The document discusses several key concepts related to understanding American politics. It defines politics as the process of making collective decisions and allocating public resources. It also discusses institutions as codified constraints on behavior, including organizations within government and rules. The American political system is complex due to its federal nature with multiple branches and levels of government, as well as outside groups seeking to influence politics.
This document discusses different approaches to defining and measuring what constitutes a "good society". It examines Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross National Happiness (GNH) as two potential measures and identifies flaws in both. Specifically, GNP fails to consider how wealth is distributed or non-monetary activities, while GNH overlooks cultural differences in what satisfies individuals. The document argues capabilities approach, focusing on physical well-being, personal safety, informed decision-making and civil/political rights, provides a better standard for evaluating societies by allowing people freedom to live as they choose. It gives infant mortality rates as an example for measuring physical well-being capabilities across countries.
This chapter discusses the linkages between states and societies through various forms of political participation such as political parties, interest groups, social movements, and patron-client relations. It argues that some states can effectively govern despite these demands placed on them, while others experience a crisis of governability in which they struggle to govern effectively. Strong states are generally better able to respond to societal demands and transform them into policy, while weak states become overwhelmed by these demands.
This chapter discusses three main approaches to studying political culture: social character, congruence, and social capital. It also examines the role of identity in politics, focusing on ethnicity, nationalism, and religion. Political culture can affect citizens' capabilities by constructing identities that privilege some groups over others, or by promoting high or low levels of generalized trust. Political scientists believe constructivism best explains violence related to identities, viewing them as socially constructed rather than innate or purely manipulated.
The documents discuss different aspects of political institutions and the state. They examine how states emerged in response to complexity and insecurity. States attempt to pursue interests like revenue collection but can sometimes create negatives. The documents analyze forms of power like cultural, economic and political power. They also compare features of political systems like federalism versus unitary systems and the different branches of government. Research on consensus versus majoritarian democracies found consensus models performed better socially and politically, though not necessarily economically.
This document discusses the nature and functions of political parties. It begins by explaining how political parties emerged from the expansion of suffrage and representative democracy in the 19th century. It then outlines some key characteristics of political parties, including that they are formal organizations that aim to control government power by winning elections. The document also summarizes the main functions of political parties, such as linking citizens to government, aggregating interests, recruiting elites, formulating goals, and mobilizing voters. It discusses the development of different types of political parties like mass parties, elite/cadre parties, and catch-all parties. Finally, it touches on classifying parties along an ideological left-right spectrum.
What are political parties? What are they for? How do you set up a political party? Are political parties in crisis? Parties not only have fewer and fewer members, they must have a leader and are no longer present locally. In 2014 Prof. Sabino Cassese began to talk about the ‘liquefaction of parties’.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes. It begins by introducing the premise that authoritarian regimes persist despite predictions of their demise. It then defines authoritarianism and differentiates authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. The main body describes four types of authoritarian regimes: monarchies, military regimes, single-party regimes, and electoral authoritarian regimes. For each type it provides examples, characteristics, and how they seek legitimacy. It concludes by considering challenges and risks of electoral authoritarian regimes.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that companies must navigate when conducting international business. It explains that different countries have different political systems and ideologies that influence their laws and business practices. The document outlines various types of political systems ranging from democracy to totalitarianism and discusses trends in political ideologies. It also defines political risk and different types of risks companies may face when operating internationally.
This document discusses different approaches to defining and measuring what constitutes a "good society". It examines Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross National Happiness (GNH) as two potential measures and identifies flaws in both. Specifically, GNP fails to consider how wealth is distributed or non-monetary activities, while GNH overlooks cultural differences in what satisfies individuals. The document argues capabilities approach, focusing on physical well-being, personal safety, informed decision-making and civil/political rights, provides a better standard for evaluating societies by allowing people freedom to live as they choose. It gives infant mortality rates as an example for measuring physical well-being capabilities across countries.
This chapter discusses the linkages between states and societies through various forms of political participation such as political parties, interest groups, social movements, and patron-client relations. It argues that some states can effectively govern despite these demands placed on them, while others experience a crisis of governability in which they struggle to govern effectively. Strong states are generally better able to respond to societal demands and transform them into policy, while weak states become overwhelmed by these demands.
This chapter discusses three main approaches to studying political culture: social character, congruence, and social capital. It also examines the role of identity in politics, focusing on ethnicity, nationalism, and religion. Political culture can affect citizens' capabilities by constructing identities that privilege some groups over others, or by promoting high or low levels of generalized trust. Political scientists believe constructivism best explains violence related to identities, viewing them as socially constructed rather than innate or purely manipulated.
The documents discuss different aspects of political institutions and the state. They examine how states emerged in response to complexity and insecurity. States attempt to pursue interests like revenue collection but can sometimes create negatives. The documents analyze forms of power like cultural, economic and political power. They also compare features of political systems like federalism versus unitary systems and the different branches of government. Research on consensus versus majoritarian democracies found consensus models performed better socially and politically, though not necessarily economically.
This document discusses the nature and functions of political parties. It begins by explaining how political parties emerged from the expansion of suffrage and representative democracy in the 19th century. It then outlines some key characteristics of political parties, including that they are formal organizations that aim to control government power by winning elections. The document also summarizes the main functions of political parties, such as linking citizens to government, aggregating interests, recruiting elites, formulating goals, and mobilizing voters. It discusses the development of different types of political parties like mass parties, elite/cadre parties, and catch-all parties. Finally, it touches on classifying parties along an ideological left-right spectrum.
