Hatshepsut, next to it on the right is the Mortuary Terrace Temple of Mentuhotep II of
the Middle Kingdom. Deir-el-Bahri, Thebes. Behind the ridge is the Valley of the Kings, the royal cemetery.
30. Hatshepsut Temple, Thebes
On the right is the Temple of Hatshepsut. Next to it is the Temple of Thutmosis III, co-ruler with Hatshepsut. On
the far right is the Middle Kingdom, Mortuary Terrace Temple of Mentuhotep II. Deir-el-Bahri, Thebes.
31. Hatshepsut Temple, Thebes
The upper terrace façade of the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Western Thebes. A row of statues
depicting the pharaoh Hatshepsut lined the entrance to the temple. Dec 2003
32. Hatshepsut’s trade mission to Punt
One of Hatshepsut’s greatest achievement was to develop trade route to the Indian ocean, to the land of Punt,
which is thought to be either the coastal Horn of Africa or the coastal Arabian Peninsula facing the Indian Ocean.
Right. a frieze showing Egyptian transported the 31 myrrh trees back to Egypt. Left. A reconstruction scene of
Hatshepsut receiving the returning expedition from Punt.
33. Temple architecture
The above showed a typical architectural plan of a New Kingdom temple. Temples were houses for
the gods or kings to whom they are dedicated. In the New Kingdom temples grew larger and more
elaborate. Higher-ranking priestly roles became permanent rather than rotational. Once again
priests controlled a large portion of Egyptian wealth.
34. Temple of Karnak
Karnak is the largest temple complex in ancient Egypt (above), the scale and complexity if overwhelming. It
was started in the 11 dynasty. Successive pharaohs added their monuments to the temple. The temple
reached its height in the New Kingdom, during the 18 dynasty. Thutmomis I, Thutmosis III, Hatshepset,
Rameses I, Rameses II and Ramesses III put down their marks on the temple. At the heart of temple is the
Temple of Amun.
35. Temple of Karnak, a reconstruction
Hypostyple hall Great Court
Lake link to Nile
Pylons VII-X
Sacred lake
Rows of sphinxes
Temple of Ramses III
Great Festival Temple
Precinct of Montu
36. Temple of Karnak, Temple of Ramese III
Temple of Ramses III (1184-1153 BC), built as a bark shrine between Pylon I and II, Inside in the
temple courtyard is lined with Osride statues of the pharaoh.
37. Temple of Karnak, Great
Procession in the Great Court, reconstruction by Mark Millmore. (from discoveringegypt.com).
38. Temple of Karnak, Hopostyle Hall
Massive columns in the Great Hypostyle Hall. All the columns were carved and painted in bright colours, built c
1250 BC. The hall was part of the Temple of Amun. Only important priests and the pharaoh were allowed to
enter the hall, which was used for religious rituals.
39. Temple of Karnak
Artist reconstruction of the
Hypostyle Hall, Karnak.
The painted columns of the Karnak..
40. Temple of Karnak
Nefertari standing at the feet of Ramses II.
Using stones from temple built by Akhenaten on the
Pylon II. Many of the carvings were defaced.
44. Irrigation
The Shaduf was the device by which ancient Egyptian to irrigate their agricultural farmland. The fresco on the
left was found in Western Thebes, Deir el-Medineh, tomb of Ipui, New Kingdom c 1240 BC.
Right. Watering gardens.
Relief found in Saqqara,
tomb of Mereruka. Old
Kingdom, c 2330 BC.
45. Waterwheels like this one were introduced to Egypt during Hellenistic times to irrigation agricultural farmland.
It is waterwheels like this that made Egypt the bread basket of the Roman Empire.
Waterwheel Irrigation
46. Pharaoh Akhenaten
Akhenaten was the most controversial
pharaoh in ancient Egypt. After his death
his image on carvings, statues and
sarcophagus had been defaced. He was
branded a heretic. Even omitted in the
Official list of pharaohs.
In the 17 years of his reign, Akhenaten
dramatically transformed Egyptian art,
culture and religion. He moved the capital
from Thebes to his newly built capital of
Armana.
He promoted the cult of Aten, the god of
the solar disk, as the sole deity. This
upset the powerful Amun religious
priesthood, based at Karnak. Although
there is not documented evidence, many
Egyptologists speculated this was a power
struggle between the monarchy and the
priesthood.
