Selbstassemblierung ist eine in der Natur weit verbreitete Fabrikationstechnik, in der Strukturen und Muster autonom, also ohne menschlichen Eingriff gebildet werden. Sie soll zukünftig auch für die Herstellung künstlicher Nanostrukturen eingesetzt werden. Dafür ist Grundlagenforschung unverzichtbar, die Prinzipien und Mechanismen der molekularen Selbstassemblierung aufklärt.
https://www.wrike.com/blog - We surveyed creative teams to discover their biggest challenges and bottlenecks, from conception to completion. And what we discovered was: creative teams have to organize requests, listen to feedback, and seek approvals, all while trying to incorporate their own creative vision, making it difficult to prioritize and meet deadlines. Check out the details in our Slideshare.
Shoppers are expected to spend more on back-to-school shopping this year, with an average of $488 anticipated to be spent. Most shoppers will do the majority of their shopping in physical stores, though technology purchases are more likely to be made online. Research is done digitally before purchases are made in stores. Spending is heaviest on traditional items like clothing, shoes, and school supplies, though those buying computers or gadgets will spend the most overall. Early shopping and following school-recommended lists influences higher spending.
Essential things that should always be in your carEason Chan
A driver can bail out of a lot of sticky situations if he plans ahead. More often than not, things go south on you when you think nothing could go wrong. So it pays to hope for the best and plan for the worst, especially on the road. Here are some things that should always be kept in your car for all those just in case moments.
What happens when the digital tools and platforms we make and use for communication and entertainment are hijacked for terrorism, violence against the vulnerable and nefarious transactions? What role do designers and developers play? Are we complicit as creators of these technologies and products? Should we police them or fight back? As Portfolio Lead for Northern Lab, Northern Trust's internal innovation startup focused on client and partner experience, Antonio will share a mix of provocative scenarios torn from today's headlines and compelling stories where activism and technology facilitated peace—and war.
As a call-to-action for designers and developers to engage in projects capable of transformational change, he'll explore the question: How might technology foster new experiences to better accelerate social activism and make the world a smarter, safer place?
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Selbstassemblierung ist eine in der Natur weit verbreitete Fabrikationstechnik, in der Strukturen und Muster autonom, also ohne menschlichen Eingriff gebildet werden. Sie soll zukünftig auch für die Herstellung künstlicher Nanostrukturen eingesetzt werden. Dafür ist Grundlagenforschung unverzichtbar, die Prinzipien und Mechanismen der molekularen Selbstassemblierung aufklärt.
https://www.wrike.com/blog - We surveyed creative teams to discover their biggest challenges and bottlenecks, from conception to completion. And what we discovered was: creative teams have to organize requests, listen to feedback, and seek approvals, all while trying to incorporate their own creative vision, making it difficult to prioritize and meet deadlines. Check out the details in our Slideshare.
Shoppers are expected to spend more on back-to-school shopping this year, with an average of $488 anticipated to be spent. Most shoppers will do the majority of their shopping in physical stores, though technology purchases are more likely to be made online. Research is done digitally before purchases are made in stores. Spending is heaviest on traditional items like clothing, shoes, and school supplies, though those buying computers or gadgets will spend the most overall. Early shopping and following school-recommended lists influences higher spending.
Essential things that should always be in your carEason Chan
A driver can bail out of a lot of sticky situations if he plans ahead. More often than not, things go south on you when you think nothing could go wrong. So it pays to hope for the best and plan for the worst, especially on the road. Here are some things that should always be kept in your car for all those just in case moments.
What happens when the digital tools and platforms we make and use for communication and entertainment are hijacked for terrorism, violence against the vulnerable and nefarious transactions? What role do designers and developers play? Are we complicit as creators of these technologies and products? Should we police them or fight back? As Portfolio Lead for Northern Lab, Northern Trust's internal innovation startup focused on client and partner experience, Antonio will share a mix of provocative scenarios torn from today's headlines and compelling stories where activism and technology facilitated peace—and war.
As a call-to-action for designers and developers to engage in projects capable of transformational change, he'll explore the question: How might technology foster new experiences to better accelerate social activism and make the world a smarter, safer place?
