This document presents a bibliometric analysis of ecotourism research related to protected areas over the past decade (2010-2020). It analyzed 37 relevant journal and conference publications to understand trends in annual publications, author affiliations, topics covered, and future research opportunities. The key findings were that the number of annual publications has declined slightly except in 2012, marketing is the most studied topic, and future research should explore opportunities around ecotourism and wellness in protected areas like Taman Negara National Park in Malaysia post-COVID-19.
Symbolic participation in community-based tourism in Kelimutu National Park, ...IOSRJBM
Community participation in tourism development has been received a lot of attention. A research with qualitative and quantitative combination has performed to describe the community participation in ecotourism development in Kelimutu National Park, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This research involves 362 respondent and 36 informants to describe the community participation in ecotourism program. This research shows that community participation was implemented in symbolic participation form. Community involvement practically only used as a conditions to get program approval. As a result, the majority of local community (48%) fell less involved in ecotourism development, especially in natural resources usage. Respondents has less concern to support attraction, accessibility and amenity preservation (49.2%) of tourism. It seems to be related to the respondent’s conditions, in which respondent state tourism in Kelimutu not contribute to the society prosperity. Since there are significant impacts of symbolic community participation, there are important to perform more strategy and approach to increase the participation level of the community in ecotourism program. The synergy among stakeholder to increase the community-based ecotourism with active community participation was needed.
This document contains an assignment for a research paper on the topic of eco-tourism as sustainable tourism. It includes a tabulation of 5 research papers on eco-tourism with details of the author, publisher, date, conclusions and remarks. It also lists keywords and research strategies identified from reviewing the papers. The keywords identified that will be used for the topic are: eco-tourism, tourism, sustainability, sustainable development, data collection, issues, Indian culture, travel and tourism, limitations of tourism, eco-rural tourism trends. The research strategies that will be most relevant are identified as historical research, logical argumentation, and case studies and combined studies.
Ecotourism can have both positive and negative socio-cultural, economic, and environmental impacts on destinations. Positively, it can increase financial opportunities for local communities, preserve natural habitats, and promote cultural pride and awareness of environmental issues. However, large tourist volumes can damage fragile ecosystems, introduce foreign values that weaken indigenous cultures, and increase costs of living in local communities. Proper management strategies are needed to maximize ecotourism's benefits while minimizing its risks and downsides.
Here is a summary of the positive and negative effects of ecotourism:
Positive Effects:
- Generates income and employment for local communities from tourism activities like guiding tours. This enhances economic development.
- Raises environmental awareness among both locals and tourists through interpretation and education. This fosters conservation values.
- Sustains local traditions and culture by showcasing them to visitors. This boosts cultural pride.
- Funds generated support conservation of natural areas that attract ecotourists. This aids protection of biodiversity.
Negative Effects:
- Overcrowding at popular ecotourism sites can degrade the environment through pollution, litter, and trampling of vegetation.
- Large visitor numbers may
This document discusses ecotourism and provides background information. Ecotourism involves visiting natural areas with low environmental impact as an alternative to mass tourism. It aims to educate travelers, fund conservation efforts, and benefit local economies and cultures. Responsible ecotourism programs minimize environmental impacts, promote sustainability, and create opportunities for local communities. The literature review examines what other scholars have researched regarding ecotourism's effects on organization performance.
I have done this CASE STUDY on Ecotourism policy of Uttar Pradesh as a part of my civic and social service Internship. My Focus area was culture and Tourism.
You guys can take this as a reference for your case study. I hope this will help you out. Thank you.
Like and share and pin if you need it.
Toward a framework for an undergraduate academic tourism curriculum in Indone...UniversitasGadjahMada
We analyse policy documents as well opinions of stakeholders contributing to the development of the undergraduate academic tourism curriculum, namely: The Government which develops the general framework for curriculum development in Indonesian universities; non-governmental tourism associations which assist universities with opinions and guidance; tourism academics who develop and implement the curriculum in the classroom; and tourism trade associations. Two issues characterize the development of the tourism curriculum namely: determining the appropriate balance between vocational and academic frameworks, and an aspiration to move from inter- to mono-disciplinary instruction.
Symbolic participation in community-based tourism in Kelimutu National Park, ...IOSRJBM
Community participation in tourism development has been received a lot of attention. A research with qualitative and quantitative combination has performed to describe the community participation in ecotourism development in Kelimutu National Park, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This research involves 362 respondent and 36 informants to describe the community participation in ecotourism program. This research shows that community participation was implemented in symbolic participation form. Community involvement practically only used as a conditions to get program approval. As a result, the majority of local community (48%) fell less involved in ecotourism development, especially in natural resources usage. Respondents has less concern to support attraction, accessibility and amenity preservation (49.2%) of tourism. It seems to be related to the respondent’s conditions, in which respondent state tourism in Kelimutu not contribute to the society prosperity. Since there are significant impacts of symbolic community participation, there are important to perform more strategy and approach to increase the participation level of the community in ecotourism program. The synergy among stakeholder to increase the community-based ecotourism with active community participation was needed.
This document contains an assignment for a research paper on the topic of eco-tourism as sustainable tourism. It includes a tabulation of 5 research papers on eco-tourism with details of the author, publisher, date, conclusions and remarks. It also lists keywords and research strategies identified from reviewing the papers. The keywords identified that will be used for the topic are: eco-tourism, tourism, sustainability, sustainable development, data collection, issues, Indian culture, travel and tourism, limitations of tourism, eco-rural tourism trends. The research strategies that will be most relevant are identified as historical research, logical argumentation, and case studies and combined studies.
Ecotourism can have both positive and negative socio-cultural, economic, and environmental impacts on destinations. Positively, it can increase financial opportunities for local communities, preserve natural habitats, and promote cultural pride and awareness of environmental issues. However, large tourist volumes can damage fragile ecosystems, introduce foreign values that weaken indigenous cultures, and increase costs of living in local communities. Proper management strategies are needed to maximize ecotourism's benefits while minimizing its risks and downsides.
Here is a summary of the positive and negative effects of ecotourism:
Positive Effects:
- Generates income and employment for local communities from tourism activities like guiding tours. This enhances economic development.
- Raises environmental awareness among both locals and tourists through interpretation and education. This fosters conservation values.
- Sustains local traditions and culture by showcasing them to visitors. This boosts cultural pride.
- Funds generated support conservation of natural areas that attract ecotourists. This aids protection of biodiversity.
Negative Effects:
- Overcrowding at popular ecotourism sites can degrade the environment through pollution, litter, and trampling of vegetation.
- Large visitor numbers may
This document discusses ecotourism and provides background information. Ecotourism involves visiting natural areas with low environmental impact as an alternative to mass tourism. It aims to educate travelers, fund conservation efforts, and benefit local economies and cultures. Responsible ecotourism programs minimize environmental impacts, promote sustainability, and create opportunities for local communities. The literature review examines what other scholars have researched regarding ecotourism's effects on organization performance.
I have done this CASE STUDY on Ecotourism policy of Uttar Pradesh as a part of my civic and social service Internship. My Focus area was culture and Tourism.
You guys can take this as a reference for your case study. I hope this will help you out. Thank you.
Like and share and pin if you need it.
Toward a framework for an undergraduate academic tourism curriculum in Indone...UniversitasGadjahMada
We analyse policy documents as well opinions of stakeholders contributing to the development of the undergraduate academic tourism curriculum, namely: The Government which develops the general framework for curriculum development in Indonesian universities; non-governmental tourism associations which assist universities with opinions and guidance; tourism academics who develop and implement the curriculum in the classroom; and tourism trade associations. Two issues characterize the development of the tourism curriculum namely: determining the appropriate balance between vocational and academic frameworks, and an aspiration to move from inter- to mono-disciplinary instruction.
Ecotourism practices in Rara National ParkUpadesh Kunwor
Rara National Park, 81º 59’54” to 82 º 8’27” E, 29º 26’28”to 29º 33’11”N, with elevations ranging from 2754 to 4097 m, was established on 1976 and its buffer zone was declared in 2006. The total area of the park is 106 Sq. Km and buffer zone covers the area of 198 Sq. Km. Major portion of the park lies in Mugu & Jumla district (Karnali Province, Nepal).