What are political parties? What are they for? How do you set up a political party? Are political parties in crisis? Parties not only have fewer and fewer members, they must have a leader and are no longer present locally. In 2014 Prof. Sabino Cassese began to talk about the ‘liquefaction of parties’.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes. It begins by introducing the premise that authoritarian regimes persist despite predictions of their demise. It then defines authoritarianism and differentiates authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. The main body describes four types of authoritarian regimes: monarchies, military regimes, single-party regimes, and electoral authoritarian regimes. For each type it provides examples, characteristics, and how they seek legitimacy. It concludes by considering challenges and risks of electoral authoritarian regimes.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that companies must navigate when conducting international business. It explains that different countries have different political systems and ideologies that influence their laws and business practices. The document outlines various types of political systems ranging from democracy to totalitarianism and discusses trends in political ideologies. It also defines political risk and different types of risks companies may face when operating internationally.
This document discusses different models of political participation including getting elected, campaigning, voting, contacting groups, and protesting. It also examines the linkages between citizens and the government through political institutions like parties, interest groups, elections, and media. It asks questions about how these institutions link citizens to the government and their roles in policymaking, specifically looking at how parties, interest groups, elections, Congress, the President, and courts all contribute to the political process.
The document summarizes a chapter on political parties in the United States. It discusses the key terms related to political parties and systems. It then describes the origins and evolution of the American two-party system over time, including the early Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties, the rise of the Democratic Party, and periods of single-party domination by the Democrats and Republicans. It also addresses how the modern two-party system functions and alternatives like multiparty and one-party systems.
This document discusses the nominating process in American politics. It outlines several methods by which candidates can become nominated for public office, including self-announcement, caucuses, conventions, direct primaries, and petitions. It focuses on explaining the direct primary system, which is now the principal nominating method used in most states, where qualified voters directly cast private ballots to select their preferred party candidates.
A multi-party system allows more than two political parties to gain real political power. It differs from a one-party system, where only one party can gain power, and a two-party system, where only two parties are relevant. In a multi-party system, like Germany or Israel, many parties can hope to share power by governing alone or through coalition governments. While a multi-party system promotes inclusive representation and issue-based policy debates, reaching consensus can be difficult with multiple ideological parties.
This document discusses the challenges facing the Philippine political party system. It argues that the current system, with its lack of clear rules and definitions, has led parties to prioritize patronage and personality over representation and policy. This has damaged democracy by reducing elections to choosing the "least evil" candidate and preventing meaningful policy choices. The document examines what functions true political parties should serve and compares this to the reality in the Philippines. It concludes that reforming the institutional context for parties, such as establishing clearer rules and responsibilities through a political party law, could help parties better fulfill their democratic roles by reducing arbitrariness and money-focused campaigns.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in comparative politics and political science. It defines comparative politics as the study of domestic politics, institutions, and conflicts across different countries using empirical and comparative methods. Some key terms discussed include nation, state, nation-state, types of political regimes, factors that cause democratization, and differences between liberal democracies and illiberal democracies. It also distinguishes between procedural and substantive definitions of democracy.
The document discusses different aspects of democracy in the UK. It begins by defining democracy and outlining some ways the UK demonstrates democratic principles, such as voting and elected representatives. However, it also notes ways the UK falls short of full democracy, such as an unelected head of state and low voter turnout. The document explores debates around how democratic the UK system truly is and different perspectives on how to strengthen UK democracy. It concludes by posing questions for students to consider regarding democracy in the UK.
A federal system has three key characteristics: 1) authority is retained at the top level of government; 2) there are two levels of government but sovereignty remains with the states/provinces; and 3) the two levels of government have equal jurisdiction. Pluralism holds that interest groups and political parties determine public policy through bargaining and compromise as rational individuals act in their self-interest by joining groups to better represent their views. Interest groups and political parties supplement formal government structures by communicating public opinions and values, though they differ in their level of organization and breadth of issues.
This document discusses different types of party systems, including single-party states, two-party systems, and multi-party systems. A single-party state allows only one political party, while a two-party system is dominated by two major parties. A multi-party system allows multiple parties to gain control of government offices through elections and coalition governments. The document provides examples of countries that use multi-party systems effectively in their democracies.
This document discusses the effectiveness of "naming and shaming" as a policy tool for enforcing international human rights law. It hypothesizes that less developed and autocratic states are more likely to violate human rights laws because they have less to lose from negative international reputation effects. The author aims to analyze if naming and shaming is less effective on these states compared to developed democracies that are more dependent on global economic participation. Prior research is examined that finds naming and shaming can sometimes increase violations or be strategically ignored. The study will consider political and economic characteristics that impact a state's responsiveness to such enforcement techniques.
Comparative Government theory and structurenorth819
The document discusses different approaches to analyzing political systems, including the structural-functional approach. This approach examines how structures within a political system, such as political parties and legislatures, perform functions to develop and implement policy. It also considers broader system functions like socialization, recruitment, and communication that influence whether a system is maintained or changed. The structural-functional framework allows comparisons of how different countries organize to perform similar functions.
Week 1 politics and power history fair start representation and political pro...Wayne Williams
First week of PowerPoint lecture notes for Politics and Power in America course. Examines what politics is, differences in democracies, contrasted with the meaning of a Constitutional Republic, such as that of the United States.
The document discusses political party systems, including one party systems, multi-party systems, and the two party system in the United States. It notes that the US two party system of Democrats and Republicans may not effectively meet the needs of the diverse population. Third parties face obstacles in the US system, which favors the two major parties.
Comparative government and politics presentationiloveyoulord143
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political science and government. It discusses the definitions of political science and the state. It examines theories on the origins of the state. It describes the essential elements and functions of government. It outlines the branches of government in the Philippines and discusses federalism. It also defines key concepts like the constitution, bill of rights, forms of government, and economic systems.
Political parties and interest groups (2)LOLITA GANDIA
The document discusses different types of political parties and interest groups. It defines political parties as voluntary associations that advocate certain policies and nominate candidates for election, while interest groups make claims on the government without running candidates. It contrasts their functions, with political parties seeking direct political power through elections and interest groups sometimes supporting parties but not running candidates. The document also discusses types of political systems, including two-party, multi-party, and one-party systems, outlining their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses interest articulation, which is how citizens and groups express their needs and demands to the government. It can occur through individual actions like voting, contacting officials, or protesting. Groups are also a primary means through which political interests are promoted. Interest groups vary in their structure between pluralist, democratic corporatist, and controlled systems. Factors like education and class influence individuals' likelihood to participate. Groups must access policymakers through legitimate channels to effectively shape policies. Modernization contributes to a growing diversity of interest groups representing varied societal interests.
