This document outlines the key stages of mammalian embryonic development from formation of the germ layers through early organ development. It describes how the morula forms three germ layers - endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. It then discusses formation of structures like the notochord, neural tube, neural crest cells, and subdivision of mesoderm. It details how the embryo folds, how branchial arches form and their fate, and early development of structures like the face and palate.
Development of oral cavity and face .ppt by dr. samidha aroraSamidha Arora
The document summarizes the development of the oral cavity and face from the 4th week of embryonic development. It discusses how the frontonasal process, nasal placodes, maxillary processes, and mandibular processes give rise to different structures of the face. It also describes the development of the palate from palatal shelves growing from the maxillary processes that later fuse together.
The document summarizes the development of the face, paranasal sinuses, and associated structures from early embryonic development through the fetal period. It describes how the germ layers form and give rise to the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. It then explains how the pharyngeal arches develop and contribute to structures of the face, nose, mouth, and neck. It provides details on the development of specific structures including the lips, cheeks, nose, eyes, ears, palate, and paranasal sinuses. It also briefly mentions anomalies that can arise from abnormalities during development of each structure.
The document discusses the embryology of the face, beginning with formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. It describes how the pharyngeal arches and pouches form and their derivatives. Facial development involves outgrowths from the frontonasal process and mandibular arches. Nasal placodes form and sink to become nasal pits. The mandibular processes fuse to form the lower lip and jaw, while maxillary processes fuse with other structures to form the upper lip.
This document discusses embryonic and fetal development from 3-8 weeks (embryonic period) and 9 weeks to birth (fetal period). During the embryonic period, the three germ layers give rise to specific tissues and organs as the main organ systems are established. Neurulation occurs as the neural tube forms from the neural plate. Neural crest cells migrate throughout the body. The mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into muscle, bone and skin tissues. Blood islands form and later hematopoietic stem cells arise. The endoderm forms the gastrointestinal tract. During the fetal period, organs mature and the fetus grows rapidly in the third, fourth and fifth months.
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE/ Development of face, palate and jawDishikaBhagwani27
• Introduction, General embryology○ Fertilization ○ Formation of germ layers ○ Development of face – •Pharyngeal arches, pouch & clefts ○ Development of nose. development of maxilla & mandible, development of eyes,development of lips & checks Development of head • Development of skull • Development of face.....
This slide show takes you through the detailed process of development of chick and the various crucial stages of development. It can be a useful resource for science graduation students
Development of oral cavity and face .ppt by dr. samidha aroraSamidha Arora
The document summarizes the development of the oral cavity and face from the 4th week of embryonic development. It discusses how the frontonasal process, nasal placodes, maxillary processes, and mandibular processes give rise to different structures of the face. It also describes the development of the palate from palatal shelves growing from the maxillary processes that later fuse together.
The document summarizes the development of the face, paranasal sinuses, and associated structures from early embryonic development through the fetal period. It describes how the germ layers form and give rise to the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. It then explains how the pharyngeal arches develop and contribute to structures of the face, nose, mouth, and neck. It provides details on the development of specific structures including the lips, cheeks, nose, eyes, ears, palate, and paranasal sinuses. It also briefly mentions anomalies that can arise from abnormalities during development of each structure.
The document discusses the embryology of the face, beginning with formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. It describes how the pharyngeal arches and pouches form and their derivatives. Facial development involves outgrowths from the frontonasal process and mandibular arches. Nasal placodes form and sink to become nasal pits. The mandibular processes fuse to form the lower lip and jaw, while maxillary processes fuse with other structures to form the upper lip.
This document discusses embryonic and fetal development from 3-8 weeks (embryonic period) and 9 weeks to birth (fetal period). During the embryonic period, the three germ layers give rise to specific tissues and organs as the main organ systems are established. Neurulation occurs as the neural tube forms from the neural plate. Neural crest cells migrate throughout the body. The mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into muscle, bone and skin tissues. Blood islands form and later hematopoietic stem cells arise. The endoderm forms the gastrointestinal tract. During the fetal period, organs mature and the fetus grows rapidly in the third, fourth and fifth months.
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE/ Development of face, palate and jawDishikaBhagwani27
• Introduction, General embryology○ Fertilization ○ Formation of germ layers ○ Development of face – •Pharyngeal arches, pouch & clefts ○ Development of nose. development of maxilla & mandible, development of eyes,development of lips & checks Development of head • Development of skull • Development of face.....