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
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1. I. EINLEITUNG 6
Liposomen (Vesikel) sind sphärisch geschlossene Lipiddoppelschichten, die in Analogie
zur Zellmembran ein wäßriges Kompartiment umschließen (s. Abbildung 1.3).
Liposomen setzen sich wie ihr natürliches Vorbild – die Zelle – aus Phospholipiden
zusammen, die sich als wasserunlösliche amphiphile Moleküle im Kontakt mit Wasser
spontan selbst organisieren (Ahlers et al., 1990).
Der chemische Aufbau der Liposomen bedingt solche Eigenschaften wie
Membranfluidität, Ladungsdichte und Permeabilität. Liposomen können aber auch durch
ihre Größe und Gestalt charakterisiert werden. Gerade die Größenbestimmung ist eine
der am häufigsten anzutreffenden Charakterisierungsmethoden, sind Liposomen
verschiedener Größen doch auch oft auf sehr unterschiedliche Präparationen
zurückzuführen und für die vielseitige Anwendung von wesentlicher Bedeutung.
Liposomendurchmesser reichen von den theoretisch kleinstmöglichen 25 nm bis zu
lichtmikroskopisch sichtbaren 1 µm. Sie können aus einem einzigen Bilayer oder aus
vielen konzentrischen Membranlamellen bestehen. Man unterscheidet:
multilamellar vesicles (MLV):
die Vesikel bestehen aus 5 oder mehr
konzentrischen Lamellen; ihr Durchmesser liegt in
einem weiten Bereich von 100 bis 1000 nm
large unilamellar vesicles (LUV):
sie bestehen aus einem Bilayer und sind sehr
homogen in der Größenverteilung (bis 1000 nm)
small unilamellar vesicles (SUV):
sie haben einen Durchmeser von 25 bis 100 nm
intermediate-sized unilamellar vesicles (IUV):
es sind Bilayer-Liposomen, die in der Größen-
ordnung zwischen SUV und LUV liegen
2. I. EINLEITUNG 7
Desweiteren sprechen für die Anwendung des liposomalen Systems folgende Punkte:
1. Liposomen kennzeichnen ein definiertes biochemisches System. Die Vielzahl der
Funktionen natürlicher Membranen wie auch die Komplexität der Struktur verhindern
es normalerweise, durch ein Studium von Membranfragmenten Erkenntnisse über
spezifische Wechselwirkungen sowie über andere molekulare Details zu gewinnen.
Daraus folgt, daß deshalb für das Verständnis auf molekularer Ebene biologische
Funktionseinheiten aus der natürlichen Umgebung gelöst und in künstlichen
Systemen wieder aufgebaut werden sollten, die chemisch und physikalisch definiert
sind (Eibl, 1984).
2. Im Vergleich zu natürlichen Membransystemen ist die Stabilität von rekonstituierten
Proteinen in Liposomen höher, vor allem deshalb, weil das System nicht durch
zelluläre Proteasen und Abbauprozesse anderer Proteine beeinflußt wird.
3. Verschiedenartige Substanzen (Farbstoffe, Fluorochrome, elektrochemische
Substanzen) können in das wäßrige Kompartiment von Liposomen eingeschlossen
werden. (Ishimore et al., 1993; Gregoriadis et al., 1993; Locascio-Brown et al., 1990;
Stelze et al., 1993). Dies bedingt bei Anwendung von Liposomen in der Analytik eine
außerordentliche Erweiterung an Detektionsmöglichkeiten, wenngleich auch über
indirekte Nachweise.
1.2.3 Thermotropes Phasenverhalten
Phospholipide weisen ein temperaturabhängiges Phasenverhalten (thermotroper
Polymorphismus) in wäßrigen Dispersionen auf. Nach Tardieu et al. (1973) zeigt bei
Erwärmung in wäßriger Dispersion bei einer sehr genau definierten und jeweils
charakteristischen Temperatur eine künstliche, nur von einer Sorte von Phospholipid
aufgebaute Membran drei thermische Umwandlungen (s. Abbildung 1.4):
1. Subumwandlung 1 (Phasenumwandlungstemperatur Tc)
2. Vorumwandlung (Phasenumwandlungstemperatur Tp)
3. Hauptumwandlung (Phasenumwandlungstemperatur Tm)
3. I. EINLEITUNG 8
Aus der Gelphase 1 (Lc), die nur nach längerer Inkubationszeit wahrgenommen wird
(Lewis et al., 1987), geht die Doppelschicht bei Tc in die Gelphase 2 (Lβ`) über. Dabei
ergeben die erstarrten Ketten eine Neigung von 30° zur Membranebene (New, 1990).