Rara Lake, which is the largest and deepest lake of Nepal is the major attraction of the park. The lake extend about 5 Km in length, 3 Km in breadth and is 167 m deep and the area is 10.65 Sq. Km. The Lake was listed as a Ramsar site in 2006.
This document is a literature review on sustainable agritourism that was presented to fulfill degree requirements. It explores integrating agritourism and its benefits into communities. Chapter 2 reviews literature on target markets for agritourism, established examples in Europe and Asia, benefits, pro-poor tourism, and establishing successful operations. A study examined why agritourism is underutilized in the US by surveying students' knowledge of local farms and environmental education. The review found that educating youth on sustainability and the environment can help integrate agritourism. While most students did not want to travel for organic products, they agreed on agritourism's social and economic benefits.
The Influence of Green Marketing and Service Quality on Loyalty through Inter...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Indonesia has hugepotential to developdivingindustry to increase the country'sincome. But
thisopportunityneeds to bemanagedproperly in order to carrying out the concept of green marketing for
increasedivingcostumer’sloyalty.Thepurpose of thisresearchis to analyze The Influence of Green Marketing and
Service Quality on LoyaltythroughIntervening Variable of Divers Satisfaction. Research Method usedis
descriptive analysiswithresearchdesignusedisexplanatory design. The researchobjectis 12 dive centers are spread
on three provinces, such as : DKI Jakarta, East Kalimantan, and north Sulawesi. Analysis unit are experienced
and certified divers with total 200 respondents. Eachsamplefrom dive center ischosenproportionally. Technic
Sampling isjudgment sampling. TechnicalAnalysisusedStructural Equation Modeling analysiswillbeused, such
as: Measurement Model, Correlation-Matrix, structural Model, hypothesis and intervening variable. The
toolanalysisused by SPSS and Lisrel.The researchresultdescribedthatpracticed of green marketing, service
quality, customersatisfy and loyalty of divers in Indonesia have positive resultalthoughthere are
stillindicatorsthat are low. Path Analysisisused to examines the direct or indirect effect of the Hypothesized
variables using satisfaction as variable intervening.
KEYWORDS : Green Marketing, Service Quality, Satisfaction, Loyalty, Intervening Variable. Dive Tourism,
Indonesia
Sustainable Development Strategies of Domestic and International Tourism in R...ijtsrd
This document discusses strategies for sustainable tourism development in Rwanda, focusing on both domestic and international tourism. It first provides definitions and background on sustainable tourism, outlining key principles like minimizing environmental impacts, conserving resources for future generations, and ensuring mutual benefits for visitors and local communities. The document then examines Rwanda's tourism potential and how tourism can contribute to its economic development goals. It argues sustainable tourism strategies are needed to properly develop Rwanda's tourism industry and ensure long-term benefits.
The document discusses a case study on the importance of public awareness in environmental protection in Paktika, Afghanistan. A survey of 71 students found that 59.2% saw public awareness as important for environmental protection, while 35.2% cited enforcement of environmental laws. Currently, lack of public awareness means pollutants are improperly disposed of, risking future disaster if not addressed. Raising public awareness through various means can encourage public participation in environmental activities critical to protecting the environment.
The paper considers the influence of economic development factors on the state of the environment. The subject of the
research is the processes of improving the sustainable development (SD). A theoretical model for analysis of environmental
and economic development was worked out based on the existing methods and a more comprehensive presentation of
information on the parameters of SD. Possibilities of achieving the Environmental Kuznets Curve as the conditions for the
SD improvement are determined. A minimum condition to guarantee the nonavailability of deterioration in the SD was
determined to overcome the point of maximum pollution. This point describes emissions of pollutants, taking into account
the accumulation effect of the pollution, which can be observed from the moment of exceeding of the assimilation potential
of the environment. Proposed approaches were applied to the development analysis relative to the environmental
component, the case of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Ukraine. Accordingly, Ukraine has a predominantly positive
trend towards the SD relative to the environmental component. This trend is partly supported by predominant decrease in
specific CO2 emissions per unit of output in the economy. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the
concentration of Ukraine's CO2 emissions in the atmosphere, despite the fact that the overall level of emissions has
decreased. Therefore, overcoming the tendency of increase in the concentration of pollution requires a significant increase
in the environmental effects of economic activities and the coordination of actions on the international level.
This document summarizes a research paper on how environmental factors impact tourism management and promotion of sustainable development. It discusses five key domains: 1) behavioral patterns related to nature-based tourism, 2) tourism investments and infrastructure development, 3) impacts of natural disasters and environmental degradation, 4) resource conservation and climate change, and 5) developing tourism-friendly urban planning models. The objective is to explore how consideration of environmental issues can help balance tourism demand and supply to achieve sustainable tourism development.
This document provides information about a call for chapters for an edited book on overtourism and education as a strategy for sustainable tourism futures. The book will take the perspective of investigating overtourism through the lens of tourism education, arguing that issues of sustainability faced by the tourism industry could be addressed through tourism education. The book will be structured in four parts: the nature of tourism; tourism education in an overtourism context; principles of responsible management education applied to tourism; and strategic and transformative approaches to tourism education. Authors are invited to submit chapters of 7,000-7,500 words by specified deadlines. The edited book is scheduled for publication with Taylor & Francis Group.
IRJET - Analysis for the Potential of Ecotourism in Bastar RegionIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the potential for ecotourism development in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India. It finds that Bastar has significant natural attractions like dense forests, waterfalls, caves, and national parks that could support an ecotourism industry. However, ecotourism development is currently limited by a lack of tourism infrastructure and promotion. The region also has cultural attractions like tribal communities and handicrafts. With proper planning and investment in infrastructure, the study concludes Bastar has strong potential to become an ecotourism destination that benefits local communities while preserving the natural environment.
This study compares tourism management in Bhutan and Peru by examining their approaches to tourism, current management practices, and level of host community involvement. The researcher conducted a literature review on tourism impacts and management strategies. They then used a guide to collect qualitative data on Bhutan and Peru from various tourism organization websites. The goal was to analyze the different approaches each country takes and how it impacts sustainability.
The Role of Education and Sustainable Tourism in Achieving Cost Effectiveness...YogeshIJTSRD
The article highlights the importance of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, their economic, social and environmental aspects, and analyzes their role in achieving economic efficiency. In addition, the level of study of sustainable tourism in terms of the area and their problems are illuminated. The most developed countries widely implement educational programs in the field of tourism. These programs cover virtually all levels from high school to university and virtually all prism sectors. The initial programs are focused on the hospitality sector, whose educational function is aimed at those who intend to work in the catering or leisure sector. In addition, the STEP and TEDQUAL training standards in the development of the Sustainable Tourism Program of the World Tourism Organization, which is being implemented within the framework of the UN program are extensively introduced. Its activities over the past decades and more have mainly been aimed at supporting the development of tourism education worldwide. This has been accomplished in a variety of ways. Sustainable tourism in Uzbekistan during the pandemic and its impact on economic efficiency and education and sustainable tourism has proven to be the best way out of this global epidemic without an economic crisis. Khayrullaeva Nilufarbeim Nematilloyevna | Kadirova Shafoat Khabibulloyevna | Aripova Makhliyo Salakhiddinovna | Latifova Mekhrigul Ergashovna "The Role of Education and Sustainable Tourism in Achieving Cost Effectiveness during a Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39823.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/tourism/39823/the-role-of-education-and-sustainable-tourism-in-achieving-cost-effectiveness-during-a-pandemic/khayrullaeva-nilufarbeim-nematilloyevna
Tourism Brand and Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development of Bongabon, N...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study identified problems encountered in tourism sustainability in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija. This covered the areas of economic, environmental and tourism managements aspects. Business’ years of operation and services offered in tourist spots were also identified in this study. This research study used a descriptive research design, and a structured interview is used as data collection tool. Participants of the study were 5 selected owners or member of association in different tourist spots in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija. Based on the research study, tourism management aspect has the highest percentage of problems encountered, this includes the factors of crowd management and LGU and owner’s participation; environmental aspect has the second highest percentage of problems encountered, this area includes nature deterioration and preservation, pollution, and construction of tourism facilities and infrastructure development; and economic aspect has the least percentage of problems encountered which includes the factors of livelihood, income and employment. Environmental Aspect is an element of an organization's activities, products or services that can interact with the environment. There are two types of environmental aspects: (i) Direct Environmental Aspect Activities over which a company can be expected to have an influence and control. For example, emissions from processes. (ii) Indirect Environmental Aspect Actual or Potential activities over which the organization can be expected to have an influence, but no control. The economic aspect refers to the importance of social responsibility, broad consideration of society and businesses, contribution to public interest, and corporate voluntary participation.