This slide show takes you through the detailed process of development of chick and the various crucial stages of development. It can be a useful resource for science graduation students
The document summarizes key stages of embryonic development from the third to eighth week. During this period, the notochord forms and somites appear on each side of the embryo. Organs also begin to form from the three germ layers. The embryonic period is then divided into pre-somite, somite, and post-somite stages based on the presence of somites. Criteria for estimating embryonic age include structures like the primitive streak and number of somites. Folding of the embryo and differentiation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are also discussed.
During the 3rd week of development, gastrulation occurs which involves the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This transforms the bilaminar embryo into a trilaminar embryo with distinct layers. Neurulation also occurs, forming the neural tube which will later become the central nervous system. By the end of the 3rd week, the foundation is laid for all major organ systems as each germ layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
During the embryonic period from weeks 3-8:
- The three germ layers form and undergo folding, starting organogenesis.
- By week 8, the upper and lower limbs have their adult shapes and most organ systems have developed.
- The embryo is slightly longer than 1 inch but has the outward appearance of a human.
- This period establishes the main organ systems as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm differentiate into specific tissues and organs.
This is a slide for complete development in chick ,as chick is a vertebrate so with the help of the development in a chick we can we can understand development in vertebrates .
This topic explains the whole process of growth and development in animal the processes include
Fertilization and incubation
Cleavage
Morula
Blastula
Gastrulation
Notochord And Mesoderm Formation
Neurulation
The document discusses the stages of early human development from fertilization through the 8th week. It describes the key events and changes that occur each week, including fertilization and cleavage of the zygote, formation of the blastocyst and implantation, gastrulation and formation of the three germ layers, development of the notochord and neural tube, somite formation, and the morphological changes that cause the embryo to fold from a disc to a cylinder as the major organs and body cavities begin to form. By the 8th week, the fetus is recognizably human-like and all major organs have developed.
The document outlines the development of several endocrine glands, the central nervous system, eyes, ears, and skin/skin appendages. It describes how the hypophysis, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreatic islets develop from different embryonic tissues. It also summarizes the development of the neural tube, brain, spinal cord, eyes, ears, skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, and nails from the ectoderm and mesoderm during various embryonic weeks.
Neural crest cells in 2 parts / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
This document provides information about neural crest cells from an educational seminar on the topic. It begins with learning objectives about understanding the history, formation, migration and derivatives of neural crest cells. The contents section outlines topics that will be covered, including introduction, history, evolution, formation of neural crest, migration of neural crest, derivatives of neural crest and applications. Several sections provide details on the history and evolution of neural crest cells. The formation of neural crest cells is described, beginning with the formation of the three germ layers during embryogenesis. The migration and induction of migration of neural crest cells is also summarized. Finally, the document outlines the main cell lineages derived from neural crest cells in the cranial, trunk, vagal/
Neural crest cells / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
During the embryonic period from 3-8 weeks, organogenesis occurs where organs develop from embryonic tissue. The three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) give rise to specific tissues and organs. The ectoderm forms the neural tube which becomes the central nervous system. It also forms the neural crest cells which migrate and develop into many structures. The mesoderm separates into three masses - paraxial mesoderm forms the skeleton, intermediate mesoderm forms the genitourinary system, and lateral plate mesoderm forms body wall structures. Somites develop from the paraxial mesoderm and form skeletal muscle, bone and dermis. Blood vessels also develop throughout the mesoderm
The head and neck develop from the first four pharyngeal arches and are highly complex structures requiring contributions from all three germ layers. The pharyngeal arches give rise to many structures in the head including bones, muscles and nerves. The face develops from fusion of the frontonasal process and medial and lateral nasal processes between 4-7 weeks. The primary palate arises from the medial nasal process while the secondary palate develops from fusion of the two palatine processes between 7-12 weeks. The tongue develops from the first four pharyngeal arches and the maxilla develops from the dorsal end of the first pharyngeal arch.
1. The primitive streak forms in the blastula and establishes bilateral symmetry and the site of gastrulation. It initiates formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
2. The notochord induces neural plate formation and provides organizational signals for head development. It lies along the embryo's axis and gives rise to the vertebral column.
3. Neural crest cells migrate extensively and give rise to many tissues, including those that form the skeleton and connective tissues of the head.
The document discusses human craniofacial development from conception through fetal stages. It covers the origin of the human embryo from fertilization, the formation of germ layers, development of branchial arches and clefts, and the differentiation of tissues and structures from the germ layers and arches in the lower, middle, and upper thirds of the face. Key topics include mesenchymal condensations that form the mandibular arch and maxillary processes, ossification centers of the maxilla, and cartilage contributions to mandibular growth.