Diese Vorumwandlung bei der Vorübergangstemperatur (Tp) in die Ripple-Phase (Pβ)
bedingt die periodisch gewellte Überstruktur (Winter, 1990b) der Lipiddoppelschicht.
Die dominierende Methode für die Charakterisierung der Phasentransitionstemperatur
(Tm) ist die Mikrokalorimetrie (Lee, 1977; Dörfler, et al., 1983). Der Zustand unterhalb
der Hauptumwandlungstemperatur wird als geordnete, auch kristalline Phase oder Gel-
Phase (Pβ), der Zustand oberhalb Tm als fluide, auch fluid-kristalline oder ungeordnete
Phase (Lα) bezeichnet. Dieser als endothermer Phasenübergang bezeichnete
Hauptübergang (engl.: main transition) führt somit zu einer strukturellen Veränderung
der Lipidmoleküle, das sogenannte „Schmelzen“ der Ketten. Der Tm-Wert wird dabei
bestimmt durch die Kopfgruppe, die Länge und den Sättigungsgrad der
Kohlenwasserstoffketten (Phillips & Chapman, 1968). Während die geordnete Phase Pβ
dicht gepackt (all-trans-Konformation der Kohlenwasserstoffketten) ist, entspricht die
fluide Phase Lα einer aufgelockerten Packung (gauche-Konformation) (Winter, 1990).
In der Regel erfolgt in der Vorumwandlung (Tp) ein Orientierungswechsel der
Kopfgruppe. Durch Laser-Raman-Spektroskopie können diese Konformations-
änderungen direkt belegt werden (Lippert, 1971). So wiesen Keough et al. (1979)
folgende Änderungen bei der Hauptumwandlung von geordneter (Pβ) zu fluider Phase
(Lα) aus:
1. Vergrößerung der Oberflächenbeanspruchung
2. Verkürzung der Kohlenwasserstoffketten
3. Ausdehnung des Doppelschichtvolumens
4. Einsetzen einer raschen lateralen Diffusion
5. Verringerung der Van der Waals Wechselwirkungen
Verallgemeinernd ist zu konstatieren: Mit Erhöhung der Kettenlänge oder des
Sättigungsgrades nimmt die Phasenumwandlungstemperatur (Tm) zu (Keough et al.,
1979).
4. I. EINLEITUNG 9
Phase Struktur der Doppelschicht Gitter/Packung
Gelphase1:
LC
orthorombisch
Gelphase2:
Lβ‘
all-trans, Neigungswinkel 30°
Gelphase 3: Ripple-Phase
Pβ
hexagonal, periodisch gewellt
flüssigkristalline Phase
Lα
Abbildung 1.4: Darstellung der thermotropen Phasenzustände von Lipid-
doppelschichten aus 1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholinen (Lecithinen) (Eibl, 1984;
New, 1990; Winter, 1990b).
Lateinische Buchstaben bezeichnen die Fernordnung: L = lamellar (eindimensional); P =
(zweidimensional); C = kristallin (dreidimensional). Griechische Buchstaben stehen für
die Nahordnung: α = ungeordnet, fluid; β = all-trans, gel; β` = all-trans, geneigt, gel.
Phasenumwandlungstemperaturen: c = cristalline-transition; p = pre-transition; m = main
transition.
Die Phasentransition und Fluidität von Phospholipidmembranen bestimmt solche
Eigenschaften wie Permeabilität, Fusion, Aggregation und Proteinbindung. All jene
5. I. EINLEITUNG 10
Faktoren können die Stabilität von Liposomen und ihr Verhalten in biologischen
Systemen wesentlich beeinflussen (New, 1990). Schon allein die Variation der
Oberflächenladung kann tiefgreifende Eigenschaftsänderungen in planaren
Doppelschichten auslösen, was sich besonders auf die Hauptumwandlung auswirken
kann.
