It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
This document provides information about substations, including:
1. Substations are facilities used to change characteristics of electric power supply like voltage, frequency, or converting AC to DC. They are located between generation/transmission and distribution.
2. Substations are classified by their function (transformer, switching, power factor correction etc.) and construction (indoor, outdoor, underground etc.).
3. Key equipment in substations includes transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, insulators, and protection devices. Instrument transformers like PTs and CTs are also used.
4. Distribution systems distribute power from substations to consumers using feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems are classified by supply type
1.7 transmission and distribution system of electrical energyW3Edify
The document discusses electrical power transmission and distribution systems. It describes distribution systems as existing between substations fed by transmission systems and consumer meters. Distribution lines generally consist of feeders, distributors, and service mains. Feeders connect substations to areas where power is distributed, while distributors branch off to consumers with tapings. Service mains connect distributors to consumer meters. Distribution systems can be classified based on factors like voltage level, construction type, and connection scheme.
The document discusses the distribution system which distributes electric power from substations to consumers. It has three main components: feeders which connect substations to distribution areas, distributors which supply power to consumers with tappings, and service mains which connect distributors to consumer terminals. Distribution systems can be AC or DC, overhead or underground, and configured radially, in a ring main, or interconnected for reliability. Design considerations for feeders include current capacity, conductor type, distance from substation, and cost.
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It describes how power is generated at high voltages, stepped up further for transmission over long distances via transmission lines, then stepped down via substations for distribution to consumers. Key components of the distribution system include feeders that distribute power from substations, distributors that feed consumers, and service mains that connect distributors to meters. Distribution can be overhead, underground, radial, ring-based, or interconnected. Substations transform voltages and may be transmission, distribution, or switching types.
This case study describes the key components of an electric transmission substation. It discusses transformers that change voltage levels, conductors that transmit electricity, insulators that prevent arcing, isolators for safety during maintenance, busbars for distributing power, lightning arresters for overvoltage protection, and circuit breakers for interrupting faults. The document provides details on the working principles and applications of these various substation equipment.
The document discusses the key elements of a power system, including generation, transmission, distribution, and load. It describes the different types of power generation such as fossil, hydro, and nuclear. It then explains the transmission system, how power is transmitted through overhead lines or underground cables. Finally, it discusses power distribution to load through lower voltage networks.
Transmission & distribution of electrical powerpriyanka1432
This document provides an overview of the course "Transmission & Distribution of Electrical Power" which is divided into 8 modules. Module I introduces basics of power transmission including the necessity of transmitting electricity over long distances at high voltages to reduce losses. It also covers classifications of different transmission systems. Subsequent modules cover components of transmission lines such as conductors, insulators, and their characteristics as well as transmission line parameters and performance. Later modules address extra high voltage transmission, distribution system components, underground cables, and substations.
This document summarizes types of lightning arresters, their classification, identification, standard ratings, and service conditions. There are three main types of arresters: expulsion, valve, and gapless metal-oxide. Arresters are classified into four classes based on their nominal discharge current and use: station, intermediate, distribution, and secondary. Arresters must be properly identified and can operate under normal conditions of temperature, radiation, altitude, and frequency, but may require special consideration under abnormal conditions.
This document provides information about substations, including:
1. Substations are facilities used to change characteristics of electric power supply like voltage, frequency, or converting AC to DC. They are located between generation/transmission and distribution.
2. Substations are classified by their function (transformer, switching, power factor correction etc.) and construction (indoor, outdoor, underground etc.).
3. Key equipment in substations includes transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, insulators, and protection devices. Instrument transformers like PTs and CTs are also used.
4. Distribution systems distribute power from substations to consumers using feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems are classified by supply type
1.7 transmission and distribution system of electrical energyW3Edify
The document discusses electrical power transmission and distribution systems. It describes distribution systems as existing between substations fed by transmission systems and consumer meters. Distribution lines generally consist of feeders, distributors, and service mains. Feeders connect substations to areas where power is distributed, while distributors branch off to consumers with tapings. Service mains connect distributors to consumer meters. Distribution systems can be classified based on factors like voltage level, construction type, and connection scheme.
