21. Peer review
… is a means of sieving out evident error, currently unacceptable
practices, repetition of previously published work without
acknowledgement, and trivial contributions that add little to
knowledge.
Russell report on ‘Climategate’
39. Retraction on the basis of plagiarism
“The retraction has been agreed
due to overlap with other previously
published material written by third
parties”
40. Retraction on the basis of
duplication
“The retraction has been
agreed due to duplicate
publication of the same
article in two journals”