1.2.4 Lipide mit ungewöhnlicher Struktur
Ungewöhnliche Fettsäuren sind solche, deren Kohlenstoffgerüste Oxo-, Hydroxy- oder
Epoxygruppen, trans-konfigurierte Doppelbindungen, Dreifachbindungen, Cyclen oder
Verzweigungen aufweisen. Ihre Anzahl liegt weit über Eintausend (Schmid, 1987). Im
Vergleich dazu sind geradkettige gesättigte und cis-konfigurierte ungesättigte Fettsäuren
gewöhnlich.
Die Kenntnisse über die biologischen Funktionen ungewöhnlicher Fettsäuren und ihrer
Derivate, zu denen Wachsester, Triglyceride und Phospholipide gehören, sind trotz
dieses großen Potentials noch sehr gering, und auch ihre ökonomische Anwendung ist
beschränkt.
Infolge ihrer neuen physikochemischen Eigenschaften sind es aber gerade diese
Verbindungen, die Impulse und Lösungsvarianten für technische Problemlösungen durch
die Fettchemie geben können (Schmid & Werdelmann, 1982).
Wichtige natürliche Vorkommen besitzen Fettsäuren mit Dreifachbindungen.
Acetylenverbindungen finden in der Pflanzenwelt eine ganz erhebliche Verbreitung. Sie
werden meist aus Angiospermen der Familie Compositae als Bestandteile ätherischer Öle
isoliert (Bu´Lock, 1956, Wailes, 1956).
Gemische von antibiotisch wirksamen Acetylenen wurden aus der Kulturflüssigkeit von
Mikroorganismen und niederen Pflanzen sowie verschiedenen Basidomyceten isoliert
(Bu´Lock et al., 1955). Als Beispiel ist Nemotinsäure (5,6-Dien-8,10-diin-4-
hydroxyundecansäure) zu nennen.
Als erste natürliche Fettsäure wurde Taririnsäure (6-Octadecinsäure) gefunden, ein
Isomer der Stearolsäure (9-Octadecinsäure). Sie wurde 1892 von Arnaud im Samenöl des
mittelamerikanischen Baumes Picramnia tariri entdeckt (Arnaud, 1892).
6. I. EINLEITUNG 11
Technisch interessant sind Fettsäuren mit konjugierten Dreifachbindungen, wie z.B.
Isansäure (17-Octadecan-9,11-diinsäure), weil diese zur Polymerisation neigen (Steger &
Loon, 1937). Auch wird ein Zusammenhang der Kälteadaption von Membranlipiden in
Moosen mit den in ihnen gefundenen Acetylenfettsäuren vermutet (Gellermann, 1975).
Hinsichtlich dieser z.T. außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften von Fettsäuren ist es
interessant zu erfahren, welche Wechselwirkungen zwischen Struktur und Funktion von
Phospholipidbilayern bestehen (Grainger, 1990).
1.3 Anforderungen an eine Modellmembran
Energie- und Dichtefluktuation sind im Bereich der Phasenumwandlung erheblich. Damit
wird auch die passive Durchlässigkeit der Membran und die Wahrscheinlichkeit der
Porenbildung verstärkt (Hoppe et al., 1982).
Von lebensnotwendiger Bedeutung und für viele enzymatische Transportvorgänge
Voraussetzung ist die Fluidität der Plasmamembran. Aufgrund der Tatsache, daß in
biologischen Membranen gesättigte und ungesättigte Fettsäureketten in der Regel in
einem Lipidmolekül vorkommen, wird eine eindeutige Phasentrennung bei einer
bestimmten Temperatur nicht beobachtet (Winter, 1990b).
