ALUMINUM
THE 13TH ELEMENT IN THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
*WHAT IS ALUMINUM?
- Aluminum derives its name from alum. The Latin name for alum is 'alumen' meaning bitter salt.Note on Naming: Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name aluminum for the element, however, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements. This spelling is in use in most countries.
Aluminium was also the spelling in the U.S. until 1925, when the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum instead.
*WHO DISCOVERED ALUMINUM?
-Hans Christian Oersted
*FACTS ABOUT OERSTED
-Hans Christian Oersted launched a new epoch in science when he discovered that electricity and magnetism are linked.
He showed by experiment that an electric current flowing through a wire could move a nearby magnet.
The discovery of electromagnetism set the stage for the eventual development of our modern technology-based world.
Oersted also discovered the chemical compound piperine and achieved the first isolation of the element aluminum.
ALUMINUM BASIC FACTS:
Symbol: AlAtomic Number: 13Atomic Weight:26.981539Element Classification Basic MetalCAS Number: 7429-90-5
Aluminum Periodic Table Location
Group: 13Period: 3Block: p
ALUMINUM PHYSICAL DATA
State at room temperature (300 K): SolidAppearance: soft, light, silvery white metalDensity: 2.6989 g/ccDensity at Melting Point: 2.375 g/ccSpecific Gravity: 7.874 (20 °C)Melting Point: 933.47 K, 660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F
Boiling Point: 2792 K, 2519 °C, 4566 °FCritical Point: 8550 KHeat of Fusion: 10.67 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 293.72 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 25.1 J/mol·KSpecific Heat: 24.200 J/g·K (at 20 °C)
*Uses and properties
-Image explanation
Aircraft fuselages and aluminium foil are just two of the many and varied uses of this element.
-Appearance
Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight metal. It is soft and malleable.malleable.
Every minute there are numerous aluminum cans recycled. But do you know where do they go after collected? They turn into new cans on the stores’ shelves after a two month’s recycling process.
ALUMINIUM AS A BUILDING MATERIAL dissertationArchDuty
This document outlines the chapters and contents of a dissertation on aluminium as a building material. It discusses the aim, hypothesis, objectives, and limitations of the study. The introduction provides an overview of the properties of aluminium, including its strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, conductivity, reflectivity, ductility, and recyclability. Aluminium is widely used in construction for windows, doors, roofing, cladding, and other applications due to its favorable properties. The document examines aluminium's history and emergence as a prominent building material in the 20th century.
The document summarizes the manufacturing process of aluminum. It describes that aluminum is extracted from the bauxite ore through the Bayer process, which refines bauxite to produce aluminum oxide. It then goes through the Hall-Héroult process of smelting aluminum oxide to release pure aluminum using electrolysis. The document outlines each step of the Bayer process and Hall-Héroult process in detail. It also mentions alternative carbothermic reduction processes that can produce aluminum and byproducts like syngas in a more energy efficient manner compared to the conventional processes. Lastly, it discusses the various uses and advantages of aluminum as a building material.
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
Recycling aluminum cans can save much energy, reduce air pollution and solid waste, and help with the charities. You can recycle aluminum cans for extra money as well as benefiting the planet.
This document discusses the fabrication and uses of aluminum. It describes several processes for working aluminum, including extruding, rolling, casting, forging, drawing, and machining. It notes important properties like its melting point, density, and corrosion resistance. Aluminum is then discussed in various applications such as automotive, transportation, packaging, and construction. The document concludes with an overview of the closed-loop aluminum can recycling process.
Aluminum cans are easy to recycle but many people throw them away. In 2009, only 50.7% of cans sold were recycled in the US, according to the EPA. Recycling aluminum cans saves a significant amount of energy compared to producing aluminum from bauxite ore, and it reduces carbon emissions and landfill waste. One recycled aluminum can saves enough energy to power a TV for three hours. The recycling process involves collecting, sorting, cleaning, melting, and reforming aluminum into new products.
ALUMINUM
THE 13TH ELEMENT IN THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
*WHAT IS ALUMINUM?
- Aluminum derives its name from alum. The Latin name for alum is 'alumen' meaning bitter salt.Note on Naming: Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name aluminum for the element, however, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements. This spelling is in use in most countries.
Aluminium was also the spelling in the U.S. until 1925, when the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum instead.
*WHO DISCOVERED ALUMINUM?
-Hans Christian Oersted
*FACTS ABOUT OERSTED
-Hans Christian Oersted launched a new epoch in science when he discovered that electricity and magnetism are linked.
He showed by experiment that an electric current flowing through a wire could move a nearby magnet.