He also appointed his wife Nefertiti as his
co-regent and she took an active role in
the religious and political life of the
kingdom.
47. Akhenaten
Source National Geographic History. Apr 2016
The defaced sarcophagus of
Akhenaten, Cairo Egyptian
Museum.
Aten, the
sun disk
Offerings
Blessed by
Aten
Royal
messengers
Distorted
Bodies
48. The Valley of the King
Tutankhamun
Rest House
Rameses II
Rameses III
Sethos I
Entrance to
the Valley of
the kings
The Valley of the Kings on West Thebes was the Royal Necropolises for many pharaohs.
49. Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun was a son of Akhenaten. He came to the throne about 17 and reigned for 9 years. It was
under his reign that the Amun priesthood in Thebes regained their power. He is famous due to the discovery
of his completely intact tomb, giving us a glimpse into the royal treasure of ancient Egypt.
50. Ramesses II (1279-1213 BC)
Black Granite seated statue of Ramesses II wearing
the war crown. Turin Museum
Ramesses II was an important pharaoh
and ruled for 34 years (1279-1213 BC).
He built more temples than any other
pharaohs,. Some of the monuments
associated with him were the Pi-
Ramesses in eastern Delta, the
enlargement of the Luxor Temple and
the rock temple of Abu Simbel.
He was a war pharaoh. Ramesses II
had led several military campaigns
into the Levant and reasserted
Egyptian control over Canaan
(Lebanon, Syria and the Holy Land).
To the south, he fought the Nubian
and put down rebellions.
His most famous battle was the Battle
of Kadesh 1274 BC, in which he
fought the Hittite, It is the oldest battle
that we knowledge in detail, involving
perhaps 5000-6000 chariots.
51. Luxor Temple (1400 BC)
Two giant seated statues of Ramesses II, at the first pylon of the Luxor Temple entrance.
52. Luxor Temple (1400 BC)
One of the several colossus seated statues of Ramesses II at the temple.
53. Temples Abu Simbel (c 1264 BC)
The Great Temple of Abu Simbel (above). The temple was cut out of solid rock,
located the southern most of present day Egypt. It was a display of Egyptian power
to its Nubian neighbour. It took 20 years to build.
54. Temples Abu Simbel (1264 BC)
The interior of the Great Temple of Abu Simbel (above). The interior is lined with
two rows of Osiris statues and covered with reliefs, leading to the sanctuary
(bottom far right corner).
55. Temples Abu Simbel (1264 BC)
The Temple of Hathor and Nefertari also called the Small Temple, Abu Simbel (above).
Two statues of Ramesses II stood on either side of the entrance, flanked by statues of
the queen and the king. Remarkably, this is the only instance in Egyptian art that the
56. Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC)
The Battle of Kadesh (now in Syria) is the oldest battle which the military tactics are known. It was a battle fought
by Ramesses II, with the rising power of the Hittite (in modern Turkey), with 20,000 Egyptian infantry and perhaps
a total of 3 to 4 thousand chariots. Neither side won a decisive victory. In the end, it was settled by a treaty.
Above is a drawing based on the wall reliefs from the Luxor Temple on the Battle of Kadesh..
Hittite
Infantry
Egyptian
chariot
summon
reinforcement
The arrival of
the Ptah
Division
Hittite
withdraw
back into
Kadesh
The arrival of
Ne’arin
detachment
save the day
Ramesses
charged
single-
handedly in
the Hittite
chariots
Defeated
Hittites
58. Third Intermediate Period 1069-664BC
During this time, Egypt was under civil wars. Egypt was split into several segments. Several
of them were Libyan in origin, among them was the 21st Dynasty. Egypt suffered invasions by
the Sea People and the Assyrians (671 BC), who installed a client ruler of the 26th Dynasty.
Egypt lost all its peripheral territories. Israel, Lebanon and Nubia were independent. Lower
Egypt became richer and cities developed for the first time.
Sea Peoples captives with their distinctive head dress.
Sea Peoples warship Egyptian warship
Relief at Medinet Habu, Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III.
60. Late Period to Ptolemy Egypt 664-32 BC
The Third Intermediate Period was ended with Upper and Lower reunited again, with the
capital now moved to Sais (Late Period). This was ended when the rising Persian Empire
conquered Egypt in 525 BC and the 27th Dynasty was established (Achaemenes Egypt). The
Persian period was ended when Alexander the Great defeated the Persia. One of his general
Ptolemy became the pharaoh of Egypt (Ptolemy Egypt). The last pharaoh of Egypt was the
well-known Cleopatra VII.