Exploring The Community Participation, Tourism Village, And Social-Economic T...inventionjournals
Pentingsari is one of tourist village destination areas because of the unique culture and beauty environment. This study aims to development the community participation in recent area of an effective tourism village that increases the economic growth, socio-cultural and environmental. The development of tourism in Indonesia is familiar with the trend of ecotourism as one approach to tourism development (Chang et al., 2012). This study uses a qualitative approach by adopting the interpretive paradigm. Result findings show empowerment of rural communities in Pentingsari village can maximize the utilization of potential of nature and environment, as well as to empower communities by maximizing the utilization of social culture, customs and historical heritage of rural communities by maximizing the potential of agriculture and plantation. Overall, government can improve the local economy, particularly encouraging for emergence of new entrepreneurs in this area, entrepreneur will boost the competitiveness of businesses in this village with an increase in entrepreneurial spirit by socio-economic and environmental impacts. Keywords: community participation, tourism village, socio-economic, and environment impact.
1. The document discusses tourism as a potential frontier for Nepal's experience economy. It argues that tourism could be a more feasible sector for Nepal to develop compared to industry or manufacturing, given its natural advantages and gifts in tourism.
2. It reviews the evolution of the experience economy concept and how tourism is a dominant frontier within the experience economy. Principles of appreciative inquiry, participatory planning and action, and sustainable tourism development are discussed as important approaches.
3. Tourism is described as offering memorable experiences and defying traditional commodity exchanges. Models are presented for how adventure tourism could spatially and economically integrate remote areas in Nepal into the global tourism economy.
New learning theory and its resultant impact on achieving economic objectivesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on using a new learning theory and organization development approach to improve the economic outcomes of local tourist guides in two nature reserves in India. The researcher developed a variable analysis model of OD where addressing problems in an employee's work environment through interventions like REL (the new learning theory) leads to behavioral changes in employees. When REL was applied to address quality problems faced by local tourist guides, it resulted in fewer tourist complaints and higher economic benefits for the guides. The study aimed to empirically prove the hypothesis that behavioral changes in guides are negatively correlated with problems in their work environment.
11.new learning theory and its resultant impact on achieving economic objectivesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested a new organizational development (OD) approach called retrospective experiential learning (REL) with local tourist guides in two nature reserves in India. [1] REL had the local guides reflect on past positive experiences with tourists to identify effective communication behaviors. [2] When REL was applied, tourist complaints fell below 1% and the guides' economic benefits increased significantly. [3] This supported the researcher's hypothesis that addressing issues for employees (guides) leads to improved performance (behavior modification), benefiting both employees and the organization.
Effect of Usage of Information Technology on Information Services in Rwanda T...ijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of usage of information technology on information services in Rwanda tourism sector. It was carried out in Volcanoes National Park as a case study, with the following objectives To determine the aspects of information technology infrastructure used in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda Development Board To assess the usage of information technology for information services in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda Development Board and to determine the effect of usage of information technology on information services in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda Development Board. The study design used was a descriptive case study. The target population was 19, 105 tourists and 180 employees of Volcanoes National Park, from which a sample size of 392 tourists and 122 employees were selected using Yamane’s formula. The sampling techniques used were simple random sampling and census respectively. Simple random sampling was used on tourists because they had the same level of information. For employees, census method was used to select Managers and ICT staff, whereas the rest of the employees were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data collection was done using questionnaires and interview guides. Collected data was analyzed using tables, weighted means, standard deviation and percentages, frequencies, and regression analysis. The data analysis tool that was used in this study was Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 19. The study found that, 100.00 of respondents indicated that the usage of cellular phones and the usage of RF tracking were two types of aspects technologies which are used very frequently.However, only 68.85 of respondents indicated thatcomputers network environment were very frequently used and 77.04 of respondents indicated GPS GIS technology as frequently used. Concerning the usage of information technology for information services, 100 of respondents indicated a very good use of information technology for online park booking, Online, customer care, Hotel Booking, Transport booking.Despite a very good use of IT in providing services in volcano National Park tourists indicated that Emergency services were moderate as indicate by 75.50 respondents. Meanwhile for health care services 43.60 of respondents indicated it as not effective.The study showed R equal to 0.737, this point out that there was a very strong positive multiple correlation between independent variables including usage of GPS GIS, usage of cellular phone GSM , usage of RF tracking devices, usage of VHF Radios, usage of internet websites, usage of computers and networks and the dependent variable information services . The study also revealed that R2= 0.543, which meant that 54.3 of total variation in y could be explained by linear relationship between x and y and the remaining total variation of 45.7 was unexplained. This correlation was generally described as acceptable one. The recommendations for Volcanoe
When tourism getting momentum globally, a concern irks locally is – is tourism really benefitting the common people in destinations? When ordinary people are forced to jeopardize their convenience for the pleasures of travelers and tour operators, a lion part of the income generated from tourism goes to minority business players. Even though these natural attractions are to be equally enjoyed by all, this paradox remain prevails. Here the novel concept Responsible Tourism (RT) tries to answer many of our apprehensions. This paper reiterates that RT initiative – a strategy to accomplish economic, social and environmental objectives simultaneously shall be the approach for destination management. The Sustainable Tourism Products (STP) and Community Based Tourism (CBT) products emerge as a new strategy for destination marketing, and this Cause Related Marketing (CRM) totally in line with pro-poor, inclusive, and sustainable development concepts creates a win-win situation among community, tourists and industry.
Keywords: Responsible Tourism, Community Based Tourism (CBT) Product, Sustainable Tourism Product (STP), Destination Management, Destination Marketing, and Cause Related Marketing (CRM)
Ethiopia is endowed with various cultural and natural attractions from the tops of the rugged Simien Mountains to the depths of the Danakil Depression. About 14% of the total land area of country is covered by officially defined protected areas and national parks for wildlife and forest. National parks play an integral role in the conservation and preservation of biodiversity and the provision of other benefits associated with the maintenance of ecological integrity currently the most crucial policy poser in Ethiopia is sustainability and conservation of environmental resources, for their economic valuation is an effective operational tool for designing policies in relation to their sustainable use. When a market for a certain good is suitably competitive, economic behavior can be studied all the way through the market-pricing instruments but in the case of natural resource and environmental goods and services, non-marketing approach like travel cost method and willingness to pay are particular methods of economic valuation of national parks. In Ethiopia 6.8% national GDP gain by tourism and consecutively Ecotourism is on the progresses of development for the nation. The core aim of this review to provides analytical opportunities from the perspectives of conserving national park and the development tourism industry and tourism entrepreneurship. Therefore, both government and non government organization of Ethiopia has recognized development and promotion of ecotourism and provided consultancy services for conserve and potentially developers of ecotourism sites. Increasing the awareness of local communities and around attraction area towards ecotourism or nature tourism is very important.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete a request form providing instructions, sources, and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
The document provides instructions for creating an account, submitting a request, and receiving writing assistance on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a request form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarism. The instructions aim to guide users through obtaining writing help on the site.
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Ecotourism practices in Rara National ParkUpadesh Kunwor
Rara National Park, 81º 59’54” to 82 º 8’27” E, 29º 26’28”to 29º 33’11”N, with elevations ranging from 2754 to 4097 m, was established on 1976 and its buffer zone was declared in 2006. The total area of the park is 106 Sq. Km and buffer zone covers the area of 198 Sq. Km. Major portion of the park lies in Mugu & Jumla district (Karnali Province, Nepal).