The discovery of electromagnetism set the stage for the eventual development of our modern technology-based world.
Oersted also discovered the chemical compound piperine and achieved the first isolation of the element aluminum.
ALUMINUM BASIC FACTS:
Symbol: AlAtomic Number: 13Atomic Weight:26.981539Element Classification Basic MetalCAS Number: 7429-90-5
Aluminum Periodic Table Location
Group: 13Period: 3Block: p
ALUMINUM PHYSICAL DATA
State at room temperature (300 K): SolidAppearance: soft, light, silvery white metalDensity: 2.6989 g/ccDensity at Melting Point: 2.375 g/ccSpecific Gravity: 7.874 (20 °C)Melting Point: 933.47 K, 660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F
Boiling Point: 2792 K, 2519 °C, 4566 °FCritical Point: 8550 KHeat of Fusion: 10.67 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 293.72 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 25.1 J/mol·KSpecific Heat: 24.200 J/g·K (at 20 °C)
*Uses and properties
-Image explanation
Aircraft fuselages and aluminium foil are just two of the many and varied uses of this element.
-Appearance
Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight metal. It is soft and malleable.malleable.
Every minute there are numerous aluminum cans recycled. But do you know where do they go after collected? They turn into new cans on the stores’ shelves after a two month’s recycling process.
ALUMINIUM AS A BUILDING MATERIAL dissertationArchDuty
This document outlines the chapters and contents of a dissertation on aluminium as a building material. It discusses the aim, hypothesis, objectives, and limitations of the study. The introduction provides an overview of the properties of aluminium, including its strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, conductivity, reflectivity, ductility, and recyclability. Aluminium is widely used in construction for windows, doors, roofing, cladding, and other applications due to its favorable properties. The document examines aluminium's history and emergence as a prominent building material in the 20th century.
The document summarizes the manufacturing process of aluminum. It describes that aluminum is extracted from the bauxite ore through the Bayer process, which refines bauxite to produce aluminum oxide. It then goes through the Hall-Héroult process of smelting aluminum oxide to release pure aluminum using electrolysis. The document outlines each step of the Bayer process and Hall-Héroult process in detail. It also mentions alternative carbothermic reduction processes that can produce aluminum and byproducts like syngas in a more energy efficient manner compared to the conventional processes. Lastly, it discusses the various uses and advantages of aluminum as a building material.
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
Recycling aluminum cans can save much energy, reduce air pollution and solid waste, and help with the charities. You can recycle aluminum cans for extra money as well as benefiting the planet.
This document discusses the fabrication and uses of aluminum. It describes several processes for working aluminum, including extruding, rolling, casting, forging, drawing, and machining. It notes important properties like its melting point, density, and corrosion resistance. Aluminum is then discussed in various applications such as automotive, transportation, packaging, and construction. The document concludes with an overview of the closed-loop aluminum can recycling process.
Aluminum cans are easy to recycle but many people throw them away. In 2009, only 50.7% of cans sold were recycled in the US, according to the EPA. Recycling aluminum cans saves a significant amount of energy compared to producing aluminum from bauxite ore, and it reduces carbon emissions and landfill waste. One recycled aluminum can saves enough energy to power a TV for three hours. The recycling process involves collecting, sorting, cleaning, melting, and reforming aluminum into new products.
The document discusses the history and development of aluminum cans from their introduction in 1964 to present day. It provides details on the aluminum recycling process, from collection to production of new ingots. Key points include aluminum cans being lighter and easier to print on than steel predecessors, the fully recyclable nature of aluminum allowing repeated reuse, and the energy and cost savings of recycling aluminum compared to producing cans from virgin materials. The document also discusses the Nigerian beverage market and rationale for aluminum recycling in Nigeria, including lack of domestic aluminum production and high import dependence.
Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It is a soft, lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal that is highly conductive of heat and electricity. Aluminum occurs naturally as bauxite ore and is extracted through the Bayer process to produce alumina, which is then smelted using the Hall-Héroult process to produce aluminum metal. Aluminum and its alloys have a variety of applications due to their properties, including in transportation, packaging, construction, and electrical sectors. Aluminum is fully recyclable without loss of quality and recycling it requires much less energy than producing it from ore.
The document provides background information on the Indian aluminum industry. It discusses how aluminum was discovered in 1886 and how the Aluminum Corporation of India was founded in 1937 as the first attempt to manufacture aluminum in India. The Indian aluminum industry is represented by the Aluminum Association of India. The primary market structure of the Indian aluminum industry is oligopolistic, dominated by three major producers - Hindalco, Vedanta Aluminum, and Nalco. The secondary aluminum sector is larger and more fragmented with around 3,500 smaller producers. The document goes on to provide details on the aluminum extraction process, types of primary and secondary aluminum products, and the market structure of the aluminum extrusion industry in India.