The document discusses the distribution system which distributes electric power from substations to consumers. It has three main components: feeders which connect substations to distribution areas, distributors which supply power to consumers with tappings, and service mains which connect distributors to consumer terminals. Distribution systems can be AC or DC, overhead or underground, and configured radially, in a ring main, or interconnected for reliability. Design considerations for feeders include current capacity, conductor type, distance from substation, and cost.
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It describes how power is generated at high voltages, stepped up further for transmission over long distances via transmission lines, then stepped down via substations for distribution to consumers. Key components of the distribution system include feeders that distribute power from substations, distributors that feed consumers, and service mains that connect distributors to meters. Distribution can be overhead, underground, radial, ring-based, or interconnected. Substations transform voltages and may be transmission, distribution, or switching types.
This case study describes the key components of an electric transmission substation. It discusses transformers that change voltage levels, conductors that transmit electricity, insulators that prevent arcing, isolators for safety during maintenance, busbars for distributing power, lightning arresters for overvoltage protection, and circuit breakers for interrupting faults. The document provides details on the working principles and applications of these various substation equipment.
The document discusses the key elements of a power system, including generation, transmission, distribution, and load. It describes the different types of power generation such as fossil, hydro, and nuclear. It then explains the transmission system, how power is transmitted through overhead lines or underground cables. Finally, it discusses power distribution to load through lower voltage networks.
Transmission & distribution of electrical powerpriyanka1432
This document provides an overview of the course "Transmission & Distribution of Electrical Power" which is divided into 8 modules. Module I introduces basics of power transmission including the necessity of transmitting electricity over long distances at high voltages to reduce losses. It also covers classifications of different transmission systems. Subsequent modules cover components of transmission lines such as conductors, insulators, and their characteristics as well as transmission line parameters and performance. Later modules address extra high voltage transmission, distribution system components, underground cables, and substations.
This document summarizes types of lightning arresters, their classification, identification, standard ratings, and service conditions. There are three main types of arresters: expulsion, valve, and gapless metal-oxide. Arresters are classified into four classes based on their nominal discharge current and use: station, intermediate, distribution, and secondary. Arresters must be properly identified and can operate under normal conditions of temperature, radiation, altitude, and frequency, but may require special consideration under abnormal conditions.
The electric power system consists of generation, transmission, and distribution with the goal of supplying electric power to various loads. Generation facilities convert energy sources like coal, gas, and hydro into electrical energy. Transmission systems move power over long distances at high voltages via overhead lines or underground cables. Distribution systems then deliver power to customers through lower voltage infrastructure. The system aims to reliably meet the varying power demands of residential, commercial, and industrial consumers.
The document discusses distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electricity from substations to consumers. It then classifies distribution systems based on factors like voltage level (primary vs secondary), current type (AC vs DC), construction method (overhead vs underground), and connection scheme (radial vs loop). The key components of distribution lines are identified as feeders, distributors, and service mains. AC and DC distribution are further explained, including methods to obtain 3-wire DC systems. Various connection schemes like radial, loop and interconnected are also summarized along with their advantages and disadvantages.
COVERS THE LAYOUT AVAILABLE FOR ADOPTION WITH AN EYE ON EASY MAINTENANCE .The layouts were evolved by the author and his associate for use by power boards
Chapter 4 mechanical design of transmission linesfiraoltemesgen1
This chapter discusses the mechanical design of transmission lines. It covers various topics such as types of conductors, line supports, spacing between conductors, and sag-tension calculations. The key conductors mentioned are copper, aluminum, and steel. Wooden poles, steel tubular poles, reinforced concrete poles, and steel towers are described as the main types of line supports. The document also discusses the effects of wind and ice loading on transmission lines. Sag-tension calculations are explained using catenary curve equations.
The document discusses various components used in electrical substations. It describes key equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, busbars, instrument transformers, and protection devices. It also discusses the purpose of a substation to step up or down voltages for transmission or distribution and provide protection for the transmission system. The control room is mentioned as the place from where all substation equipment is monitored and controlled.
Design of a generating substation with the description of designing a transformer. Here we show some basic components of a substation. and we also show the parameters and calculation to design a transformer of a specific ratings.
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It defines primary and secondary distribution systems based on voltage level. Primary distribution exists between distribution substations and transformers, while secondary distribution receives power from transformer secondaries and supplies various loads. The document also describes radial and ring main distribution network configurations and their relative advantages. Requirements for good distribution systems like continuity of supply and limited voltage variation are also outlined.