Die Fluidität wird des weiteren wesentlich durch Cholesterol bestimmt, das die
mechanische Stabilität der Membran erhöht. Eukaryontische Plasmamembranen zeichnen
sich durch einen hohen Anteil an diesem Steroid aus (Winter, 1990a). Darüber hinaus
weisen sie eine Vielzahl von Phospholipiden mit unterschiedlichen Kopfgruppen auf, in
deren Gegenwart einige Membranproteine ausschließlich aktiv sind. Belege hierfür
konnten in Experimenten mit rekonstituierten Systemen und synthetischen
Phospholipiden erbracht werden (Kurrle, 1989). Die asymmetrische Verteilung von
Lipiden in der Doppelschicht erfüllt eine Funktion bei der richtigen Orientierung der
Membranproteine, die in der Vielzahl der Matrixmoleküle eine charakteristische
Mikroumgebung besitzen (Marsh, 1987).
Bevorzugt lagern sich Phospholipide am hydrophoben Kontaktbereich des Proteins an.
Sie werden dadurch in ihrer Beweglichkeit eingeschränkt. Es bildet sich ein Verband aus
Molekülen, die in starker Wechselwirkung zueinander stehen. Das Vorhandensein von
Lipid ist für den Erhalt der Aktivität membrangebundener Enzyme zwar notwendig, doch
7. I. EINLEITUNG 12
ist bisher die Frage nach einer spezifischen Abhängigkeit noch unbeantwortet geblieben
(Warncke, 1990).
Deshalb liegt die Vermutung nahe, daß allein die Verfügbarkeit einer hydrophoben
Umgebung entscheidend ist. Untersuchungen an Modellsystemen werden daher auf eine
wohldefinierte Anzahl von Lipidspezies und einem einzelnen Typ von Protein beschränkt
(Seelig, 1981). Als Modellmembranen für Rekonstitutionsexperimente haben sich
unilamellare Vesikel vielfach bewährt (Racker, 1985, Razin, 1971).
8. I. EINLEITUNG 13
1.4 Das Photoreaktionszentrum als Modellmembranprotein
1.4.1 Struktur und Elektronentransport
Die Röntgenkristall-Struktur-Analyse des kristallinen Reaktionszentrums aus
Purpurbakterien durch Deisenhofer et al. (Allen et al., 1988, Deisenhofer et al., 1985,
Ermler et al., 1994) bedeutete einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Aufklärung der
molekularen Struktur des Reaktionszentrums (RC) und des lichtgetriebenen
Elektronentransportes. Die nach Einbindung von QSAR-Studien (Quantitative-Struktur-
Aktivitäts-Beziehungen) erfolgte Diskussion der drei-dimensionalen Faltung der Proteine
(Draber et al., 1991) war durch die Nutzung von Inhibitoren (Herbiziden) und dem damit
verbundenen detaillierten Verständnis des Photosystems (radioaktiv markierte Herbizide,
Sequenzierung des psbA Gens von herbizidtoleranten Mutanten) gegeben.
Das Reaktionszentrum bildet einen integralen Membran-Protein-Pigment-Komplex.
Dieser ist es, der den primären Prozeß der Photosynthese – den lichtinduzierten
Elektronentransfer von einem Donor zu einer Serie von Akzeptoren – bedingt (Allen et
al., 1988). Die Darstellung des Aminosäurerückgrates der drei Untereinheiten des RC
und der darin eingebetteten Pigmente in einer Biomembran wird in Abbildung 1.5
gezeigt.
Das aus Rhodobacter sphaeroides stammende Reaktionszentrum setzt sich aus drei
Proteinuntereinheiten zusammen, die entsprechend ihrem relativen Molekulargewicht als
L (light), M (medium), und H (heavy) bezeichnet werden (Michel et al., 1986) und den
folgenden Kofaktoren: 4 Bakteriochlorophylle, 2 Bakteriophäophytine (BPhe), 2
Chinone und ein nicht-Haem-Eisenion (Feher et al., 1989). Dabei ist zu beachten, daß die
Redoxcarrier an der L- und M-Untereinheit gebunden sind. Diese beiden, symmetrisch zu
einer zweizähligen und senkrecht zur Membran stehenden Rotationsachse angeordneten
Pigmentzweige, bilden sich durch die Bakteriochlorophyll-Monomere, die den „special
pair“ nahe der periplasmatischen Seite der Membran bis zum nicht-Haem-Eisenion nahe
der cytoplasmatischen Seite der Membran ausmachen (Michel et al., 1986). Die Existenz
von 11 α-Helices mit jeweils 20 bis 30 Aminosäuren begründet die Röntgen-Struktur des
Photosystems von R. sphaeroides. Sie bilden einen hydrophoben Bereich mit einer Länge
9. I. EINLEITUNG 14
von 35 Å. Jeweils fünf transmembrane Helices ergeben die zwei Polypeptide L und M,
nur eine Helix die H-Untereinheit. Eindeutig kommt die Orientierung und Bindung zu
spezifischen Aminosäuren der prosthetischen Gruppen zu diesen Helices zum Ausdruck
(Draber et al., 1991).