The document provides background information on the Indian aluminum industry. It discusses how aluminum was discovered in 1886 and how the Aluminum Corporation of India was founded in 1937 as the first attempt to manufacture aluminum in India. The Indian aluminum industry is represented by the Aluminum Association of India. The primary market structure of the Indian aluminum industry is oligopolistic, dominated by three major producers - Hindalco, Vedanta Aluminum, and Nalco. The secondary aluminum sector is larger and more fragmented with around 3,500 smaller producers. The document goes on to provide details on the extraction and production processes of aluminum as well as the various primary and secondary product types.
TALAT Lecture 1201: Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering MaterialCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to metallurgical concepts necessary to understand how structural features of aluminium alloys are influenced by alloy composition, processing and heat treatment, and the basic affects of these parameters on the mechanical properties, and hence engineering applications, of the alloys. It is assumed that the reader has some elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics.
Metals are commonly found within ores, which are rocks containing minerals. Ores form over long periods of time through intense heat and pressure. While ores are not a renewable resource on a human timescale, they can be extracted through mining. Common extraction methods include smelting, which uses high temperatures to separate metals from ores, and electrolysis to extract pure metals like copper. Recycling metals provides environmental and economic benefits compared to extracting virgin materials, as it requires far less energy. Aluminum in particular is widely recycled as it only uses 5% of the energy needed for primary aluminum production.
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
Aluminium is an element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13
Aluminium is so called because it is a base of “alum,” which in turn is derived from the Latin for “bitter salt.”
Aluminium is the second most plentiful metallic element on earth; an estimated 8.3% of the earth crust is composed of aluminium.
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
This document provides an overview of aluminium, including its production, processing, properties, applications, and recycling. It begins with an introduction to aluminium's composition and history. The production section describes how aluminium is extracted from bauxite ore and refined. Processing methods like extrusion, casting, and rolling are also outlined. Key properties such as lightness, corrosion resistance, and conductivity are highlighted. The applications section lists aluminium's use in various industries and products. Finally, the recycling of aluminium is discussed, noting its high recyclability and energy savings compared to primary production.
Simmal Aluminum Extrusion Designing To The Limits Nov 09frankpower
This document provides an overview of aluminum extrusions from Simmal Ltd, including:
- The company history of Simmal Ltd, which was founded in 1986 and is now a second generation family business turning over £10 million annually.
- The aluminum extrusion process, which involves aluminum billets being pushed through shaped dies by large presses to produce the desired shapes.
- The advantages of aluminum extrusions, such as their strength, corrosion resistance, light weight, heat and electrical conductivity, and ability to be produced in complex, close tolerance shapes in a cost effective manner.
- Case studies and opportunities for design solutions using aluminum extrusions are discussed.
Aluminum was first isolated in 1885 but was initially more expensive than gold. It is now widely used due to several beneficial properties including low density, corrosion resistance, and good thermal and electrical conductivity. Aluminum and its alloys have many applications including construction, transportation, cooking utensils, and electronics due to properties like light weight, formability, and resistance to corrosion. It is produced commercially using the Hall-Héroult process involving electrolysis of molten aluminum oxide.
Aluminum was first isolated in 1885 but was initially more expensive than gold. It is now widely used due to several beneficial properties including low density, corrosion resistance, and good thermal and electrical conductivity. Aluminum and its alloys have many applications including construction, transportation, cooking utensils, and electronics due to properties like light weight, formability, and lack of corrosion. It is produced commercially using the Hall-Héroult process involving electrolysis of molten aluminum oxide.
This document discusses static and dynamic analysis of Al-alloy-7075 composite material with different manufacturing systems. It begins with an abstract describing how damping capacity is important for structural materials to eliminate damage from mechanical vibration. Aluminum composites play a significant role as lightweight machine components. The study aims to analyze the vibration characteristics and modal behavior of different aluminum alloy compositions using finite element analysis (FEA) software. After design and analysis, the most suitable manufacturing process will be selected for each material based on their individual physical properties. Cad and cae tools like Creo and Ansys will be used.
Aluminium is extracted through an electrolysis process using cryolite to lower the melting point of bauxite ore. Large electrolysis plants run continuously, applying a strong electric current to molten alumina to produce aluminum ions at the cathode. The byproduct is oxygen or carbon dioxide from the carbon anode. Anodizing produces a thicker, stronger protective oxide layer on aluminum's surface, allowing its use in various applications where its light weight and conductivity are valuable.