The document discusses the components and structure of an electric power system. It describes how power is generated at power stations and stepped up in voltage for transmission over long distances before being stepped down for distribution to consumers. The key components are generators, transformers, transmission lines, control equipment, and distribution systems. Power flows from generation through transmission and distribution before reaching ultimate consumers.
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
1. The document provides an overview of a training module on overhead line work. It covers power system structure, design principles of distribution lines, and installing/maintaining electrical equipment.
2. The objectives are to address distribution line problems, energize 33kV lines, develop awareness of installing/maintaining 33kV lines, and discuss insulation and equipment selection.
3. The target group are trainees in categories S1-S4 and W3-W6.
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Protection Devices and the Lightning,. protection,
Lightning protection, Introduction
Air Break Switches
Disconnect switches
Grounding switches
Current limiting reactors
Grounding transformers
Co-ordination of protective devices
Grounding of electrical installations
Electric shock
Lightning protection
Lightning Arrestor
A substation is a high-voltage electric facility used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits in and out of a system. It also changes AC voltages and converts between AC and DC. Substations can be classified by their service, mounting, function, type of apparatus, and control. They include transformers, switches, circuit breakers, and other equipment to distribute power at appropriate voltages for transmission and utilization.
The document summarizes key aspects of transmission line design and components. It discusses the methodology for designing transmission lines, including gathering design data, selecting reliability levels, and calculating loads. It also covers the selection and design of various transmission line components such as conductors, insulators, towers, and grounding systems. Design considerations include voltage levels, safety clearances, mechanical requirements, and optimization of costs.
Representation of short & medium transmission linesvishalgohel12195
This document discusses the classification and modeling of overhead transmission lines. It notes that short transmission lines only consider resistance and inductance due to their lower voltages and distances. Medium and long transmission lines must account for capacitance effects. The document presents models for short lines using lumped resistance and inductance and models for medium lines using end condenser, nominal T, and nominal π methods which lump the distributed capacitance for simplified analysis. It also discusses voltage regulation and transmission efficiency calculations.
A switchyard contains only transmission equipment and operates at a single voltage level to deliver power from a generation plant directly to the transmission grid. A substation uses transformers to step-up or step-down voltage for efficient transmission over long distances and distribution to meet varying consumer needs, including homes, businesses, and industrial facilities like factories. Substations are placed at regular intervals along transmission lines based on the power requirements of downstream consumers. They provide voltage transformations and bypass capabilities to transmit electricity to multiple locations.
This document discusses transmission lines and overhead power lines. It describes different types of transmission lines like coaxial cable, microstrip, and twisted pair. It then covers overhead power lines, explaining that they transmit electricity over long distances using conductors like copper, steel, aluminum, and ACSR. The document also classifies overhead transmission lines by voltage and discusses conductor materials and their properties.
Extra high voltage long ac transmission linesShivagee Raj
From economical point of view designing of transmission line system is very important in the electricity supply system. Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines are best suited for transmission of bulk power.
This document discusses different types of AC power distribution systems. It begins by explaining that AC power is widely used for distribution due to transformers ability to change voltage levels. It then defines primary and secondary distribution systems. The document goes on to describe six different types of AC distribution systems based on phases and wires: single phase 2-wire, single phase 3-wire, two phase 3-wire, two phase 4-wire, three phase 3-wire, and three phase 4-wire. Diagrams and explanations are provided for each system. Distribution systems can also be classified by connection scheme as radial, ring main, or interconnected.
The document discusses the key elements of distribution systems including feeders, distributors, service mains, and classifications based on current, construction, and connection schemes. It describes the functions of distribution substations and provides examples of radial, ring main, and interconnected systems. The document also covers voltage drop considerations for feeders and distributors, as well as objectives of distribution automation including improved reliability, power quality, and deferred capital expenses.
The electric power system consists of generation, transmission, and distribution with the goal of supplying electric power to various loads. Generation facilities convert energy sources like coal, gas, and hydro into electrical energy. Transmission systems move power over long distances at high voltages via overhead lines or underground cables. Distribution systems then deliver power to customers through lower voltage infrastructure. The system aims to reliably meet the varying power demands of residential, commercial, and industrial consumers.