Development of american political partiesbrian berry
Political parties in the United States have developed into a two-party system with the Republicans and Democrats as the major parties. Third parties exist but have never gained control of the White House, though some have won seats in Congress or lower levels of government. Third parties often form around specific issues or ideologies and seek to influence policy, but it is difficult for them to raise funds and compete with the major parties.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to the US Constitution and government. It begins by discussing the Articles of Confederation and weaknesses that led to the Constitutional Convention. It then covers the separation of powers, checks and balances, theories of democracy, federalism, political beliefs and behaviors of citizens, political parties, interest groups, media, and institutions of government like the presidency, Congress, and bureaucracy. The document is a review guide that defines and explains these foundational concepts.
Why Minority Governments are Favorable to Minimal-WinningMira McKee
A paper I wrote for my Governments and Politics of Western Europe class at UT, arguing that minority governments are more favorable to minimal-winning coalition governments.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in comparative politics and political science. It defines globalization and its impacts on governance and inequality. It also describes comparative politics as studying domestic politics across countries using case studies. Finally, it discusses different ways of classifying political systems, including as consolidated democracies, transitional democracies, and authoritarian regimes, based on their adherence to democratic principles and institutions.
Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
This document introduces concepts related to government and politics in America. It discusses how Americans are less engaged with politics and government compared to previous generations. It defines government as the institutions that make public policies, and politics as the process of selecting leaders and determining policies. It also outlines the key institutions and processes involved in policymaking, including legislatures, executives, courts, and bureaucracies. Finally, it raises questions about the scope and role of government in the US.
This document discusses different models of political participation including getting elected, campaigning, voting, contacting groups, and protesting. It also examines the linkages between citizens and the government through political institutions like parties, interest groups, elections, and media. It asks questions about how these institutions link citizens to the government and their roles in policymaking, specifically looking at how parties, interest groups, elections, Congress, the President, and courts all contribute to the political process.
The document summarizes a chapter on political parties in the United States. It discusses the key terms related to political parties and systems. It then describes the origins and evolution of the American two-party system over time, including the early Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties, the rise of the Democratic Party, and periods of single-party domination by the Democrats and Republicans. It also addresses how the modern two-party system functions and alternatives like multiparty and one-party systems.
This document discusses the nominating process in American politics. It outlines several methods by which candidates can become nominated for public office, including self-announcement, caucuses, conventions, direct primaries, and petitions. It focuses on explaining the direct primary system, which is now the principal nominating method used in most states, where qualified voters directly cast private ballots to select their preferred party candidates.
A multi-party system allows more than two political parties to gain real political power. It differs from a one-party system, where only one party can gain power, and a two-party system, where only two parties are relevant. In a multi-party system, like Germany or Israel, many parties can hope to share power by governing alone or through coalition governments. While a multi-party system promotes inclusive representation and issue-based policy debates, reaching consensus can be difficult with multiple ideological parties.
This document discusses the challenges facing the Philippine political party system. It argues that the current system, with its lack of clear rules and definitions, has led parties to prioritize patronage and personality over representation and policy. This has damaged democracy by reducing elections to choosing the "least evil" candidate and preventing meaningful policy choices. The document examines what functions true political parties should serve and compares this to the reality in the Philippines. It concludes that reforming the institutional context for parties, such as establishing clearer rules and responsibilities through a political party law, could help parties better fulfill their democratic roles by reducing arbitrariness and money-focused campaigns.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in comparative politics and political science. It defines comparative politics as the study of domestic politics, institutions, and conflicts across different countries using empirical and comparative methods. Some key terms discussed include nation, state, nation-state, types of political regimes, factors that cause democratization, and differences between liberal democracies and illiberal democracies. It also distinguishes between procedural and substantive definitions of democracy.
The document discusses different aspects of democracy in the UK. It begins by defining democracy and outlining some ways the UK demonstrates democratic principles, such as voting and elected representatives. However, it also notes ways the UK falls short of full democracy, such as an unelected head of state and low voter turnout. The document explores debates around how democratic the UK system truly is and different perspectives on how to strengthen UK democracy. It concludes by posing questions for students to consider regarding democracy in the UK.
A federal system has three key characteristics: 1) authority is retained at the top level of government; 2) there are two levels of government but sovereignty remains with the states/provinces; and 3) the two levels of government have equal jurisdiction. Pluralism holds that interest groups and political parties determine public policy through bargaining and compromise as rational individuals act in their self-interest by joining groups to better represent their views. Interest groups and political parties supplement formal government structures by communicating public opinions and values, though they differ in their level of organization and breadth of issues.
This document discusses different types of party systems, including single-party states, two-party systems, and multi-party systems. A single-party state allows only one political party, while a two-party system is dominated by two major parties. A multi-party system allows multiple parties to gain control of government offices through elections and coalition governments. The document provides examples of countries that use multi-party systems effectively in their democracies.
This document discusses the effectiveness of "naming and shaming" as a policy tool for enforcing international human rights law. It hypothesizes that less developed and autocratic states are more likely to violate human rights laws because they have less to lose from negative international reputation effects. The author aims to analyze if naming and shaming is less effective on these states compared to developed democracies that are more dependent on global economic participation. Prior research is examined that finds naming and shaming can sometimes increase violations or be strategically ignored. The study will consider political and economic characteristics that impact a state's responsiveness to such enforcement techniques.