Aluminum is produced through a three step process: 1) mining bauxite ore, 2) refining bauxite into aluminum oxide, and 3) electrolytically reducing aluminum oxide into metallic aluminum. This electrolytic reduction process, known as the Hall-Heroult process, involves dissolving aluminum oxide in a cryolite bath and passing an electric current through it to dissociate the aluminum oxide into molten aluminum and oxygen. Large carbon blocks suspended in the solution serve as the anodes. The process requires significant amounts of electricity and emits carbon dioxide and other gases. Modern aluminum smelters typically include 300-720 electrolytic cells connected in series to continuously produce aluminum through this energy-intensive process.
Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, after oxygen and silicon. It is extracted from bauxite ore through the Bayer process, where it is purified into aluminum oxide and then smelted into aluminum metal through electrolysis. Aluminum is a lightweight, durable, ductile and corrosion-resistant metal that is used widely in transportation, construction, packaging, and many other applications due to its unique properties. It can be easily cast, machined and formed while also being recyclable.
Aluminum is a lightweight metal that is widely used due to its properties and extraction process. It can be extracted from bauxite ore through the Bayer process, which involves dissolving the aluminum-containing minerals in sodium hydroxide to produce alumina, which is then electrolyzed to produce aluminum metal. Aluminum is commonly used in alloys to improve strength and is applied in transportation and construction due to its corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and high strength to weight ratio.
Amalgam dental ppt for dental material studyPriyankaIppar
Dental amalgam is an alloy used in dental fillings that contains mercury and other metals such as silver, tin, and copper. It has been used for over 165 years but concerns over mercury safety and the development of alternative materials like composites have led to its decline. The document discusses the history of amalgam, including its first documented use in 659 AD by the Chinese and major developments in the 19th and 20th centuries. It also covers the composition of amalgam alloys, their manufacturing process, and the ongoing debate around the use of amalgam known as the "amalgam wars."
Unit 1 Aluminum as a Building Material.pptxHelloYou12
Aluminum is commonly used as a building material due to its light weight, corrosion resistance, strength, and ductility. It is produced through a two-step process: first, bauxite ore is refined into aluminum oxide through the Bayer process; then, the aluminum oxide is smelted into pure aluminum metal using the Hall-Héroult process. As a building material, aluminum is used in castings, extrusions, foils, and powders to form products like window and door frames, facades, roofing, siding, and more. Its recyclability and corrosion resistance make it well-suited for construction applications.
20240408 Bending Backwards to the Second Step Up.docxSharon Liu
1. The document describes a move called "bending backwards to the second step up" which involves bending backwards with folded arms until the head touches the second step and straightening back up. It provides exercises to improve flexibility like doing crab walks.
2. It also describes a move called "stepping onto the bed from under one meter away" and recommends exercises like walking, jumping, and working on frontal splits to improve the leg strength and stride length needed.
3. The author's goals for the year are to improve arm strength through swimming and sharpen eyesight through writing more to eventually do a cartwheel. Regular exercise in the gym and dancing are also recommended.
20240319 Car Simulator Plan.pptx . Plan for a JavaScript Car Driving Simulator.Sharon Liu
The document outlines an initial plan for a car simulator programmed in JavaScript. The first version will include a turn-based simulation with a bird's eye view of a road with a left turn, clutch and gear pedals, and a steering wheel. The car will move in units along the road and crash if instructions are wrong. Possible JavaScript functions needed include using SVG for the view, forms for controls, and equations for speed and steering ratio. The purpose is to teach people how to drive.
20240315 ACMJ Diagrams Set 2.docx . With light, motor, coloured light, and se...Sharon Liu
ACMJ is a computer project, which stands for Apache, CSharp, MySQL and JavaScript stack and server. This document shows early prototyping, of the hardware.
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Ähnlich wie 20240507 Prototyping Recycling Aluminium.docx
The document discusses the history and development of aluminum cans from their introduction in 1964 to present day. It provides details on the aluminum recycling process, from collection to production of new ingots. Key points include aluminum cans being lighter and easier to print on than steel predecessors, the fully recyclable nature of aluminum allowing repeated reuse, and the energy and cost savings of recycling aluminum compared to producing cans from virgin materials. The document also discusses the Nigerian beverage market and rationale for aluminum recycling in Nigeria, including lack of domestic aluminum production and high import dependence.
Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It is a soft, lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal that is highly conductive of heat and electricity. Aluminum occurs naturally as bauxite ore and is extracted through the Bayer process to produce alumina, which is then smelted using the Hall-Héroult process to produce aluminum metal. Aluminum and its alloys have a variety of applications due to their properties, including in transportation, packaging, construction, and electrical sectors. Aluminum is fully recyclable without loss of quality and recycling it requires much less energy than producing it from ore.