The document discusses distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electricity from substations to consumers. It then classifies distribution systems based on factors like voltage level (primary vs secondary), current type (AC vs DC), construction method (overhead vs underground), and connection scheme (radial vs loop). The key components of distribution lines are identified as feeders, distributors, and service mains. AC and DC distribution are further explained, including methods to obtain 3-wire DC systems. Various connection schemes like radial, loop and interconnected are also summarized along with their advantages and disadvantages.
COVERS THE LAYOUT AVAILABLE FOR ADOPTION WITH AN EYE ON EASY MAINTENANCE .The layouts were evolved by the author and his associate for use by power boards
Chapter 4 mechanical design of transmission linesfiraoltemesgen1
This chapter discusses the mechanical design of transmission lines. It covers various topics such as types of conductors, line supports, spacing between conductors, and sag-tension calculations. The key conductors mentioned are copper, aluminum, and steel. Wooden poles, steel tubular poles, reinforced concrete poles, and steel towers are described as the main types of line supports. The document also discusses the effects of wind and ice loading on transmission lines. Sag-tension calculations are explained using catenary curve equations.
The document discusses various components used in electrical substations. It describes key equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, busbars, instrument transformers, and protection devices. It also discusses the purpose of a substation to step up or down voltages for transmission or distribution and provide protection for the transmission system. The control room is mentioned as the place from where all substation equipment is monitored and controlled.
Design of a generating substation with the description of designing a transformer. Here we show some basic components of a substation. and we also show the parameters and calculation to design a transformer of a specific ratings.
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It defines primary and secondary distribution systems based on voltage level. Primary distribution exists between distribution substations and transformers, while secondary distribution receives power from transformer secondaries and supplies various loads. The document also describes radial and ring main distribution network configurations and their relative advantages. Requirements for good distribution systems like continuity of supply and limited voltage variation are also outlined.
The document discusses the components and structure of an electric power system. It describes how power is generated at power stations and stepped up in voltage for transmission over long distances before being stepped down for distribution to consumers. The key components are generators, transformers, transmission lines, control equipment, and distribution systems. Power flows from generation through transmission and distribution before reaching ultimate consumers.
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
1. The document provides an overview of a training module on overhead line work. It covers power system structure, design principles of distribution lines, and installing/maintaining electrical equipment.
2. The objectives are to address distribution line problems, energize 33kV lines, develop awareness of installing/maintaining 33kV lines, and discuss insulation and equipment selection.
3. The target group are trainees in categories S1-S4 and W3-W6.
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Protection Devices and the Lightning,. protection,
Lightning protection, Introduction
Air Break Switches
Disconnect switches
Grounding switches
Current limiting reactors
Grounding transformers
Co-ordination of protective devices
Grounding of electrical installations
Electric shock
Lightning protection
Lightning Arrestor
A substation is a high-voltage electric facility used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits in and out of a system. It also changes AC voltages and converts between AC and DC. Substations can be classified by their service, mounting, function, type of apparatus, and control. They include transformers, switches, circuit breakers, and other equipment to distribute power at appropriate voltages for transmission and utilization.
The document summarizes key aspects of transmission line design and components. It discusses the methodology for designing transmission lines, including gathering design data, selecting reliability levels, and calculating loads. It also covers the selection and design of various transmission line components such as conductors, insulators, towers, and grounding systems. Design considerations include voltage levels, safety clearances, mechanical requirements, and optimization of costs.
Representation of short & medium transmission linesvishalgohel12195
This document discusses the classification and modeling of overhead transmission lines. It notes that short transmission lines only consider resistance and inductance due to their lower voltages and distances. Medium and long transmission lines must account for capacitance effects. The document presents models for short lines using lumped resistance and inductance and models for medium lines using end condenser, nominal T, and nominal π methods which lump the distributed capacitance for simplified analysis. It also discusses voltage regulation and transmission efficiency calculations.
A switchyard contains only transmission equipment and operates at a single voltage level to deliver power from a generation plant directly to the transmission grid. A substation uses transformers to step-up or step-down voltage for efficient transmission over long distances and distribution to meet varying consumer needs, including homes, businesses, and industrial facilities like factories. Substations are placed at regular intervals along transmission lines based on the power requirements of downstream consumers. They provide voltage transformations and bypass capabilities to transmit electricity to multiple locations.