Comparative Government theory and structurenorth819
The document discusses different approaches to analyzing political systems, including the structural-functional approach. This approach examines how structures within a political system, such as political parties and legislatures, perform functions to develop and implement policy. It also considers broader system functions like socialization, recruitment, and communication that influence whether a system is maintained or changed. The structural-functional framework allows comparisons of how different countries organize to perform similar functions.
Week 1 politics and power history fair start representation and political pro...Wayne Williams
First week of PowerPoint lecture notes for Politics and Power in America course. Examines what politics is, differences in democracies, contrasted with the meaning of a Constitutional Republic, such as that of the United States.
The document discusses political party systems, including one party systems, multi-party systems, and the two party system in the United States. It notes that the US two party system of Democrats and Republicans may not effectively meet the needs of the diverse population. Third parties face obstacles in the US system, which favors the two major parties.
Comparative government and politics presentationiloveyoulord143
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political science and government. It discusses the definitions of political science and the state. It examines theories on the origins of the state. It describes the essential elements and functions of government. It outlines the branches of government in the Philippines and discusses federalism. It also defines key concepts like the constitution, bill of rights, forms of government, and economic systems.
Political parties and interest groups (2)LOLITA GANDIA
The document discusses different types of political parties and interest groups. It defines political parties as voluntary associations that advocate certain policies and nominate candidates for election, while interest groups make claims on the government without running candidates. It contrasts their functions, with political parties seeking direct political power through elections and interest groups sometimes supporting parties but not running candidates. The document also discusses types of political systems, including two-party, multi-party, and one-party systems, outlining their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses interest articulation, which is how citizens and groups express their needs and demands to the government. It can occur through individual actions like voting, contacting officials, or protesting. Groups are also a primary means through which political interests are promoted. Interest groups vary in their structure between pluralist, democratic corporatist, and controlled systems. Factors like education and class influence individuals' likelihood to participate. Groups must access policymakers through legitimate channels to effectively shape policies. Modernization contributes to a growing diversity of interest groups representing varied societal interests.
Development of american political partiesbrian berry
Political parties in the United States have developed into a two-party system with the Republicans and Democrats as the major parties. Third parties exist but have never gained control of the White House, though some have won seats in Congress or lower levels of government. Third parties often form around specific issues or ideologies and seek to influence policy, but it is difficult for them to raise funds and compete with the major parties.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to the US Constitution and government. It begins by discussing the Articles of Confederation and weaknesses that led to the Constitutional Convention. It then covers the separation of powers, checks and balances, theories of democracy, federalism, political beliefs and behaviors of citizens, political parties, interest groups, media, and institutions of government like the presidency, Congress, and bureaucracy. The document is a review guide that defines and explains these foundational concepts.
Why Minority Governments are Favorable to Minimal-WinningMira McKee
A paper I wrote for my Governments and Politics of Western Europe class at UT, arguing that minority governments are more favorable to minimal-winning coalition governments.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in comparative politics and political science. It defines globalization and its impacts on governance and inequality. It also describes comparative politics as studying domestic politics across countries using case studies. Finally, it discusses different ways of classifying political systems, including as consolidated democracies, transitional democracies, and authoritarian regimes, based on their adherence to democratic principles and institutions.
Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
This document introduces concepts related to government and politics in America. It discusses how Americans are less engaged with politics and government compared to previous generations. It defines government as the institutions that make public policies, and politics as the process of selecting leaders and determining policies. It also outlines the key institutions and processes involved in policymaking, including legislatures, executives, courts, and bureaucracies. Finally, it raises questions about the scope and role of government in the US.
Democratic and authoritarian regimes can be distinguished by their objectives and means of achieving power. Democratic regimes involve the consent of the governed and respect for individual rights, while authoritarian regimes concentrate power with the ruling elite and impose their values through coercion rather than popular will. Authoritarian regimes are characterized by a lack of political participation and rights, the influence of the military, absence of ideology to mobilize citizens, and the use of force to maintain control and suppress opposition. Changes in leadership typically occur through coups or revolutions rather than competitive elections.
This document provides an introduction to comparative government and politics. It discusses key concepts like government, politics, and comparative methods. It also outlines several topics that are typically analyzed for different countries, such as political institutions, sovereignty and power, political culture, and trends in political and economic change like democratization and the movement toward market economies. The document serves as an overview of the field and issues that are studied.
Modern democracy is facing problems as it has evolved to empower special interest groups over the true will of the majority. Politicians pander to narrow interests to gain support, enacting policies most people would disapprove of. Additionally, governments have become unlimited as legislatures make and enforce laws, rather than separating these functions. This has replaced rule of law with arbitrary rule and increased the role of bureaucracy in controlling society. The solutions proposed are reviving responsible political culture and separating the legislative, governmental, and judicial functions of the state.
Overview Chapter 1Political Thinking and Political Culture B.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overview: Chapter 1
Political Thinking and Political Culture: Becoming a Responsible Citizen
Chapter Goals
The chapter addresses the following goals:
· Describe the importance of political thinking in a democracy and the current barriers to political thinking among the public.
· Describe the discipline of political science and how it can contribute to political thinking.
· Explain the nature of politics in the U.S. and how it is a struggle for power among competing groups and interests.
· Discuss America’s cultural ideals of liberty, individualism, equality and self-government and how they have affected some public issues like taxation or social welfare policy.
· Discuss the major rules of American politics: democracy, constitutionalism, and the free market system, and why rules are necessary in politics.
· Explain differing theories of political power, including majoritarianism, pluralism, corporate power, and elitism, and how they may undercut the ideals of democracy in the U.S.
· Discuss the nature of the free market system in the U.S. and how it compares to European and other economic systems.
Focus and Main Points
Contemporary American government is placed in historical perspective in this chapter. The value of political science in examining the development of American politics since the country’s earliest years is examined briefly, and concepts such as power, pluralism, and constitutionalism that are central to the study of government and politics are also assessed. In addition, the value of political thinking and the ability of political science to help develop political thinking are discussed. Several comparisons between the cultural development of political institutions and financial systems of the United States and Europe are made to help illustrate the different forms of government and economic organization.