The document provides background information on the Indian aluminum industry. It discusses how aluminum was discovered in 1886 and how the Aluminum Corporation of India was founded in 1937 as the first attempt to manufacture aluminum in India. The Indian aluminum industry is represented by the Aluminum Association of India. The primary market structure of the Indian aluminum industry is oligopolistic, dominated by three major producers - Hindalco, Vedanta Aluminum, and Nalco. The secondary aluminum sector is larger and more fragmented with around 3,500 smaller producers. The document goes on to provide details on the aluminum extraction process, types of primary and secondary aluminum products, and the market structure of the aluminum extrusion industry in India.
The document provides background information on the Indian aluminum industry. It discusses how aluminum was discovered in 1886 and how the Aluminum Corporation of India was founded in 1937 as the first attempt to manufacture aluminum in India. The Indian aluminum industry is represented by the Aluminum Association of India. The primary market structure of the Indian aluminum industry is oligopolistic, dominated by three major producers - Hindalco, Vedanta Aluminum, and Nalco. The secondary aluminum sector is larger and more fragmented with around 3,500 smaller producers. The document goes on to provide details on the extraction and production processes of aluminum as well as the various primary and secondary product types.
TALAT Lecture 1201: Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering MaterialCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to metallurgical concepts necessary to understand how structural features of aluminium alloys are influenced by alloy composition, processing and heat treatment, and the basic affects of these parameters on the mechanical properties, and hence engineering applications, of the alloys. It is assumed that the reader has some elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics.
Metals are commonly found within ores, which are rocks containing minerals. Ores form over long periods of time through intense heat and pressure. While ores are not a renewable resource on a human timescale, they can be extracted through mining. Common extraction methods include smelting, which uses high temperatures to separate metals from ores, and electrolysis to extract pure metals like copper. Recycling metals provides environmental and economic benefits compared to extracting virgin materials, as it requires far less energy. Aluminum in particular is widely recycled as it only uses 5% of the energy needed for primary aluminum production.
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
Aluminium is an element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13
Aluminium is so called because it is a base of “alum,” which in turn is derived from the Latin for “bitter salt.”
Aluminium is the second most plentiful metallic element on earth; an estimated 8.3% of the earth crust is composed of aluminium.
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
This document provides an overview of aluminium, including its production, processing, properties, applications, and recycling. It begins with an introduction to aluminium's composition and history. The production section describes how aluminium is extracted from bauxite ore and refined. Processing methods like extrusion, casting, and rolling are also outlined. Key properties such as lightness, corrosion resistance, and conductivity are highlighted. The applications section lists aluminium's use in various industries and products. Finally, the recycling of aluminium is discussed, noting its high recyclability and energy savings compared to primary production.
Simmal Aluminum Extrusion Designing To The Limits Nov 09frankpower
This document provides an overview of aluminum extrusions from Simmal Ltd, including:
- The company history of Simmal Ltd, which was founded in 1986 and is now a second generation family business turning over £10 million annually.
- The aluminum extrusion process, which involves aluminum billets being pushed through shaped dies by large presses to produce the desired shapes.
- The advantages of aluminum extrusions, such as their strength, corrosion resistance, light weight, heat and electrical conductivity, and ability to be produced in complex, close tolerance shapes in a cost effective manner.
- Case studies and opportunities for design solutions using aluminum extrusions are discussed.
Aluminum was first isolated in 1885 but was initially more expensive than gold. It is now widely used due to several beneficial properties including low density, corrosion resistance, and good thermal and electrical conductivity. Aluminum and its alloys have many applications including construction, transportation, cooking utensils, and electronics due to properties like light weight, formability, and resistance to corrosion. It is produced commercially using the Hall-Héroult process involving electrolysis of molten aluminum oxide.
Aluminum was first isolated in 1885 but was initially more expensive than gold. It is now widely used due to several beneficial properties including low density, corrosion resistance, and good thermal and electrical conductivity. Aluminum and its alloys have many applications including construction, transportation, cooking utensils, and electronics due to properties like light weight, formability, and lack of corrosion. It is produced commercially using the Hall-Héroult process involving electrolysis of molten aluminum oxide.
This document discusses static and dynamic analysis of Al-alloy-7075 composite material with different manufacturing systems. It begins with an abstract describing how damping capacity is important for structural materials to eliminate damage from mechanical vibration. Aluminum composites play a significant role as lightweight machine components. The study aims to analyze the vibration characteristics and modal behavior of different aluminum alloy compositions using finite element analysis (FEA) software. After design and analysis, the most suitable manufacturing process will be selected for each material based on their individual physical properties. Cad and cae tools like Creo and Ansys will be used.