This document discusses transmission lines and overhead power lines. It describes different types of transmission lines like coaxial cable, microstrip, and twisted pair. It then covers overhead power lines, explaining that they transmit electricity over long distances using conductors like copper, steel, aluminum, and ACSR. The document also classifies overhead transmission lines by voltage and discusses conductor materials and their properties.
Extra high voltage long ac transmission linesShivagee Raj
From economical point of view designing of transmission line system is very important in the electricity supply system. Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines are best suited for transmission of bulk power.
This document discusses different types of AC power distribution systems. It begins by explaining that AC power is widely used for distribution due to transformers ability to change voltage levels. It then defines primary and secondary distribution systems. The document goes on to describe six different types of AC distribution systems based on phases and wires: single phase 2-wire, single phase 3-wire, two phase 3-wire, two phase 4-wire, three phase 3-wire, and three phase 4-wire. Diagrams and explanations are provided for each system. Distribution systems can also be classified by connection scheme as radial, ring main, or interconnected.
The document discusses the key elements of distribution systems including feeders, distributors, service mains, and classifications based on current, construction, and connection schemes. It describes the functions of distribution substations and provides examples of radial, ring main, and interconnected systems. The document also covers voltage drop considerations for feeders and distributors, as well as objectives of distribution automation including improved reliability, power quality, and deferred capital expenses.
Module 05 - Distribution Systems Overview (1).pptxZahid Yousaf
This document provides an overview of power distribution systems. It discusses the key components of distribution systems including feeders, distributors, and service mains. It also describes different types of distribution systems such as AC vs DC systems, overhead vs underground construction, and radial vs ring main vs interconnected connection schemes. The document emphasizes that distribution systems aim to provide reliable and regulated electric power to consumers in a cost-effective manner.
The document describes the components and classification of power distribution systems. It discusses that distribution systems distribute electric power locally from substations to consumers. The key components are feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems can be classified by current type (AC or DC), construction (overhead or underground), and connection scheme (radial, ring main, or interconnected). AC distribution is now most common and uses primary and secondary systems with different voltages. Requirements of good distribution include low voltage fluctuations, reliable power availability, and stability.
The document discusses different types of distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electric power locally for consumer use. Distribution systems are classified based on the nature of current (AC vs DC), type of construction (overhead vs underground), and scheme of connection (radial, ring main, interconnected). Modern distribution is done using AC systems. Primary distribution operates at higher voltages like 11kV, while secondary distribution uses 400/230V. DC distribution is needed for some applications like battery charging and is done using 2-wire or 3-wire systems.
Introduction to electric power transmission and distributionABDULRAHMANALGHANIM
The document provides an overview of electric power transmission and distribution systems. It discusses how electric power is generated at power stations and stepped up to high voltages for transmission through networks of transmission lines. It then explains how power is stepped down at substations for distribution through primary and secondary distribution networks to reach customers. The key components and classifications of distribution systems are also outlined.
AC DC FINAL for energy and fire safety THelloYou12
1. A substation is a part of an electrical distribution system that transforms voltage from high to low, or vice versa, and allows for switching, monitoring and controlling of the electricity flow.
2. Substations receive electricity from power plants or transmission lines at high voltages, step it down using transformers for safe distribution, and send it out over transmission lines at lower voltages to homes and businesses.
3. They contain equipment like transformers, switches, circuit breakers and protective relays that allow technicians to isolate parts of the system for maintenance or in the event of a failure while continuing to power customers.
The document describes the electric power supply system from generation to distribution. Electric power is generated at power stations and transmitted through high voltage transmission lines over large distances before being distributed to consumers through lower voltage distribution lines. The key components of the system include generation stations, transmission lines, distribution systems, substations to step-up and step-down voltages, and overhead or underground lines.
The document describes the electric power supply system from generation to distribution. Electric power is generated at power stations and transmitted through high voltage transmission lines over large distances before being distributed to consumers through lower voltage distribution lines. The key components of the system include generation stations, transmission lines, distribution systems, substations to step-up and step-down voltages, and overhead or underground lines.