The main points of this chapter are as follows:
· The development of political thinking is important for functioning democracies, which rely on the informed choices of citizens for the formation of government. There are powerful barriers to political thinking, such as individual unwillingness to develop it, changing patterns of media consumption, and “spin” by political leaders. Political science is a discipline that can help develop political thinking among students and also lead to a fuller understanding of political phenomena.
· Every country has a distinctive political culture, a widely shared and deep-seated belief system. National identity in many countries is taken from the common ancestry and kinship they share. Americans are linked not by a shared ancestry but by the country’s political culture as the foundation of its national identity.
· Politics is the process through which a society settles its conflicts. Those who win, in political conflict, are said to have power, and those leaders that have gained the legitimacy to use that power have authority. The play of politics in the United States takes place in the con.
This document introduces key concepts about government and politics in America. It defines government as the institutions that make public policies, and politics as the process of selecting leaders and policies. It also outlines the policymaking system and institutions like political parties, interest groups, the branches of government, and bureaucracies that are involved. Democratic theory and theories about the U.S. system like pluralism and elite theory are presented. The document concludes with a definition of political culture and aspects of American culture.
The chapter discusses states and democracy. It covers why states should be studied despite their declining power relative to other actors. States remain the dominant form of political organization globally. The chapter also examines the rise of democratic states and their relationship to citizenship rights, elections, and accountability. Finally, it analyzes theories about the relationship between states and society, including state supremacy, dependency, interdependency, and separation of the two.
Democracy originated from the Greek words "demos" meaning people and "kratein" meaning to rule. The key principles of democracy include rule of law, separation of powers, fundamental freedoms and rights, and free and fair elections. For a democracy to function properly, power is divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; and citizens are guaranteed civil liberties like freedom of speech, religion, press, and political participation. The document also discusses concepts like pluralism, the role of opposition parties, and the importance of an independent media to hold governments accountable in a democracy.
This document outlines a presentation on public policy. It discusses three types of policy, three arenas where policy is made, and three types of policymakers. It describes the policy process and five ways that elected bodies make policy, including lawmaking, budgeting, rulemaking, oversight, and sunset reviews. It emphasizes that citizens and groups can influence policy by understanding the process and participating through contacting elected officials, organizing, protests, and other civic engagement activities.
This chapter aims to help students learn to identify and evaluate the foundations of the American legal and political system. It discusses social contract theory and how it influenced the development of the US political system. In particular, it examines how social contract theory holds that people accept a government's authority in exchange for protection of their natural rights like freedom of speech. The chapter also outlines the three branches of government established by the US Constitution: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and their various powers and functions.
Politics involves activities related to influencing government, such as debates between political parties vying for power. Political institutions establish a society's formal distribution of authority and relationships with other political entities. A political system comprises the legal institutions that make up a government or state. The most common types of political systems worldwide include democracy, republic, monarchy, communism, and dictatorship. Good leadership qualities encompass fairness, service over self-interest, accountability, honesty, and global thinking with local action.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in politics and government, including definitions, principles, and collective action problems. It defines politics as conflicts over leadership, structure, and policies of government, and as deciding who gets what. Government is defined as having a monopoly on force and making and enforcing society's rules. The five principles of politics are introduced: the rationality principle states that political behavior has a purpose; the collective action principle notes that politics requires groups; the institution principle is that institutions solve collective action problems; the policy principle is that outcomes result from preferences and procedures; and the history principle is that history shapes politics. Collective action problems like the tragedy of the commons and free riding are explained.
This document discusses political parties and their classification. It begins with definitions of political parties from different scholars that emphasize parties as organized groups that aim to gain power through constitutional means. It then discusses the essentials of a party system and functions of political parties like contesting elections, reforming society, and acting as opposition. The document presents Sartori's classification of party systems that distinguishes between competitive systems like two-party and pluralist multi-party, and non-competitive systems like one-party and hegemonic dominant. It provides a flow chart illustrating Sartori's classification.
Pressure groups can enhance democracy in several ways: They represent minority interests and give citizens opportunities to participate in politics outside of parties. However, pressure groups are not politically accountable and some may wield disproportionate influence, while others have little. Overall, both pressure groups and political parties disperse power and inform the public, but parties must develop platforms representing all citizens, whereas pressure groups promote single issues.
This document discusses political parties and their classification. It defines political parties as voluntary associations that share political views and try to gain power through constitutional means. It provides definitions of political parties from different authors. It also lists the key functions of political parties such as contesting elections, reforming society, and acting as a channel of communication between the government and people. The document discusses two classifications of political party systems: Sartori's classification categorizes systems as competitive vs. non-competitive, and Duverger's classification focuses on the number of relevant parties.
This document discusses interest groups and lobbyists in Texas. It begins by stating that limits cannot be placed on the money companies and groups spend on lobbying because this money comes from voluntary donations, not taxes or the government. It then explains that lobbyists seek face time with legislators to influence them, and that some individuals join interest groups to play a larger role in the political process beyond just voting. The document also touches on how interest groups bring issues to the attention of legislators and apply pressure to advance their views.
F:\Teaching\Government & Politics\As G&P Notebook Lessons\Unit 1 Re...abbeyfieldpolitics
This document provides revision notes on political participation. It defines key terms like power, authority, and legitimacy. It discusses different models of representation like Burke's model, social representation, and delegation. It also covers types of democracy, criticisms of democracy, and differences between elections and referendums. Examples of recent important referendums are given along with advantages and disadvantages of both referendums and direct and representative democracy.
Ähnlich wie Americanpoliticalsystemppt 110919181530-phpapp01 (20)
The French Revolution (part 1) and the Rise of NapoleonWayne Williams
The French Revolution began due to financial crisis and tensions between the three estates of French society. The Third Estate demanded fair representation and more rights, leading to the formation of the National Assembly and the storming of the Bastille. This marked the collapse of the absolute monarchy and the beginning of the French Revolution. Key events included the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, reforms of the church and government, and the establishment of a new constitution creating a constitutional monarchy. However, tensions and war with other European nations continued.