Aluminium is extracted through an electrolysis process using cryolite to lower the melting point of bauxite ore. Large electrolysis plants run continuously, applying a strong electric current to molten alumina to produce aluminum ions at the cathode. The byproduct is oxygen or carbon dioxide from the carbon anode. Anodizing produces a thicker, stronger protective oxide layer on aluminum's surface, allowing its use in various applications where its light weight and conductivity are valuable.
Aluminum is produced through a three step process: 1) mining bauxite ore, 2) refining bauxite into aluminum oxide, and 3) electrolytically reducing aluminum oxide into metallic aluminum. This electrolytic reduction process, known as the Hall-Heroult process, involves dissolving aluminum oxide in a cryolite bath and passing an electric current through it to dissociate the aluminum oxide into molten aluminum and oxygen. Large carbon blocks suspended in the solution serve as the anodes. The process requires significant amounts of electricity and emits carbon dioxide and other gases. Modern aluminum smelters typically include 300-720 electrolytic cells connected in series to continuously produce aluminum through this energy-intensive process.
Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, after oxygen and silicon. It is extracted from bauxite ore through the Bayer process, where it is purified into aluminum oxide and then smelted into aluminum metal through electrolysis. Aluminum is a lightweight, durable, ductile and corrosion-resistant metal that is used widely in transportation, construction, packaging, and many other applications due to its unique properties. It can be easily cast, machined and formed while also being recyclable.
Aluminum is a lightweight metal that is widely used due to its properties and extraction process. It can be extracted from bauxite ore through the Bayer process, which involves dissolving the aluminum-containing minerals in sodium hydroxide to produce alumina, which is then electrolyzed to produce aluminum metal. Aluminum is commonly used in alloys to improve strength and is applied in transportation and construction due to its corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and high strength to weight ratio.
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Dental amalgam is an alloy used in dental fillings that contains mercury and other metals such as silver, tin, and copper. It has been used for over 165 years but concerns over mercury safety and the development of alternative materials like composites have led to its decline. The document discusses the history of amalgam, including its first documented use in 659 AD by the Chinese and major developments in the 19th and 20th centuries. It also covers the composition of amalgam alloys, their manufacturing process, and the ongoing debate around the use of amalgam known as the "amalgam wars."
Unit 1 Aluminum as a Building Material.pptxHelloYou12
Aluminum is commonly used as a building material due to its light weight, corrosion resistance, strength, and ductility. It is produced through a two-step process: first, bauxite ore is refined into aluminum oxide through the Bayer process; then, the aluminum oxide is smelted into pure aluminum metal using the Hall-Héroult process. As a building material, aluminum is used in castings, extrusions, foils, and powders to form products like window and door frames, facades, roofing, siding, and more. Its recyclability and corrosion resistance make it well-suited for construction applications.
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1. The document describes a move called "bending backwards to the second step up" which involves bending backwards with folded arms until the head touches the second step and straightening back up. It provides exercises to improve flexibility like doing crab walks.
2. It also describes a move called "stepping onto the bed from under one meter away" and recommends exercises like walking, jumping, and working on frontal splits to improve the leg strength and stride length needed.
3. The author's goals for the year are to improve arm strength through swimming and sharpen eyesight through writing more to eventually do a cartwheel. Regular exercise in the gym and dancing are also recommended.
20240319 Car Simulator Plan.pptx . Plan for a JavaScript Car Driving Simulator.Sharon Liu
The document outlines an initial plan for a car simulator programmed in JavaScript. The first version will include a turn-based simulation with a bird's eye view of a road with a left turn, clutch and gear pedals, and a steering wheel. The car will move in units along the road and crash if instructions are wrong. Possible JavaScript functions needed include using SVG for the view, forms for controls, and equations for speed and steering ratio. The purpose is to teach people how to drive.
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3. The coordinates are then rotated 45 degrees around the x-axis to plot the sphere rotated 45 degrees down.
4. Finally, the coordinates are rotated another 45 degrees around the y-axis to plot the final sphere rotated 45 degrees down and 45 degrees to the left.
Sharon Liu went ice skating for the second time and was able to slowly skate unsupported towards the center of the rink, holding onto the rink barrier for support. The document provides tips for beginning ice skaters on how to slowly skate unsupported, such as tightly lacing skates and using the barrier for balance. It discusses the difficulty of replicating roller skating jumps and spins on ice due to ice's slipperiness. The document considers next steps for practicing a two-footed jump, such as focusing more on roller skating moves and kicks.