Rara Lake, which is the largest and deepest lake of Nepal is the major attraction of the park. The lake extend about 5 Km in length, 3 Km in breadth and is 167 m deep and the area is 10.65 Sq. Km. The Lake was listed as a Ramsar site in 2006.
This document is a literature review on sustainable agritourism that was presented to fulfill degree requirements. It explores integrating agritourism and its benefits into communities. Chapter 2 reviews literature on target markets for agritourism, established examples in Europe and Asia, benefits, pro-poor tourism, and establishing successful operations. A study examined why agritourism is underutilized in the US by surveying students' knowledge of local farms and environmental education. The review found that educating youth on sustainability and the environment can help integrate agritourism. While most students did not want to travel for organic products, they agreed on agritourism's social and economic benefits.
The Influence of Green Marketing and Service Quality on Loyalty through Inter...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Indonesia has hugepotential to developdivingindustry to increase the country'sincome. But
thisopportunityneeds to bemanagedproperly in order to carrying out the concept of green marketing for
increasedivingcostumer’sloyalty.Thepurpose of thisresearchis to analyze The Influence of Green Marketing and
Service Quality on LoyaltythroughIntervening Variable of Divers Satisfaction. Research Method usedis
descriptive analysiswithresearchdesignusedisexplanatory design. The researchobjectis 12 dive centers are spread
on three provinces, such as : DKI Jakarta, East Kalimantan, and north Sulawesi. Analysis unit are experienced
and certified divers with total 200 respondents. Eachsamplefrom dive center ischosenproportionally. Technic
Sampling isjudgment sampling. TechnicalAnalysisusedStructural Equation Modeling analysiswillbeused, such
as: Measurement Model, Correlation-Matrix, structural Model, hypothesis and intervening variable. The
toolanalysisused by SPSS and Lisrel.The researchresultdescribedthatpracticed of green marketing, service
quality, customersatisfy and loyalty of divers in Indonesia have positive resultalthoughthere are
stillindicatorsthat are low. Path Analysisisused to examines the direct or indirect effect of the Hypothesized
variables using satisfaction as variable intervening.
KEYWORDS : Green Marketing, Service Quality, Satisfaction, Loyalty, Intervening Variable. Dive Tourism,
Indonesia
Sustainable Development Strategies of Domestic and International Tourism in R...ijtsrd
This document discusses strategies for sustainable tourism development in Rwanda, focusing on both domestic and international tourism. It first provides definitions and background on sustainable tourism, outlining key principles like minimizing environmental impacts, conserving resources for future generations, and ensuring mutual benefits for visitors and local communities. The document then examines Rwanda's tourism potential and how tourism can contribute to its economic development goals. It argues sustainable tourism strategies are needed to properly develop Rwanda's tourism industry and ensure long-term benefits.
The document discusses a case study on the importance of public awareness in environmental protection in Paktika, Afghanistan. A survey of 71 students found that 59.2% saw public awareness as important for environmental protection, while 35.2% cited enforcement of environmental laws. Currently, lack of public awareness means pollutants are improperly disposed of, risking future disaster if not addressed. Raising public awareness through various means can encourage public participation in environmental activities critical to protecting the environment.
The paper considers the influence of economic development factors on the state of the environment. The subject of the
research is the processes of improving the sustainable development (SD). A theoretical model for analysis of environmental
and economic development was worked out based on the existing methods and a more comprehensive presentation of
information on the parameters of SD. Possibilities of achieving the Environmental Kuznets Curve as the conditions for the
SD improvement are determined. A minimum condition to guarantee the nonavailability of deterioration in the SD was
determined to overcome the point of maximum pollution. This point describes emissions of pollutants, taking into account
the accumulation effect of the pollution, which can be observed from the moment of exceeding of the assimilation potential
of the environment. Proposed approaches were applied to the development analysis relative to the environmental
component, the case of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Ukraine. Accordingly, Ukraine has a predominantly positive
trend towards the SD relative to the environmental component. This trend is partly supported by predominant decrease in
specific CO2 emissions per unit of output in the economy. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the
concentration of Ukraine's CO2 emissions in the atmosphere, despite the fact that the overall level of emissions has
decreased. Therefore, overcoming the tendency of increase in the concentration of pollution requires a significant increase
in the environmental effects of economic activities and the coordination of actions on the international level.
This document summarizes a research paper on how environmental factors impact tourism management and promotion of sustainable development. It discusses five key domains: 1) behavioral patterns related to nature-based tourism, 2) tourism investments and infrastructure development, 3) impacts of natural disasters and environmental degradation, 4) resource conservation and climate change, and 5) developing tourism-friendly urban planning models. The objective is to explore how consideration of environmental issues can help balance tourism demand and supply to achieve sustainable tourism development.
This document provides information about a call for chapters for an edited book on overtourism and education as a strategy for sustainable tourism futures. The book will take the perspective of investigating overtourism through the lens of tourism education, arguing that issues of sustainability faced by the tourism industry could be addressed through tourism education. The book will be structured in four parts: the nature of tourism; tourism education in an overtourism context; principles of responsible management education applied to tourism; and strategic and transformative approaches to tourism education. Authors are invited to submit chapters of 7,000-7,500 words by specified deadlines. The edited book is scheduled for publication with Taylor & Francis Group.
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The document analyzes the potential for ecotourism development in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India. It finds that Bastar has significant natural attractions like dense forests, waterfalls, caves, and national parks that could support an ecotourism industry. However, ecotourism development is currently limited by a lack of tourism infrastructure and promotion. The region also has cultural attractions like tribal communities and handicrafts. With proper planning and investment in infrastructure, the study concludes Bastar has strong potential to become an ecotourism destination that benefits local communities while preserving the natural environment.
This study compares tourism management in Bhutan and Peru by examining their approaches to tourism, current management practices, and level of host community involvement. The researcher conducted a literature review on tourism impacts and management strategies. They then used a guide to collect qualitative data on Bhutan and Peru from various tourism organization websites. The goal was to analyze the different approaches each country takes and how it impacts sustainability.
The Role of Education and Sustainable Tourism in Achieving Cost Effectiveness...YogeshIJTSRD
The article highlights the importance of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, their economic, social and environmental aspects, and analyzes their role in achieving economic efficiency. In addition, the level of study of sustainable tourism in terms of the area and their problems are illuminated. The most developed countries widely implement educational programs in the field of tourism. These programs cover virtually all levels from high school to university and virtually all prism sectors. The initial programs are focused on the hospitality sector, whose educational function is aimed at those who intend to work in the catering or leisure sector. In addition, the STEP and TEDQUAL training standards in the development of the Sustainable Tourism Program of the World Tourism Organization, which is being implemented within the framework of the UN program are extensively introduced. Its activities over the past decades and more have mainly been aimed at supporting the development of tourism education worldwide. This has been accomplished in a variety of ways. Sustainable tourism in Uzbekistan during the pandemic and its impact on economic efficiency and education and sustainable tourism has proven to be the best way out of this global epidemic without an economic crisis. Khayrullaeva Nilufarbeim Nematilloyevna | Kadirova Shafoat Khabibulloyevna | Aripova Makhliyo Salakhiddinovna | Latifova Mekhrigul Ergashovna "The Role of Education and Sustainable Tourism in Achieving Cost Effectiveness during a Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39823.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/tourism/39823/the-role-of-education-and-sustainable-tourism-in-achieving-cost-effectiveness-during-a-pandemic/khayrullaeva-nilufarbeim-nematilloyevna
Tourism Brand and Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development of Bongabon, N...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study identified problems encountered in tourism sustainability in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija. This covered the areas of economic, environmental and tourism managements aspects. Business’ years of operation and services offered in tourist spots were also identified in this study. This research study used a descriptive research design, and a structured interview is used as data collection tool. Participants of the study were 5 selected owners or member of association in different tourist spots in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija. Based on the research study, tourism management aspect has the highest percentage of problems encountered, this includes the factors of crowd management and LGU and owner’s participation; environmental aspect has the second highest percentage of problems encountered, this area includes nature deterioration and preservation, pollution, and construction of tourism facilities and infrastructure development; and economic aspect has the least percentage of problems encountered which includes the factors of livelihood, income and employment. Environmental Aspect is an element of an organization's activities, products or services that can interact with the environment. There are two types of environmental aspects: (i) Direct Environmental Aspect Activities over which a company can be expected to have an influence and control. For example, emissions from processes. (ii) Indirect Environmental Aspect Actual or Potential activities over which the organization can be expected to have an influence, but no control. The economic aspect refers to the importance of social responsibility, broad consideration of society and businesses, contribution to public interest, and corporate voluntary participation.