Info graphic great depression poster assignmentWayne Williams
Poster Assignment- "The Great Depression: Laissez Fair or Mixed Economy? What were the causes and effects of the Great Depression. Was John Maynard Keynes correct...can federal government intervention programs help or hurt an economy that is mired in a Great Depression?
1. The document summarizes the events leading up to the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States, including British interference with American shipping and impressment of American sailors during the Napoleonic Wars.
2. It discusses the Chesapeake-Leopard affair of 1807 where a British ship fired upon an American vessel, killing three and wounding 18. In response, Jefferson forbade British ships from American ports and called up militias.
3. Economic sanctions like the Embargo Act of 1807 and Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 hurt New England but also laid the groundwork for later American industrialization, contrary to Jefferson's views.
Great article that examines the lessons that students of military history can study to learn how lessons learned from America's Indian Wars still applies to military studies today.
A study of the people and events in early American history, leading up to the American Revolution. Students will gain insight into the character of George Washington and his military background.
This document contains a rubric for grading a 3-D cell model project. Students will start with 100 points and lose points for missing or incorrectly labeling organelles, having inaccurate organelle appearances or functions, a sloppy project, submitting it late, or not making the plant or animal cell the proper shape. The rubric lists specific organelles and criteria for deductions, with the maximum point deduction of 20 for not making the project three-dimensional. The teacher emphasizes taking the project seriously to help students understand cells and improve their grade.
This document outlines lesson plans for teaching 8th grade students about simple machines over the course of a week. The lessons cover pulleys, wheels and axles, and compound machines. Students will learn how to calculate mechanical advantage, describe how each machine works, and combine simple machines into compound machines. Assessment includes worksheets, quizzes, and activities to reinforce understanding of how simple and compound machines make work easier to do.
The document discusses mechanical advantages of simple machines. It describes how inclined planes, wedges, and screws work as inclined planes to reduce the needed input force. The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is calculated by dividing the length by the height. Levers are classified based on the location of the fulcrum relative to the input and output forces. First, second, and third class levers are distinguished. Examples of levers in the human body like the head, legs, and arms are provided and their classifications explained.
This document provides materials for an 8th grade science lesson on machines. Over four days, students will learn about how machines make work easier by changing factors like force, distance, and direction of force. They will explain how machines provide mechanical advantage and calculate efficiency. Activities include watching videos, reading passages, answering questions, completing worksheets, and taking a quiz to assess understanding of measuring efficiency, mechanical advantage, and how machines reduce the amount of work required.
Nixon; Ending Vietnam, Detente and New FederalismWayne Williams
This document outlines a US History lesson plan on the Nixon administration's policies from 1970 to 1973. It discusses the Kent State shootings and resulting anti-war protests, Nixon's negotiations through Kissinger to end US involvement in Vietnam, the effects of the Vietnam War domestically and internationally, Nixon's détente policies to relax tensions with the Soviet Union and China, and his New Federalism program to devolve some federal powers to state and local governments under the Constitution. Students are instructed to answer questions on these topics for assessment.
The United States became involved in Vietnam in the 1950s to contain the spread of communism in Asia according to the domino theory. The US supported the French in their colonial war and later the South Vietnamese government against communist insurgents. Over time, US involvement escalated and led to widespread domestic protest as the war dragged on without clear success. Key events like the Tet Offensive turned public opinion against the war. The Vietnam War ended in 1975 with a communist victory in Vietnam after the US withdrew.
The assassination of President John F. Kennedy took place on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas. As his motorcade was passing through Dealey Plaza, shots rang out and Kennedy was fatally wounded. The Texas School Book Depository building nearby was secured by police and a sniper's nest was found that was later linked to Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald was arrested as the prime suspect but was then shot and killed by Jack Ruby before he could stand trial.
Article assignment; George Soros using American tax monies to overthrow forei...Wayne Williams
1. Judicial Watch, a conservative watchdog group, filed a lawsuit against the US Department of State and US Agency for International Development to investigate how American taxpayer funds were being used by George Soros' groups to influence politics in Macedonia.
2. The lawsuit alleges that USAID, working with elements from the Obama administration, funneled $5 million to Soros-backed groups in Macedonia through Soros' Open Society Foundation, and planned to disburse another $9.5 million, in order to undermine the institutions and policies of Macedonia's conservative government.
3. Senators and Representatives have called for an investigation and audit into whether the US is interfering in Macedonia's domestic politics in violation of
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. Understanding American Politics
– Politics refers to the process of making collective
decisions to allocate public resources and to create
and enforce rules for the operation of society.
– Institutions are codified constraints on behavior.
The term institution can refer to several things,
including organizations as large as a branch of the
government and systems as specific as rules for
conducting debates in Congress.
– The American political system is complex, in part due to
its federal nature and in part due to the wide array of
branches at each level of government and the many
organizations, businesses, and movements that seek to
shape politics.
3. Objective: Students
will…
• Consider the Electoral
College…
• Over 50% majority wins all
electoral votes, whilst less
than the majority total
votes from a state are
discarded.
• Had the institution for
choosing the president
been different, candidates
winning the popular vote
would win the presidency.
Explore examples
of political
outcomes that are
profoundly shaped
by the institutions
of government.
5. • Collective Dilemmas and the Need for Government
– A collective dilemma is a situation in which there is a
conflict between group goals and self-interest.
– Thomas Hobbes argued that concentrating power in a
sovereign with final authority would prevent society from
becoming a "war of all against all."
– Governments exist to solve the fundamental problem
that Hobbes articulated, as well as other collective
dilemmas that society faces.