The document discusses electric power supply systems and transmission. It describes how electric power is generated at power stations, transmitted over long distances via transmission lines, and then distributed to consumers. There are three main components of an electric supply system: the power station, transmission lines, and the distribution network. Transmission is typically done using high voltages for efficiency and reduced line losses. While DC transmission has advantages, AC transmission is now universally used due to the ability to easily transform voltages using cost-effective transformers.
High voltage electricity refers to electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, high voltage refers to voltage above a certain threshold. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant special safety requirements and procedures.
Detail of the insulators (the vertical string of discs) and conductor vibration dampers (the weights attached directly to the cables) on a 275,000 volt suspension pylon near Thornbury, South Gloucestershire, England. In some countries, pylons for high and extra-high voltage are usually designed to carry two or more electric circuits. For double circuit lines in Germany, the “Danube” towers or more rarely, the “fir tree” towers, are usually used. If a line is constructed using pylons designed to carry several circuits, it is not necessary to install all the circuits at the time of construction. Medium voltage circuits are often erected on the same pylons as 110 kV lines. Paralleling circuits of 380 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV-lines on the same pylons is common. Sometimes, especially with 110 kV-circuits, a parallel circuit carries traction lines for railway electrification
Simulation of different power transmission systems and their capacity of redu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses the key elements of transmission systems including:
- Transmission lines carry bulk power over long distances at high voltages from generating stations to substations.
- Standard transmission voltages include primary (110kV-400kV) and secondary (66kV-33kV).
- Distribution then moves power from substations to consumers at lower voltages like primary (33kV-11kV) and secondary (400V/230V).
- Transmission can be overhead via towers and conductors or underground via insulated cables. High voltage direct current (HVDC) and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) are the main types of transmission.
That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as DISTRIBUTION.
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity. Electricity is carried from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 33 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment and household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through secondary distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric power. ... The majority of these systems rely upon three-phase AC power—the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world.
The document discusses the layout and components of AC power generation, transmission, and distribution systems. It begins with an overview of the general layout, which includes generation at central stations, high voltage transmission via overhead lines, step-down substations, secondary transmission via underground cables or overhead lines, and primary and secondary distribution at lower voltages. It then covers the different types of power systems and network configurations, as well as the various AC distribution systems including single and multi-phase wiring configurations. Finally, it discusses distribution components such as feeders, distributors, and service mains, and compares radial and ring-main distribution layouts.
The document summarizes key aspects of electric power distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electricity locally. Distribution lines consist of feeders, distributors, and service mains. Feeders connect substations to areas, distributors have tapings for transformers, and service mains connect distributors to consumers. Distribution can be overhead or underground, and systems include radial, ring, and interconnected configurations. Design considers factors like voltage regulation, reliability, and public safety.
This document discusses the key components and types of AC power transmission systems. It begins with an introduction that describes how electrical energy generated at power plants is transmitted through transmission lines to consumers. It then provides a single line diagram showing the steps of increasing voltage for transmission and decreasing it for distribution. The main types of transmission line systems are described as single phase, two phase, and three phase AC systems, as well as DC systems. Finally, the key elements of transmission lines are outlined, including conductors, transformers, insulators, support towers, and protective devices.
This document discusses distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electrical power locally for use. It then classifies distribution systems based on voltage levels, current type, construction type, service type, number of wires, and connection scheme. The key components of a distribution system - feeders, distributors, and service mains - are defined. Common voltage levels for primary and secondary distribution are provided. Considerations for designing feeders and distributors are also summarized.
- Any abnormal condition that causes excessive current flow through unintended paths in a power system is defined as a fault.
- Faults can be caused by insulation failures, lightning strikes, or accidental operations and must be safely disconnected to prevent equipment damage.
- Short circuit current calculations are required to select properly rated circuit breakers and relay settings for protection schemes.
- Faults are classified by nature, participating phases, and whether they are symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical faults can be analyzed using positive sequence networks while unsymmetrical faults require symmetrical component analysis.
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The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and Transmission
1. Generation Transmission and Distribution
AC Distribution System
Presented By:
Gowtham CR
PES1201801581
Submitting To :
Venu Gopal N
Department of EEE
5. In the beginning of electrical age, electricity was generated, transmitted and distributed
as direct current. The principal disadvantage of D.C. system was that voltage level
could not readily be changed, except by the use of rotating machinery, which in most
cases was tooexpensive.