Exploring The Community Participation, Tourism Village, And Social-Economic T...inventionjournals
Pentingsari is one of tourist village destination areas because of the unique culture and beauty environment. This study aims to development the community participation in recent area of an effective tourism village that increases the economic growth, socio-cultural and environmental. The development of tourism in Indonesia is familiar with the trend of ecotourism as one approach to tourism development (Chang et al., 2012). This study uses a qualitative approach by adopting the interpretive paradigm. Result findings show empowerment of rural communities in Pentingsari village can maximize the utilization of potential of nature and environment, as well as to empower communities by maximizing the utilization of social culture, customs and historical heritage of rural communities by maximizing the potential of agriculture and plantation. Overall, government can improve the local economy, particularly encouraging for emergence of new entrepreneurs in this area, entrepreneur will boost the competitiveness of businesses in this village with an increase in entrepreneurial spirit by socio-economic and environmental impacts. Keywords: community participation, tourism village, socio-economic, and environment impact.
1. The document discusses tourism as a potential frontier for Nepal's experience economy. It argues that tourism could be a more feasible sector for Nepal to develop compared to industry or manufacturing, given its natural advantages and gifts in tourism.
2. It reviews the evolution of the experience economy concept and how tourism is a dominant frontier within the experience economy. Principles of appreciative inquiry, participatory planning and action, and sustainable tourism development are discussed as important approaches.
3. Tourism is described as offering memorable experiences and defying traditional commodity exchanges. Models are presented for how adventure tourism could spatially and economically integrate remote areas in Nepal into the global tourism economy.
New learning theory and its resultant impact on achieving economic objectivesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on using a new learning theory and organization development approach to improve the economic outcomes of local tourist guides in two nature reserves in India. The researcher developed a variable analysis model of OD where addressing problems in an employee's work environment through interventions like REL (the new learning theory) leads to behavioral changes in employees. When REL was applied to address quality problems faced by local tourist guides, it resulted in fewer tourist complaints and higher economic benefits for the guides. The study aimed to empirically prove the hypothesis that behavioral changes in guides are negatively correlated with problems in their work environment.
11.new learning theory and its resultant impact on achieving economic objectivesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested a new organizational development (OD) approach called retrospective experiential learning (REL) with local tourist guides in two nature reserves in India. [1] REL had the local guides reflect on past positive experiences with tourists to identify effective communication behaviors. [2] When REL was applied, tourist complaints fell below 1% and the guides' economic benefits increased significantly. [3] This supported the researcher's hypothesis that addressing issues for employees (guides) leads to improved performance (behavior modification), benefiting both employees and the organization.
Effect of Usage of Information Technology on Information Services in Rwanda T...ijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of usage of information technology on information services in Rwanda tourism sector. It was carried out in Volcanoes National Park as a case study, with the following objectives To determine the aspects of information technology infrastructure used in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda Development Board To assess the usage of information technology for information services in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda Development Board and to determine the effect of usage of information technology on information services in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda Development Board. The study design used was a descriptive case study. The target population was 19, 105 tourists and 180 employees of Volcanoes National Park, from which a sample size of 392 tourists and 122 employees were selected using Yamane’s formula. The sampling techniques used were simple random sampling and census respectively. Simple random sampling was used on tourists because they had the same level of information. For employees, census method was used to select Managers and ICT staff, whereas the rest of the employees were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data collection was done using questionnaires and interview guides. Collected data was analyzed using tables, weighted means, standard deviation and percentages, frequencies, and regression analysis. The data analysis tool that was used in this study was Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 19. The study found that, 100.00 of respondents indicated that the usage of cellular phones and the usage of RF tracking were two types of aspects technologies which are used very frequently.However, only 68.85 of respondents indicated thatcomputers network environment were very frequently used and 77.04 of respondents indicated GPS GIS technology as frequently used. Concerning the usage of information technology for information services, 100 of respondents indicated a very good use of information technology for online park booking, Online, customer care, Hotel Booking, Transport booking.Despite a very good use of IT in providing services in volcano National Park tourists indicated that Emergency services were moderate as indicate by 75.50 respondents. Meanwhile for health care services 43.60 of respondents indicated it as not effective.The study showed R equal to 0.737, this point out that there was a very strong positive multiple correlation between independent variables including usage of GPS GIS, usage of cellular phone GSM , usage of RF tracking devices, usage of VHF Radios, usage of internet websites, usage of computers and networks and the dependent variable information services . The study also revealed that R2= 0.543, which meant that 54.3 of total variation in y could be explained by linear relationship between x and y and the remaining total variation of 45.7 was unexplained. This correlation was generally described as acceptable one. The recommendations for Volcanoe
When tourism getting momentum globally, a concern irks locally is – is tourism really benefitting the common people in destinations? When ordinary people are forced to jeopardize their convenience for the pleasures of travelers and tour operators, a lion part of the income generated from tourism goes to minority business players. Even though these natural attractions are to be equally enjoyed by all, this paradox remain prevails. Here the novel concept Responsible Tourism (RT) tries to answer many of our apprehensions. This paper reiterates that RT initiative – a strategy to accomplish economic, social and environmental objectives simultaneously shall be the approach for destination management. The Sustainable Tourism Products (STP) and Community Based Tourism (CBT) products emerge as a new strategy for destination marketing, and this Cause Related Marketing (CRM) totally in line with pro-poor, inclusive, and sustainable development concepts creates a win-win situation among community, tourists and industry.
Keywords: Responsible Tourism, Community Based Tourism (CBT) Product, Sustainable Tourism Product (STP), Destination Management, Destination Marketing, and Cause Related Marketing (CRM)
Ethiopia is endowed with various cultural and natural attractions from the tops of the rugged Simien Mountains to the depths of the Danakil Depression. About 14% of the total land area of country is covered by officially defined protected areas and national parks for wildlife and forest. National parks play an integral role in the conservation and preservation of biodiversity and the provision of other benefits associated with the maintenance of ecological integrity currently the most crucial policy poser in Ethiopia is sustainability and conservation of environmental resources, for their economic valuation is an effective operational tool for designing policies in relation to their sustainable use. When a market for a certain good is suitably competitive, economic behavior can be studied all the way through the market-pricing instruments but in the case of natural resource and environmental goods and services, non-marketing approach like travel cost method and willingness to pay are particular methods of economic valuation of national parks. In Ethiopia 6.8% national GDP gain by tourism and consecutively Ecotourism is on the progresses of development for the nation. The core aim of this review to provides analytical opportunities from the perspectives of conserving national park and the development tourism industry and tourism entrepreneurship. Therefore, both government and non government organization of Ethiopia has recognized development and promotion of ecotourism and provided consultancy services for conserve and potentially developers of ecotourism sites. Increasing the awareness of local communities and around attraction area towards ecotourism or nature tourism is very important.
Ähnlich wie A Decade Of Ecotourism Research In Protected Areas A Bibliometric Analysis (20)
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Importance Of Secondary Speech And English EducJoaquin Hamad
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The passage describes a conversation between a divorcing couple, Lon and Luci, about what it means to be an adult. Lon argues that getting older does not necessarily make someone more responsible or mature. He claims people only pretend to be responsible because that is society's expectation of adulthood. Luci responds that while they are both adults, Lon is still childish in how he argues. The narrator then disagrees with Lon's view, stating that taking on responsibilities like careers and homes is necessary for survival as one ages beyond relying on parents.