Abbildung 1.5: Molekulare Struktur des Reaktionzentrums und der Pigmente aus
Rhodobacter sphaeroides, eingebettet in eine schematisch dargestellte Biomembran. In
der QB-Bindungsstelle des Reaktionszentrums liegt das Herbizid Terbuthylazin.
Durch EPR- (electron paramagnetic resonance) und ENDOR-Techniken (electron-
nuclear double resonance) sowie optische Spektroskopie konnten die Reaktanten sowie
deren Sequenz aufgeklärt werden (Feher et al., 1989). So konnte gezeigt werden, daß
zwei BChl-Moleküle durch Überlappung an der Pyrrolring-1-Position ein Dimer P870
bilden, das durch Lichtenergie in den angeregten Zustand überführt wird. Das Dimer
P870 wirkt dabei als primärer Elektronendonor, der durch Abgabe eines Elektrons den
Prozeß der Ladungstrennung induziert und das Elektron entlang der L-Untereinheit zum
BPhe transferiert. Nach Arlt et al. gilt als wahrscheinlich, daß eines der beiden
zusätzlichen BChl-Moleküle als erster Elektronenakzeptor fungiert (Arlt et al., 1993).
Der Elektronentransport zum Ubichinon der QA-Bindungsstelle und ferner über das
Eisenatom auf das Ubichinon der QB-Bindungsstelle erfolgt innerhalb von 220 ps. Die
QB-Bindungsstelle des RC ist dabei auf der L-Untereinheit in der Verbindungsschleife
der 4. und 5. transmembranen Helix lokalisiert (Holzapfel et al., 1990). Bevor das nun
erzeugte, relativ langlebige Semichinonradikal zerfällt, kann im selben Reaktionszentrum
10. I. EINLEITUNG 15
eine zweite Ladungstrennung erfolgen. Daher wird ein zweites Elektron auf das
Semichinonradikal der QB-Bindungsstelle übertragen und nach Aufnahme von zwei
Protonen vollständig reduziertes Ubihydrochinon gebildet (McPherson et al., 1990). Die
schwächere Affinität des Ubihydrochinons zum QB-Bindungsprotein bewirkt den
Austausch gegen ein oxidiertes Ubichinon. Abbildung 1.6 zeigt den Weg der
Ladungstrennung im bakteriellen Reaktionszentrum.
Hervorzuheben ist die spiegelsymmetrische Struktur der M- und L-Untereinheit.
Interessanterweise nehmen Elektronen trotz identischer Proteinausstattung und –lage nur
den Weg über die L-Untereinheit. Ursache dieses asymmetrischen Elektronentransportes,
von Steffen et al. untersucht, ist eine höhere effektive dielektrische Konstante für die L-
Untereinheit. Daraus wurde für die M-Untereinheit ein ungerichteter Elektronentransport
geschlossen (Steffen et al., 1994). Darüber hinaus wurde eine asymmetrische Polarität
der Aminosäuren zwischen der L- und M-Untereinheit in der Nähe der BPhe und des
„special pair“ festgestellt, was für eine dielektrische Asymmetrie spricht.
Abbildung 1.6: Pigmentanordnung und Schema der photochemischen Prozesse im RC
von Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
H, L, M: Proteinuntereinheiten, P: Bakteriochlorophylldimer, HA: Bakteriophäophytin,
QA, QB: Chinonbindungsstellen, Fe: Eisenatom