7. Types of Collective
Dilemmas
A prisoner’s dilemma is an
interaction between two
individuals in which
neither actor has an
incentive to cooperate,
even though both would
be better off if they
cooperated.
The collective-action
problem can be thought of
as a multi-person version
of the prisoner’s dilemma
9. A problem of unstable coalitions is one in which three
or more people must make a collective choice, but
any voting coalition for an alternative could be divided by
another proposal. One solution to this problem is
choosing an agenda setter who limits the alternatives
available to the group
10. • Principal-Agent Problems
– A principal-agent problem is any situation in which one person
(a principal) hires another (an agent) to do a job on the
principal’s behalf. The agent, however, may have incentives to
deceive the principal for personal gain.
– In government, the bureaucracy is often thought of as an agent
that implements policy on behalf of Congress and the president,
who are principals. A bureaucrat, is an un-elected agent.
11. • Designing Institutions
– Governments address collective dilemmas and principal-agent
problems by establishing institutions.
– The programs and decisions created by government are
called public policies.
– How institutions are designed early on can shape the kinds
of public policies that are created later on. This process is
called path dependence.
12. Types of Government Institutions
Political Systems-
Authoritarianism, dictatorship,
monarchy, oligarchy, and one-
party states.
–Democracy refers to rule by
the people. A true Republic, is
constitutionally based and
represented by those elected
by the people who legislate to
ideally protect political and
civil liberties; two common
criteria for evaluating how
democratic a nation is.
13. Types of Government Institutions
• Authoritarianism-
Govts do not represent
the people, nor do they
have a voice in their
government.
• Dictatorship- An
authoritarian political
system in which one
individual reigns with
sovereign power.
• Monarchies-King or
queen rules on the
most critical matters.
There is no competition
for his or her position.
• Oligarchies- Power
resides with a small
group, often shared
with a parliament or
monarch.
• One Party States-
another form of
monarchy.
14. Solving Collective Dilemmas using Federalism
Solving dilemmas in a Republic
• 1. The figure shows three
arrows coming from the
problem and pointing to
Institutions [A], [B], and [C],
respectively. Why is there
more than one institution
that the public can choose
to solve its collective
dilemma? Explain.
16. The Federalism Approach to Collective-Action
Problem Solving (pg. 23)• State Power
• Leaders of small states
argued in the Constitutional
Convention, 1787 for the
need of 2 Senators for each
state.
• Designing this institution
helps protect against
benefitting larger states at
the expense of smaller
states.
• Leaders of large states
wanted Congressional
representation based on
population (Path
Dependence until ‘60s.)
• Federal Power
• Baker v. Carr, 1962
• Wesberry v. Sanders
‘64
• Together, these
decisions mandated
that all districts within a
state (House and state-
level house and senate)
had to be roughly equal
in size.
• Prior to this, rural areas
17. • Analyzing Politics and Government
– In the context of this chapter, the 2009 stimulus
debate in the federal government can be
understood through two collective-action
problems: one among the public, which dislikes
taxes but likes government programs, and another
among politicians, who do not want to oppose a
popular program for electoral reasons but may
oppose it for the sake of a balanced budget.
– The story also illustrates that,
while institutions are designed to solve collective
dilemmas, some dilemmas will be solved while
others will persist.
19. THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM
PARTICIPANTS
Individuals
Groups
Organizations
INPUT
LINKAGE INSTITUTIONS
Voting
Political Parties
Interest Groups
Media
POLICY AGENDA
GOVERNMENT
Congress- statutes
President- orders/decisions
Courts- opinions
Bureaucracy- rules and regulations
POLICY IMPACT
OUTPUT
20. WHAT DOES THIS MODEL
SAY ABOUT PARTICIPATION
IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS?
23. HOW
Methods
WHO
Participants
INDIVIDUALS
• Candidates
• Officeholders
• Supporters
• Voters
GROUPS (DEMOGRAPHICS)
• Affluent/Poor
• Whites/Blacks/Hispanics/Asian
• Elderly/Young
• Working Class/Labor/Business Blue
Collar/White Collar
• Men/Women
• Farmers/Bankers/Real Estate
Construction/Sales
• Catholics/Protestants/Jews
• Northerners/Southerners
• Liberals/Conservatives
ORGANIZATIONS (FACTIONS)
• AFL-CIO
• AARP
• ACLU
• NRA
• DNC
Gets WHAT
Values
BROADLY: ADVANTAGES FOR
ONESELF OR FOR ONE’S GROUP
AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER
INDIVIDUALS AND/OR GROUPS
(WINNERS & LOSERS)
• Deference
• Prestige
• Recognition
• Influence
• Access
• Jobs
• Contracts
• Public Policy
• Justice
• Status Quo
WHEN
Immediately
Later
And
• Platforms
• Campaigns
• Speeches
• Rallies
• Public relations
• Media exposure
• Registration
• Voting
• Campaign Finance
• Lobbying
• Grass Roots Politics
• Coalition Building
• Compromise
• Logrolling
• Intimidation
• Rewards
• Sanctions
• Bribery
• Violence
• Expanding the conflict
24. Agenda factors
Scope of conflict
Other competing
conflicts
Influence and intensity of
competing groups
Range of government
power and resources
Conflict among private groups
1Losers seek to expand the
struggle to attract
reinforcements
The issue gains visibility
through the media
2New forces are mobilized,
including candidates, parties,
and interest groups
New balance of power created
leading to renewed conflict
4
Policy impact on groups and the
public
The issue reaches the agenda of
government
3The government maintains the
status quo- or enacts new
programs
35. What Exactly Are We Guaranteed?
• 7 Principles of the
Constitution
• Popular sovereignty
• Limited government
• Separation of powers
• Checks and balances
• Judicial review
• Federalism
• Republicanism
36. Do we have a right to Limited
Government?
• The idea of Popular
Sovereignty (rule by the
people) is associated with
the idea of republicanism
and social contract
philosophers such as
Thomas Hobbes, John
Locke, and Jean-Jacques
Rousseau.