The document discusses the emergence of nationalism in the 19th century. It began as a replacement for religion as the main unifying force. The French Revolution is seen as the first emergence of modern nationalism. Renaissance and Protestant Reformation ideas also contributed to rising European nationalism. The document then discusses the recorded history of Bangladesh and how it was ruled by various powers until nationalism grew in the 19th century and fueled movements for independence from British rule.
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The document discusses the process of purchasing and implementing a student management system for the Jefferson County School System (JCSS). JCSS is one of the largest school systems in the US, serving around 10,000 students across multiple elementary, middle, and high schools. In 1976, JCSS purchased a DEC PDP 11/34 computer to develop student management, financial, and other applications. Currently, JCSS uses four Dell servers running UNIX connected by a high-speed network. Previously, all applications were developed internally by the director of data processing and two programmers. A new superintendent, Dr. Harvey Greene, was recently hired and plans to modernize the student management system.
Napoleon was a great military leader who modernized the French army and established the Napoleonic Code. He rose to power as a general during the French Revolution and established himself as emperor of France through a series of military victories across Europe. However, his overconfidence led to his downfall, as he was eventually defeated and exiled due to overextending his armies.
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005 How To Write An Academic Essay ExampleJoaquin Hamad
The document discusses space probes Voyager 1 and 2 and Cassini that were launched in 1977 to investigate the outer planets due to favorable planetary alignment conditions that won't occur again for 175 years. The probes used gravitational assists from planets to propel them further into space as solar energy decreased with distance from the sun. Information collected by the probes advanced understanding of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and their moons.
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This document discusses transracial adoption and the debates surrounding it. It provides background on transracial adoption, which involves adopting children of a different race. It notes celebrities like Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt who have adopted children of varied races. The document also discusses arguments for and against transracial adoption. Those against it argue children may struggle without learning skills to cope with racism from parents of their own race. Those for it argue love and stability in a family are most important, and same-race matching can delay adoption.
This document discusses the importance of media influences on children and teens. It explains that the media plays a large role in creating social norms and influencing people of all ages through advertisements and television. The media tries to sell certain items to children and teens or influence how they act and look. Now, children and teens are constantly exposed to media influences through various platforms that provide opportunities for connection but also shape attitudes and viewpoints.
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. 344
Social and Management Research Journal
INTRODUCTION
Globally, the tourism industry is one of the fastest-growing economic
sectors, and a key driver for socio-economic progress with one of the
flourishing sub-sectors of tourism is ecotourism (Nasir, Mohamad, Ghani
& Afthanorhan, 2020). Ecotourism has become a burgeoning sector of the
tourism industry across the world (Carvache, Segarra & Carrascosa, 2019;
Oviedo, Segarra & Carrascosa, 2016; She, Tian, Lu, Eimontaite, Xie &
Sun, 2019; Vinaya & Binoy, 2020).
Likewise, a core tourism product that is highly promoted by the
government of Malaysia is ecotourism (Abdurahman, Ali, Khedif, Bohari
Ahmad & Kiblat, 2016). Subsequently, Malaysia has taken a severe effort
in marketing the country’s uniqueness of ecotourism in the Visit Malaysia
2020 campaign (Ching, Lo, Suaidi, Azlan & Chin, 2019). However, apart
from providing the ecotourism attractions, there is also a crucial need to
understand what makes ecotourism destinations demand increased.
According to Oh, Kim, Choi and Pratt (2019), the undesirable outcome
from mass tourism has arisen out of an alternative form of tourism that
requires all stakeholders take responsibility on social and environmental;
thus, ecotourism will slow down the impacts of mass tourism (Dimitriou,
2017; Fang, 2020). Moreover, all the alternative patterns of tourism pursue
synchronisation with the preservation of nature and local culture. Whereas,
ecotourism aims to strike a balance between its economic benefits and
socio-environmental impact (Kalpita, 2018).
Researchers argued that ecotourism with the contribution of nature-
based environments gives some of the most intense and valuable experiences
to the fulfillment of holistic wellness outcomes that makes these tourism
segments are one of the fastest developing in the world (Brymer & Lacaze,
2013). Hence, the ecotourist will travel to improve or enhance their wellness
with more specific activities for specific health outcomes.
Ecotourism has developed from these efforts and embraces a range
of concepts such tourism in nature, adventure tourism, sustainable tourism,
green tourism, rural tourism, wilderness tourism, responsible tourism (Ionel,
2019) and wellness (Brymer & Lacaze, 2013; Shanahan, Astell, Barber,
3. 345
A Decade of Ecotourism Research in Protected Areas: A Bibliometric Analysis
Brymer, Cox, Dean, & Jones, 2019). Among those diverse dimensions,
Taman Negara National Park (TNNP), a tropical rainforest, is the most
popular ecotourism site visited in Malaysia, which offered tourist as one of
the world oldest rainforests (Tan, Aziz, Khairil & Zaiton, 2015).
Even though TNNP is a popular ecotourism destination visited by
the ecotourist, however, over the past three years, the popularity is facing
a progressive outflow trend on the arrival of visitors to TNNP between
2016-2018 (see Table 1). The data by the Department of Statistics Malaysia
(2019) showed a reduction of 3% in the total visitor arrivals to TNNP from
2016-2017 and further reduced to 4% in the following year. Zooming to
each national park in the country, for the year 2016-2018, Taman Negara
Kelantan recorded the highest phase down up to 37% drop in the year
2017 from the previous year, followed by Taman Negara Terengganu, 15%
reduction and Taman Negara Pahang 9% reduction. In 2020 there has been
a great concern by Tourism Pahang when the statistics showed that from
January to September 2019, Taman Negara Pahang recorded a significant
decline of 22.8% from the previous year.
5. 347
A Decade of Ecotourism Research in Protected Areas: A Bibliometric Analysis
The result shared similarity with another study by Matthew Shuib,
Ramachandaran, Afandi & Kunjuraman (2019) towards Endau Rompin
National Park, whereby there is significant decreasing pattern arrival of
visitors from three consecutive years. This dwindling scenario is expected
to turn worse when the global encountered outbreak novel coronavirus
pandemic (COVID-19). The pandemic is creating a significant impact on
the arrival of all world tourist destinations, especially the national park this
year and the future.
Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to analyse the progress
of ecotourism research in TNNP and offer future research opportunities. It
is crucial to investigate the progress and pattern of ecotourism research in
the last decade and to discover if any scholar has looked into the area of
wellness benefits with regards to visiting TNNP. Segmenting TNNP with
untapped market segments and hidden potential benefits is considered a
double-edged-sword as the focus is not only on sustainability, conservation,
preservation and appreciation of culture (Gani, Awang, Mohamad &
Samdin, 2015; Noorizan, Manohar & Nazri, 2010) but more to “eco
wellness” (Brymer & Marie Lacaze, 2013; Ferrari & Gilli, 2017).
This article aims to advance previous reviews on ecotourism in TNNP
that considers the previous research progress and pattern in connection with
future directions of protected areas. The study was carried out by adhering
a bibliometric methodology and ran by three research questions:
RQ 1: What is publication evolution, authors, years, source, and type
of document and worldwide dispersion of research publications on
ecotourism in TNNP?
RQ 2: What research topic and issues on ecotourism in TNNP literature
have been researched most frequently and cited?
RQ 3: What is the future direction on ecotourism research opportunities
in TNNP, Malaysia?
This paper contributes three-partitions, first, the recent study analyses
the academic literature on the progress of ecotourism research in Malaysia,
specifically in protected areas of TNNP. Second, this paper addresses post-
COVID19 future direction of ecotourism research. Third, methodologically,
this article resorts to a bibliometric method, which is more integrated and
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Social and Management Research Journal
systematic review of the literature. This method is beneficial in presenting
the leading trends of research field in term of number of publications,
authors, affiliation, citation in a journal or proceeding and suggests future
opportunities on research studies (Martínez, Merigó, Valenzuela, & Nicolás
2018).