With the development of transformer by George Westinghouse, A.C. system has
become so predominant as to make D.C. system practically extinct in most parts of
the world. The present day large power system has been possible only due to the
adoption of A.C. system.
6. Now-a-days, electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed in the
form of alternating current as an economical proposition. The electrical energy
produced at the power station is transmitted at very high voltages by 3- phase, 3-
wire system to step-down sub-stations for distribution.
The distribution system consists of two parts viz. primary distribution and
secondary distribution. The primary distribution circuit is 3-phase, 3-wire and
operates at voltages (33kV or 66kV or 11 kV) somewhat higher than general
utilization levels. It delivers power to the secondary distribution circuit through
distribution transformers.
7. • Continuity in the power supply must be ensured.
• Voltage must not vary more than the prescribed limits.(∓5%).
• Efficiency of line must be high as possible.
• Safefrom consumer point of view.
• Layout should not effect the appearance of locality.
• Line should not be overloaded.
9. Now-a-days electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form
of alternating current. One important reason for the widespread use of alternating
current in preference to direct current is the fact that alternating voltage can be
conveniently changed in magnitude by means of a transformer. Transformer has
made it possible to transmit A.C power at high voltage and utilize it at a safe
potential. High transmission and AC Distribution System voltages have greatly
reduced the current in the conductors and the resulting line losses.
There is no definite line between transmission and distribution according to voltage
or bulk capacity. However, in general, the AC Distribution System is the electrical
system between the step-down substation fed by the transmission system and the
consumers’ meters. The AC Distribution System is classified into
Primary distribution system and
Secondary distribution system
10. A.C. distribution calculations differ from those of DC distribution in the following
respects :
1. In case of DC system, the voltage drop is due to resistance alone. However, in AC
system, the voltage drops are due to the combined effects of resistance, inductance
and capacitance.
2. In a DC system, additions and subtractions of currents or voltages are done
arithmetically but in case of AC system, these operations are done vectorially.
3. In an AC system, power factor (P.F) has to be taken into account. Loads tapped off
form the distributor are generally at different power factors.
11. According to phases and wires involved, an AC distribution system can
be classified as
I. Single phase, 2-wire system
II. Single phase, 3-wire system
III. Two phase, 3-wire system
IV. Two phase, 4-wire system
V. Three phase, 3-wire system
VI. Three phase, 4-wire system
12. Single Phase, 2-Wire Distribution
This system may be used for very short distances. The following figure
shows a single phase two wire system with - fig (a) one of the two wires
earthed and fig. (b) mid-point of the phase winding is earthed.
13. This system is identical in principle with 3-wire dc distribution system. The
neutral wire is center-tapped from the secondary winding of the transformer and
earthed. This system is also called as split-phase electricity distribution system. It
is commonly used in North America for residential supply.
14. In this system, the neutral wire is taken from the junction of two phase windings
whose voltages are in quadrature with each other. The voltage between neutral wire
and either of the outer phase wires is V. Whereas, the voltage between outer phase
wires is √2V. As compared to a two-phase 4-wire system, this system suffers from
voltage imbalance due to unsymmetrical voltage in the neutral.
15. In this system, 4 wires are taken from two phase windings whose voltages are in
quadrature with each other. Mid-point of both phase windings are connected together.
If the voltage between the two wires of a same phase is V, then the voltage between
two wires of different phase would be 0.707V.
16. Three phase systems are very widely used for AC power distribution. The three
phases may be delta connected or star connected with star point usually grounded.
The voltage between two phases or lines for delta connection is V, where V is the
voltage across a phase winding. For star connection, the voltage between two
phases is √3V.
17. This system uses star connected phase windings and the fourth wire or neutral wire is
taken from the star point. If the voltage of each winding is V, then the line-to-line
voltage (line voltage) is √3V and the line-to-neutral voltage (phase voltage) is V. This
type of distribution system is widely used in India and many other countries. In these
countries, standard phase voltage is 230 volts and line voltage is √3x230 = 400 volts.
Single phase residential loads, single phase motors which run on 230 volts etc. are
connected between any one phase and the neutral. Three phase loads like three- phase
induction motors are put across all the three phases and the neutral.
18. Distribution system can be classified according to its connection scheme or
topology as follows –
I. Radial system
II. Ring main system
III. Interconnected system