The document provides instructions for various ice skating techniques including: skating straight ahead by stepping one foot in front of the other and using arms to balance; skating at speed by running on skates and controlling momentum; skating around a bend by leaning inside and lifting the outside skate; jumping with two feet by keeping momentum on landing; spinning by pivoting on one leg then the other and using arms to propel rotation; and performing a single axle spin by exerting force on takeoff to spin fully around before landing.
20231006 Sphere rotated 45 degrees down.docxSharon Liu
A sphere was rotated 45 degrees down. The document contains equations to calculate the x, y, and z components (d_x, d_y, d_z) of a point on the surface of the rotated sphere based on the radius of the sphere (r_halo) and the original x, y, z components of the point before rotation (d_x_upright, d_y_upright, d_z_upright). It also provides instructions to check the cardinal points when plotting and to adjust the radius of the sphere by multiplying the original x, y, z components by the same factor.
Sharon Liu documents the process of recycling air-dried clay. The key step is adding water to soften recycled clay scraps, allowing them to be remolded. Liu took a clay boat, soaked it in water for a week to rehydrate it, then remolded the clay into another boat shape. Although clay can be recycled when air-dried, firing it alters its structure, preventing easy remolding through rehydration.
20230831 a of the equator - Rotated sphere.docxSharon Liu
This document describes a rotated sphere that is tilted 45 degrees down and 45 degrees to the left. It defines the point a, which is located at the back of the sphere and marks the end of the short axis of the ellipse formed by the sphere's equator. The document also provides the coordinates of the north pole, south pole, and point a of the rotated sphere.
This document describes how to rotate an ellipse by 45 degrees to the right. It defines the new angle after rotation as rot_theta, and provides formulas to calculate the new x and y coordinates (x = cos(rot_theta)*r_horizontal_ellipse, y = sin(rot_theta)*r_horizontal_ellipse) based on the original point's coordinates and the length of the straight line through the original point.
This presentation, is about pure recall. Well, nothing is ever truly about pure recall, because if you do pure recall, you get really worried, and automatically memorise.
This document discusses how to plot an ellipse with an ordinary equation of x^2/a^2 + y^2/b^2 = 1 and specific values of a=2 and b=1. It then derives the equations to plot the ellipse using radial coordinates by calculating the cosine and sine of the theta angle from the distances on the x and y axes and deriving an expression for the slope m in terms of x and y to put into the ellipse equation.
20230809 South Pole of the Rotated Sphere.docxSharon Liu
This document contains mathematical calculations and coordinates for the north and south poles of a rotated sphere, including the x and y coordinates of the north pole (-sin(45)*sin(45), cos(45)), south pole (0.5, -cos(45)), and radial circles (sin(theta), cos(theta)). It also lists the y-coordinates for points on an upright sphere and calculates the lengths of the upright and rotated sphere axes.
20230804 Rotated Sphere with new North Pole.docxSharon Liu
A sphere was rotated 45 degrees down and 45 degrees clockwise horizontally, with coordinates provided for its new position at the North Pole. Some mathematical formulas are also included relating to the sphere's radius, as well as the x, y, and z distances from the sphere's center based on the down and clockwise horizontal rotation amounts. A radial plot of a circle is also mentioned with formulas for the x and y distances in terms of the theta parameter.
This document describes plotting a sphere in a horizontal orientation as an intermediary step before rotating it. It defines the radius of the sphere as 1, calculates the radius when tilted 45 degrees down as the sine of 45 degrees (0.707106781), and provides equations to calculate the y and x offsets when rotating the sphere horizontally based on the sine and cosine of the tilt angle.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
20240507 Prototyping Recycling Aluminium.docx
1. 1
20240507 Prototyping of the Recycling of Aluminium Foil. (ACMJ.)
Sharon Liu.
2023/08/01.
The Prototyping.
So, I was thinking that wires, had to be made for ACMJ (Apache, Csharp, Mysql, Javascript). Also, the main selling point,
of the new ACMJ server, was that it would be made out of recycled food packaging. So, I decided that the chocolate bar
foil, which was aluminium (it is aluminium, as a magnet doesn’t stick to it, it is also very light), would be convenient to
recycle, as it was devoid of dyes. (I might investigate dyes, later) Aluminium does not oxidise, after a year in storage, so
maybe it would be suitable for wires. (The aluminium tart cases, are just the same, after a year.) I haven’t got, much
copper, but I’ve got plenty of aluminium, as I keep buying chocolate.