THE TAMAN NEGARA NATIONAL PARK
In the Malay language, Taman Negara means a national park, a protected
tropical space provide place for leisure and outdoor recreation for visitors
(Ghazvini, Kian & Sarmento, 2016). The Taman Negara National Park
(TNNP), well known as one of the world oldest rainforests and popular
for its tropical rainforest amongst the tourist (Tan et al., 2015). Moreover,
Taman Negara is Malaysia’s largest and the oldest protected area, which
spreads over the state of Pahang, Terengganu, and Kelantan. In addition,
Taman Negara Penang is one of Taman Negara located in the West of
Peninsular Malaysia. As one of Malaysia’s first ecotourism destinations,
Taman Negara is fast becoming a famous universal destination (Barkhordari,
Yusof & Geok, 2014).
TNNP protects 434,300 hectares of a 130 million years old tropical
rainforest, Pahang (covers an area of 247,700 hectares), Kelantan (101,300
hectares) and Terengganu (85300 hectares) (Ismail, Jaafar, Mohamad,
Amirul & Paijo, 2016) covers the border of Tahan Mountain, which the
highest peak in peninsular Malaysia’s at 2,187 meters above the sea level
(Mihanyar, Rahman & Aminudin, 2016). Penang National Park was newly
gazetted as Malaysia’s National Park in 2013 and covered about 1,265
hectares (Abdullah, Weng, Afif & Fatah, 2018).
TNNP is home to much wildlife and rich biodiversity (Gani et al.,
2015). TNNP is substantially considered as one of the most complex
ecosystems in the world and enriched by its abundance and diversity. The
Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP), Ministry of Water,
Land and Natural Resources is responsible in managing and protecting the
natural rainforest as one of the valuable resources of the country.
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Among DWNP’s responsibility is their enforcement task which
to ensure protection of the park’s wildlife and biodiversity resources by
ensuring that they are well sustainably controlled and managed (Chui,
Rahim, Hassan, Musa, Yusof & Hashim, 2010). Being one of the country’s
most visited nature-based tourism destination, it is also home to the local
aboriginal community of Malaysia. Furthermore, visitor can observe the
wildlife from the canopy walkway or stay overnight in the forest at trees
top hut that built high above the ground, river excursion, water rafting,
kayaking, jungle trekking, hill and mountain hiking, fishing and angling,
bird watching and visit local aboriginal (Batek community) villages.
METHODS
This study adhered the guidelines for conducting systematic research
review introduced by Moher, Liberati, Tetlaff & Altman (2009), which is
known as the PRISMA(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews
and Meta-Analyses). Publication guidelines are usually expected to provide
writers with the relevant and appropriate details that will allow them to
evaluate and analyse the quality and rigour of a review. Thus, to identifying
and extracting information for bibliometric review, PRISMA suggested
four steps to follow.
RESOURCES
Thus far, it remains unclear which search systems are most suited
for synthesis of evidence and why. Gusenbauer & Haddaway (2019),
argued that advice on which search engines and bibliographic databases
for systematic search are still limited and less systematically in empirical
performance assessment. Thus, the data for this study was retrieved from
three electronic databases using a generic search string that was adapted to
the individual electronic databases (for the generic search string, see Table
2). These included the Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar as a
supplementary source of evidence.
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While the Web of Science (WoS) citation database is a popular choice
among scholars conducting bibliometric reviews, the Scopus citation
database has wider social science coverage, particularly in the years since
1996 (Thananusak, 2019; Zheng & Kouwenberg, 2019). Mohamed Shaffril
(2019) argued that it is unviable for researcher to find the perfect and
comprehensive database, includingWoS and Scopus, thus it is recommended
to using more databased to increase the chance to achieving the relevant
articles.
Althoughthepreferreddatabasesencompassedmostoftheinternational
peer-reviewed journals, there may be other publications that were not
included in these databases, and so this study (Bamford & Xystouri, 2005).
Therefore, the present study considered Google Scholar as a supplementary
resource to strengthen rigorous of the searching database. (So, Li & Kim,
2020) claimed that Google scholar was the four largest and most popular
online academic database/ search engine. Google scholar has also emerged
as the number one academic search engine for most academic users because
of its great ease of use and success in analytical and exploratory searches
(Gusenbauer & Haddaway, 2019).
THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROCESS
Identification
The systematic review process consisted of three key stages in selecting
some of relevant papers for the present analysis. The first stage is keyword
identification, followed by the search process for related and similar terms
based on the thesaurus, dictionaries, and past research.Accordingly, search
strings were developed in January 2020 on the Scopus, Web of Science,
and Google Scholar database (see Table 2) after all relevant keywords were
determined. Most importantly, in the first stage of the systematic review
process, the current research work successfully retrieved a total of 4333
articles from these three databases.
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Table 2: The Search Strings
Database Search String
Scopus TITLE-ABS-KEY (“taman negara” OR “taman
negara national park* “ OR “taman negara
national park TNNP” OR “Taman Negara
Pahang” OR “Taman Negara Malaysia” OR
“national park malaysia” OR “Taman Negara
Terengganu” OR “Taman Negara Kelantan”
OR “Taman Negara Penang”)
WoS TI= (“taman negara” OR “taman negara
national park*” OR “taman negara national
park TNNP” OR “Taman Negara Pahang” OR
“Taman Negara Malaysia” OR “national park
malaysia” OR “Taman Negara Terengganu”
OR “Taman Negara Kelantan” OR “Taman
Negara Penang”)
Google Scholar “taman negara” OR “taman negara national
parks” OR “taman negara national park
TNNP” OR “Taman Negara Pahang” OR
“Taman Negara Malaysia” OR “national park
malaysia” OR “Taman Negara Terengganu”
OR “Taman Negara Kelantan” OR “Taman
Negara Penang”
Screening
In the first stage, the literature search against the three databases
yielded 4333 records. In the second stage, these records needed screening to
remove duplicate documents. The screening process consisted of two main
stages. Removing duplication article is the main purpose of the first stage
of screening process. As a result, a number of 54 articles were excluded,
while in the second stage the researchers screened of 4279 articles based
on inclusion and exclusion criteria that already established earlier.
Based on the determined criteria, firstly on document type, researchers
only focus on the journal (research article) and proceeding paper as main
source of empirical data. Thus, for the recent study, other form of publication
such as books, books series, chapter in book, thesis, and citation document
were excluded. Secondly, other parameter that were only considered for
reviewing process is article published in English.
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Thirdly, the researcher only focused on a decade timeline which is
ten years (2010-2020) publications. Lastly, to achieve the objective of
the analysis, only studies conducted in the Taman Negara National Park
(TNNP), Malaysia were selected. Hence, based on the determined criteria,
a total of 4169 articles were excluded (see Table 3).
Table 3: The Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Criterion Eligibility Exclusion
Document type Journal (research
article), Proceeding
paper
book series, book,
chapter in a book, thesis
and citation document
Language English Non-English
Timeline 2010 - 2020 <2010
Location and Country Taman Negara National
Park, Malaysia
Others national park not
gazetted as Malaysia’s
National Park
ELIGIBILITY
In the third stage called eligibility, researchers analysed of 110 articles.
At this stage, it is crucial to examined all the articles thoroughly based on
the titles; abstracts and the main contents to fulfilled the inclusion criteria
and ensure it fitted to be deployed in the current study and achieved the
objectives. Thus, based on a determined criterion, a total of 73 articles do
not comply due to the scarcity of empirical data and applied sciences articles
which were not focusing on ecotourism. Finally, a total of 37 remaining
articles were ready to be analysed (Figure 1).
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Figure 1: Flow Diagram of the Study (Adapted from Moher et al., 2009)
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DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS
To determine the frequency of the studies, a quantitative systematic
bibliometric review approach was undertaken. A quantitative systematic
review is a relatively new method developed by Pickering and Byrne (2014)
for quantitative surveying of the literature.
Weindependentlyperformeddataextraction.Thedetailsofbibliometric
papers were exported into a Microsoft Excel (Excel) spreadsheet for
analysis. Figures and tables were prepared with Excel. The following data
was extracted from each study: first author, years of publication, author
affiliation, country, total citation, source of documents, source type, type of
document, research field, research area, the title of the article, and location
of study. The extracted data was input into standardized MS word files.