37. Why is Limited Government
Important?
• Limited government is a
common practice through
Western Culture, but it also
has roots in Hebraic Law.
Another non-Western
example of Limited
Government was the
Magna Carta, which
restricted the King's power
to be above the law.
38. How is Limited Government
related to Federalism?
• http://
study.com/academy/lesson/constitutional-provisions-for-limited-govern
40. Marbury vs. Madison
Judicial Review
• An important part of Checks
and Balances, allowing the
Judicial branch to check the
power of both the
Legislative and Executive
branches for potential
unconstitutionalities.
Established after the
Marbury vs. Madison ruling.
•
Writ of Habeas Corpus
The means if you are arrested have
the right to a written statement
showing what crimes you are
charged with before you are
imprisoned before trial.
41. Republicanism
• "The United States shall
guarantee to every State in
this Union a Republican
Form of Government,..."
(Article IV Section 4).
• People have the power in
government .
• Republicanism uses elected
Representatives, who
represent the people in the
House of Representatives
and the Senate.
42. Political Terms to Know
optimal outcome equilibrium
a set action with the
characteristic that no player
wish to change their
behavior given the behavior
of the other players in the
model
if no other outcome exists that
makes some actors better off
without making anyone worse
suboptimal outcome
if another outcome exists that makes
some actors better off while making the
other actors worse off
43. Free Rider problem
Individuals have
incentive not to
contribute to a collective
effort yet enjoy the fruits
of everyone else's
contribution
44. Tragedy of the Commons
• an economic problem in
which every individual tries
to reap the greatest benefit
from a given resource. As
the demand for the
resource overwhelms the
supply, every individual
who consumes an
additional unit directly
harms others who can no
longer enjoy the benefits
45. Whom has Power of the Purse?
• Article I, Section 9,
Clause 7 (the
Appropriations
Clause)
• Article I, Section 8,
Clause 1 (the Taxing
and Spending
Clause).
55. Nash Equilibrium
If both players have
dominant strategies,
then it's easy to
determine a game's
outcome; both are
56.
57.
58. POWER: A Hard or soft option?
HARD POWER- Coercion SOFT POWER-Diplomacy
59.
60.
61. Confederation
There is a national
gov. but most
decisions made at
state level; lower-
level gov. has
primary authority.
Example: Canada
is proclaimed to be
a confederation in
1867, by an act of
British Parliament.
76. President Lyndon Johnson’s 1964 “War on Poverty” and Cloward-Piven’s
1966 political strategy, the
total recipients on welfare rocketed from 4.3 million to 10.8 million from 1965 through 1
.
Today, roughly $1 trillion annually is given to more than 107 million
Americans who receive some type of government benefits – not including
Social Security, Medicare or unemployment.
In 2007, there were 26 million recipients alone of food stamps before Obama
took office. There are now a record 47 million and climbing. And that doesn’t
include the expansion of other entitlements (like Obamacare)
In 2012, Forbes already summarized Obama’s “success” of skyrocketing the
welfare society:
•An increase of 18 million people, to 46 million Americans now receiving food
stamps;
•A 122 percent increase in food-stamp spending to an estimated $89 billion
this year from $40 billion in 2008;
•An increase of 3.6 million people receiving Social Security disability
payments;
•A 10 million person increase in the number of individuals receiving welfare, to
107 million, or more than one-third of the U.S. population;
• A 34 percent, $683 billion reduction in the adjusted gross income of the top
77.
78.
79.
80. Obamacare, will result in government expansion and expenditures by
2022 to the tune of:
•Federal expenditures on Obamacare will total $2.3 trillion, a $1.4 trillion
increase from the program’s initial estimates;
•The combination of budget cuts and sequestration will reduce defense
spending by $1 trillion, while total government spending will increase by
$1.1 trillion;
•Taxes will be increased by $1.8 trillion;
•Yet, the national debt will increase by another $11 trillion.
The Heritage Foundation summarized well: “In 1964, programs for the
poor consumed 1.2 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP).
Today, spending on welfare programs is 13 times greater than it was in
1964 and consumes over 5 percent of GDP. Spending per poor person in
2008 amounted to around $16,800 in programmatic benefits.”
In the next 10 years, America will spend another $10.3 trillion on
programs for the poor.
81. The Heritage Foundation summarized it
: “In 1964, programs for the poor
consumed 1.2 percent of the U.S. gross
domestic product (GDP). Today,
spending on welfare programs is 13
times greater than it was in 1964 and
consumes over 5 percent of GDP.
Spending per poor person in 2008
amounted to around $16,800 in
programmatic benefits.”
In the next 10 years, America will spend
another $10.3 trillion on programs for the poor.
82.
83. Estimated number of victims[edit]
Stéphane Courtois states that "Communist regimes... turned mass crime into a full-
blown system of government."[4]:2
According to Courtois, the death toll amounts to 94
million.[4]:4
The breakdown of the number of deaths given by Courtois is as follows:
•65 million in the People's Republic of China
•20 million in the Soviet Union
•2 million in Cambodia
•2 million in North Korea
•1.7 million in Ethiopia
•1.5 million in Afghanistan
•1 million in the Eastern Bloc
•1 million in Vietnam
•150,000 in Latin America
•10,000 deaths "resulting from actions of the international Communist
movement and Communist parties not in power."[4]:4
Courtois writes that Communist regimes are responsible for a greater
number of deaths than any other political ideal or movement,
including Nazism. The statistics of victims include deaths through
executions, man-made hunger, deportations, and forced labor.
84. Block Grants
State or local
gov. receives a
specific amount
of money to
spend for some
purpose
100. Poster Project
Assignment
Create a visual info-
graphic poster,
showing causes and
effects of the ideas of
enlightenment
philosophers and the
flow of ideas that
contributed to ideas
and actions of our
Founding Fathers at
the start of the
American Republic.