So, prototyping of the recycling the aluminium foil, was fairly easy. I heated the handle of a (?) stainless steel spoon, in a
blue gas stove flame, for some seconds, and then imprinted the handle, on the aluminium foil. The foil, stuck to the
handle, for 1 second, meaning that the aluminium foil, had melted. I should write an equation, for this process. The
sticking of aluminium, to steel, is dependent on the temperature, of both metals. S = kt. (Where k is a constant.) (We
have already mentioned, sticking and temperature.) To hold the spoon, I used a rag. Later, I examined the aluminium
foil, and the indent made by the hot steel handle, had a slightly congealed part. I did all of this, in the kitchen.
What to do next.
So, the above is everything I have done so far. Let’s talk about, what happens if we wanted to take this, a step further.
Disclaimer: Under this heading, we are just planning, what to do next.
So, to recycle the entire foil, I would need a ceramic or steel template. I would need to apply heat to the aluminium foil,
so it melts, via the ceramic or steel sandwich, at the right temperature, so it doesn’t form gunk. When the heat and
pressure are applied to the foil, it is turned into a new foil, which can potentially be used with a new chocolate bar. So
then, consumers wouldn’t have to feel bad about throwing food packaging away. I don’t know, how the template would
be made. It is difficult to shape ceramic. Maybe the template would be made, out of steel, and the temperature, finely
controlled. You wouldn’t get the fine patterning, of the aluminium foil, though.
2024/04/29.
Environmental impact.
Assessing the environmental impact, is important in the recycling of aluminium foil. This must be done, before the
aluminium foil, is melted on tiles (made of e.g. stone). We would like to see, whether aluminium in the environment,
would affect the growth of plants. Aluminium is a light metal. I have read in the literature, that heavy metals are toxic to
plants. Aluminium is the most abundant metal, in the Earth’s crust (World Economic Forum, 2021). It is the third most
common element, in the Earth’s crust. It is important, that the level of aluminium in the crust, stays about the same, to
support existing flora and fauna. We conclude that so long as the aluminium cycles, from being extracted from the
mines, to food packaging, and back, this is possibly acceptable to life.
Making a recycled low-grade aluminium foil disc.
To make a low-grade aluminium foil disc, you get a pair of scissors, and cut out a small disc, of around 0.8cm in
diameter, from the chocolate bar aluminium foil. You put the disc, on a ceramic plate. Then, you heat a steel spoon, with
a flat handle tip, in a blue flame, for 20 counts, on a stove ring. You then quickly imprint the hot steel handle tip, onto
the disc, to flatten the used foil, over a few imprints. (I only did the imprinting, a few times, to save gas, but ideally you
should imprint the aluminium disc, until it is all flattened.) Because of the boundary between the iron and aluminium
(iron is approximately twice as dense as aluminium), the steel and aluminium foil, do not stay together.
2. 2
Next steps.
Ideally, there should be a whole sheet of new foil. (Instead of a small low-grade aluminium disc.) To get this, I think I
need to design some equipment. I was thinking, of collecting a large smooth pebble, to heat and brush the used foil
with. I wonder what the consequences, of heating a large smooth pebble, are. This depends on the pebble.
2024/05/07.
The theory of recycling aluminium foil at volume.
You would first need to weigh the total amount of used aluminium foil. (The chocolate at the chocolatiers, must not stick
to the foil. This is managed, by design.) The bigger the amount of used aluminium foil, the more energy that is required,
to turn it into globules. V = kE. Within the aluminium foil, the aluminium atoms, are in a lattice, due to the minimum
energy, required to arrange them. Also, the aluminium atoms, are attracted to each other, and to the Earth’s surface.
The distance between the atoms, is made of a net difference, between the attracting and repelling forces. d = a – r. So,
where is the large force, that recycles used aluminium foil? See, burying the aluminium foil in magma, might produce
ore. (Maybe, as I heard, magma is too hot.) Well you see, if you boiled aluminium foil for the whole day, maybe it would
flatten. That is the watery atomic centrifuge. The main problem with this, is that aluminium atoms, end up in the water.
Well, you could let the water dry out. The time taken to reshape aluminium, is proportionally less, when the
temperature is 10 times lower. t_i = k/(TP). The time taken to reshape aluminium, is inversely proportional, to the
temperature and pressure, that the aluminium is subjected to. The aluminium foil, is turned into globules, when there
are forces to all six faces, of the three-dimensional aluminium foil. Maybe when you are boiling the foil, you need to
apply compressive forces, to small scrunched up aluminium foil. Maybe you should fold the aluminium foil, and use
intermittent pressure, with a stainless steel spoon. One who understands mechanics, manipulates particles, as they
want to, provided there is sufficient energy. To remove the loose aluminium particles, from the pan, you pour the boiled
water, into a smaller container, like a flask with an opening that faces down.