RESULTS
The results of the review are presented and discussed in the following
subsection. Five analyses were employed to obtained the required
information. Thus, the numbers of publications per year, countries and
affiliation be analysed. Moreover, researchers also carried out analyses on
source and document types, main research topics, and summaries of citation
ranking and titles of the studies.
Years and Volume of Publication
Figure 2 shows the total number of publications within the scope of
study for the period of a decade.The result show that, the pattern is consistent
in a descending trend on publication number per year in ecotourism setting,
notably, exception in year 2012, where it jumped to 8 from 4 item previous
year. As the matter of fact, it is undeniable that there are three years
that achieve upward trend (2012, 2015, 2018) along the timeline. Most
importantly, the difference among those three years is still small in number
for ecotourism studies conducted in most popular destination.
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Figure 2: Number of Articles Published by Years
Analysis of Institutions and Countries
This section outlines the general overview of the prolific authors’
institutions and countries. The objective is to observe the most productive
institutions. Figure 3 shows the results according to the number of
publications in the ecotourism setting. Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM),
Malaysia is the most productive institution in conducting research at TNNP,
followed by Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). An expected results of both
institutions are among the highest because UiTM established its research
centre in 2006 to facilitate several disciplines of study for TNNP. Whereas,
UPM’s establishment was likely closed to the nature of TNNP, as it supports
the research diversity of TNNPW.Additionally, it should be considered that
there are GovernmentAgencies, Department of Wildlife and National Park
(DWNP), and Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), which has
collaborated with UPM and five international institutions have collaborated
with the local institution.
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Figure 3: Number of Articles Published by Institutions
This section summarises and discusses the results of countries involved
in articles publication and the most productive countries across the study.
Figure 4 presents the most productive countries. As expected, Malaysia is
the highest productive country conducting research at TNNP. This shows
significant indication that TNNP truly has a strong attraction to Malaysian
researchers, probably because it is the most famous ecotourism site in the
world. Additionally, there is collaboration from countries such as the US,
Turkey, South Africa, and Portugal with the corresponding authors from
Malaysia.
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Figure 4: Number of Countries Involved in Articles Published
Source and Document Type Analysis
The 37 documents (Figure 5) related to ecotourism were vetted under
journal articles and conference proceedings. The examination of articles in
this study indicates that 23 of related articles were published in the journal,
while another 14 sources were from conference papers in proceedings.
Figure 5: Number of Sources and Document Type
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The Main Research Topic of Articles
This section reported the results of the main research topic of selected
articles. A thorough read of each abstract was performed, to eliminate
doubts, if any. We have analysed 37 articles and we introduced 7 of the
29 disciplines of study that established by (Cheng, Li, Petrick & O’Leary,
2011). In this regard, the highest ecotourism research topic being conducted
at TNNP is marketing, followed by management and sociology, while a
few on the environment, law, technology, and economics. Therefore, the
analysis helps in answering the second research question and will suggest
the future direction on untapped research disciplines at TNNP.
Figure 6: Number of Articles Published by Research Topic
Publication and Intellectual Knowledge
Table 4 briefly shows the findings of most-cited authors, source, and
title of research from previous studies that investigated ecotourism in TNNP,
Malaysia. Based on the table, it indicates that the top-ranking paper was
published in the International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance in
2010, with 23 citations, and the authors are from UiTM. The second-ranking
paper was also from UiTM and published in 2010 in Management Science
and Engineering Research with 20 citations. Since the earlier published year,
a citation score per year was also calculated to provide a different index for
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comparison and the longer the duration that an article has an opportunity to
be quoted. In addition, these papers were found to rank in the same position
based on the citation number obtained from Google Scholar.
Among the top ten most cited papers, two are from conference
proceedings with six citations, respectively. The analysis of the research
topics (refer Figure 6) and Table 4 proved that there is an untapped research
topic that should be conducted atTNNP. By addressing the unseen benefits of
TNNPtowards tourist wellness, the governing body can take the opportunity
in revamping the segmentation image of TNNP, from conventional benefits
such as observation and enjoyment of nature and wildlife and traditional
culture to hybrid benefit by adding wellness outcomes from visiting the park.
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric analysis of
ecotourism research at TNNP, Malaysia. Prolific authors, most cited
journals and proceedings, and ecotourism research topic in the past decade
were recognised. To construct a complete overview of the study, over a
decade (2010 – 2020) of publications in this topic has been analysed. As
the result, a systematic overview of productivity and visibility of research
work in ecotourism been provided. The findings will lead in organising and
prioritising future research efforts in ecotourism research.
The current study provides some insights that offer implications toward
academician and practitioners. From an academic perspective, the study
contributes to answers some important questions that researchers should
take into consideration in their study on ecotourism. The bibliometric
analysis led the researcher to comprehend and recognised the emerging
trends in ecotourism topic, prolific affiliation, the reputable journals that
support the study, as well as the availability of reference source, potential
and respective shortcoming.
Moreover, the recent study shows there is a big opportunity to
reposition TNNP as an innovative tourist destination for eco-wellness,
by investigating the effect of nature on human health and the role of that
national park in enhancement ecotourist quality of life and wellbeing, after
COVID-19 crisis. In other words, connecting to nature to improve visitors’
psycho-physical health level while still enjoying real contact with nature,
community, and destination (Ferrari & Gilli, 2017). However, there is
substantial of studies in this area emphasis on the relationship of quality
of life or the subjective well-being of residents of tourism destinations,
with few studies attempt to investigate the contribution of specific tourism
activities to tourists’ subjective well-being (Kim, Lee, Uysal, Kim & Ahn,
2016; Su, Swanson & Chen, 2016).Their statement supports the results in
Table 4 had shown the evident of absent quality of life or the subjective
wellbeing study at TNNP.
In the future, TNNP could play a role in the improved public health
and wellness level, at the same time, help to rejuvenate the visitation on
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post COVID-19 and near future. According to Wen, Kozak, Yang & Liu
(2020), nature-based activity (hiking, trekking, wild-life observation or
nature interpretation) such in protected park could be an opportunity to be
promoted to the post COVID-19 tourists to breath the fresh air, connected
to nature and rejuvenate themselves after overwhelmed stressful with the
outbreak period. Likewise, in 2003 after SARS crisis, new spurs to travel
to nature-based areas became evident (Hong, Cai, Mo, Gao, Xu, Jiang&
Jiang, 2020). Nature-based areas were likely to be target destination by
post-crisis tourist. Thus, there was a potential marketing reinforce that
nature-based tourism types could be revitalized and expanded after the
COVID-19 crisis. This is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals
2030 Agenda which emphasis on people’s quality of life and well-being
(Ramkissoon, Mavondo, & Uysal, 2018).
Based on practical view, the results suggest that practitioners in
the field of ecotourism should take into consideration on findings from
the research conducted by integrating their business operation with the
findings, so that it could help to enhance their business performance as well
as supporting the sustainable development goals to mitigate the potential
negative consequences from the mass tourism and thus could remain
preserve the nature and culture. Moreover, findings from future studies
to this particular area could provide insight for tourism practitioners or
destination management on the strengthening the marketing strategies to
promoting visiting natural setting such TNNP to heighten their well-being
and enhanced quality of life.
LIMITATION
It crucial to be highlight that, the data was collected from Scopus, Web
of Science and Google Scholar databases. Therefore, there are potential
limitations applied to this study. With regards to the collection of the articles
from one to another database on ecotourism study, it is understandable that
different database utilises had different criteria; thus, we have elucidated
that this variability may establish a limitation of our study. Indeed, Google
Scholar had advantage and gained more popularity, and over time more
scientific rigor is being systematised and realised. Meanwhile, the Scopus
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and WoS offered guaranteed quality and quantity of articles in the world’s
best scientific journals.
Other limitations could be considered in the study. The purpose of
this study was to investigate all the ecotourism-related articles published
between 2010 and 2020. As this study only covered a decade, future
research could, therefore, be extended to cover other periods. In addition,
the sampling method, statistical techniques, results, and recommendation
of the study could also be examined. Additionally, other aspects will be
studied in the next article, such as the impact factor, the quartile within
which the different journals lie.
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