Cleopatra and son by Julius Caesar on the Temple of
Dendera (above). The Lighthouse of Alexandria (Right).
61. Isis Temple
The earliest Isis temple was built in c 370 BC. The current Temple of Isis was greatly expanded in the reign of
Ptolemy II (285-246 BC), but construction continued during the Ptolemaic period. The Roman emperor Diocletian
(284-305 AD) also contributed to the construction. The temple was modelled on temples of the New Kingdom. It
was finally closed in 535 AD by Emperor Justinian. Some of the rooms were used by the Coptic Christian.
62. All rights reserved. Rights belong to their respective owners.
Available free for non-commercial and personal use.
The End
Music – Sahra by Kemal Sahir Gurel
Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt. This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
National Geographic News - Egypt’s Earliest Farm Settlement Discovered – reported a discovery of a 8000 years old settlement in the Faiyum by a US-Dutch team of archaeologists 12 Feb 2008.
Dagger from Gebel el-Arak – see www.louvre.fr website or Gebel el-Arak Knife wikipedia.
The invention of writing around 3000 BC defines the beginning of Egyptian history more than any other single change. Literacy open up new possibilities in social organization and in the transmission and occasionally criticism, of growing bodies of received knowledge.
It seems that there was no separtate, illiterate class of nobility.
Predynastic Upper Egypt Kingdom (Wikipedia) – By about 3600 BC Neolithic Egyptian societies along the Nile River had based their culture on the raising of crops and the domestication of animals. Shortly after 3600 BC, Egyptian society began to grow and advance rapidly toward refined civilization. A new and distinctive pottery, which was related to the pottery in the Southern Levant, appeared during this time. Extensive use of copper became common during this time. The Mesopotamian process of sun-dried bricks, and architectural building principles – including the use of arch and recessed walls for decorative effect – became popular during this time.
Concurrent with these cultural advances, a process of unification of the societies and towns of the upper Nile River, ov Upper Egypt, occurred. At the same time the societies of the Nile Delta or Lower Egypt also under went a unification process. Warfare between Upper and Lower Egypt occurred often. During his reign in Upper Egypt King Narmer defeated his enemies on the Delta and merged both the Kingdom of upper and Lower Egypt under his single rule.
Bronze age in Egypt c3150 BC. Unification of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt c3000BC.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom (Dynasties 3-6, c 2649-2150 BC) was the most dynamic periods in the development of Egyptian art. … Architects and masons mastered the techniques necessary to build monumental structures in stone. Sculptors created the earlies portraits of individuals and first lifesize statues in wood, copper and stone. They perfected the art of carving intricate relief decoration and, through keen observation of the natural world.
These images and structures had two principal functions to ensure an ordered existence and to defeat death by preserving life into the next world. …. Catharine Roehrig. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
The difference between the Early Dynastic Period and the Old Kingdom is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and economy of large-scale building projects. Under King Djoser, the first king of the Old Kingdom, the royal capital of Egypt was moved to Memphis.
Reference Wikipedia Akkadian Empire, also List of Empires
Hatshepsut, daughter of Tuthmosis I, married her half-brother Tuthmosis II, who died young. As there was no direct successor, Hatshepsut proclaimed herself co-regent to the young Tuthmosis III, the son of a secondary wife. Her hunger for power didn’t stop there and it wasn’t long before she declared herself pharaoh. She was always depicted as a man, wearing a beard andmen’s clothing. After her death, when Tuthmosis III finally came to power, he erased alll of her cartouches and portraits, in an unsuccessful attempt to consign her to oblivion. AA Explorer Egypt p154.
Hatshepsut, daughter of Tuthmosis I, married her half-brother Tuthmosis II, who died young. As there was no direct successor, Hatshepsut proclaimed herself co-regent to the young Tuthmosis III, the son of a secondary wife. Her hunger for power didn’t stop there and it wasn’t long before she declared herself pharaoh. She was always depicted as a man, wearing a beard andmen’s clothing. After her death, when Tuthmosis III finally came to power, he erased alll of her cartouches and portraits, in an unsuccessful attempt to consign her to oblivion. AA Explorer Egypt p154.
1.0 Initial Version
1.4 Second Rlse history chart great expended.
2.0 Reduce no. of slides took out Tutankhamun, which become part of a new presentation.