The document summarizes the embryology of the brain. It describes how the neural tube forms from the ectoderm and divides into subdivisions. It then discusses the development of specific brain structures like the medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres. Key events include formation of the neural plate and tube, development of brain vesicles and flexures, migration of neural crest cells, and growth and differentiation of structures derived from the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon.
The document describes key stages in the further development of the embryonic disc, including the formation of the notochord, neural tube, intra-embryonic mesoderm and coelom. It also discusses the yolk sac and folding of the embryo, connecting stalk, allantoic diverticulum, and the effects of head and tail folds on positioning other structures. The timeline provides an overview of developmental events from 15 to 23 days.
Embryology and Development of Spinal Dysraphism and Tethered Spinal Cord Synd...AnthonyGokYan
This document discusses the development of the spinal cord and vertebral column as well as spina bifida. It begins by describing how the neural tube forms from ectoderm and influences vertebral column development. It then details the layers that form in the spinal cord - ventricular zone, mantle zone that forms gray matter, and marginal zone that forms white matter. Next, it discusses the formation of the vertebral column from somites and changes in spinal cord positioning. Finally, it describes spina bifida where the vertebral arches fail to fuse, occurring as occulta or cystica with varying neurological involvement.
Bilaminar and trilaminar embryonic discs form during the third week of gestation through the process of gastrulation. In a bilaminar disc, the inner cell mass differentiates into two germ layers - an outer ectoderm layer and inner endoderm layer. As development continues, the disc becomes pear-shaped and the primitive streak and notochord form along the central axis to establish the embryo's orientation. Mesoderm cells then migrate between the ectoderm and endoderm to form the trilaminar disc consisting of all three germ layers.
The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and forms the central nervous system. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate which elevates and fuses to form the neural tube. Neural crest cells dissociate and give rise to many structures. The brain develops from three primary vesicles-the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The spinal cord arises from the lower neural tube. Neurons and glia differentiate and migrate within the neural tube. Fusion of the neural folds and closure of neuropores must occur properly to prevent neural tube defects.
Growth and development in animals involves an ordered series of steps from a single fertilized egg to a complex independent organism. In chickens, this includes fertilization within the female reproductive tract, incubation, cleavage into a blastula, gastrulation forming germ layers, formation of the primitive streak and notochord, somites, and neurulation forming the neural tube and central nervous system. Key events in chicken development are described in detail in the document.
This document summarizes human embryonic and fetal development from the first week through birth. It describes the major developmental milestones that occur each week, including formation of the germ layers and organ systems. The embryonic period lasts from weeks 3-8, characterized by organogenesis. The fetal period lasts from month 3 until birth, marked by rapid growth and tissue maturation. Key events include closure of the neural tube, development of limbs, and the shift of erythropoiesis from the liver to the spleen.
This document discusses various developmental cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It provides details on the location, cause, clinical features, radiographic features, histological features, treatment and prognosis for different cysts such as palatal cyst of newborn, nasolabial cyst, globullomaxillary cyst, nasopalatine duct cyst, median palatal cyst, median mandibular cyst, epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst, thyroglossal duct cyst, branchial cleft cyst, and oral lymphoepithelial cyst.
This document provides an overview of the oral mucosa. It begins by defining oral mucosa as the moist lining of the oral cavity consisting of epithelium and connective tissue lamina propria. It then classifies oral mucosa based on function, keratinization, and location. The document describes the structure and functions of the oral epithelium and lamina propria. It provides details on the junction between epithelium and lamina propria, including the basement membrane and basal lamina. It also discusses the basic components of connective tissue including cells, fibers, and ground substance.
The document summarizes key stages of embryonic development from the third to eighth week. During this period, the notochord forms and somites appear on each side of the embryo. Organs also begin to form from the three germ layers. The embryonic period is then divided into pre-somite, somite, and post-somite stages based on the presence of somites. Criteria for estimating embryonic age include structures like the primitive streak and number of somites. Folding of the embryo and differentiation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are also discussed.
During the 3rd week of development, gastrulation occurs which involves the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This transforms the bilaminar embryo into a trilaminar embryo with distinct layers. Neurulation also occurs, forming the neural tube which will later become the central nervous system. By the end of the 3rd week, the foundation is laid for all major organ systems as each germ layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
During the embryonic period from weeks 3-8:
- The three germ layers form and undergo folding, starting organogenesis.
- By week 8, the upper and lower limbs have their adult shapes and most organ systems have developed.
- The embryo is slightly longer than 1 inch but has the outward appearance of a human.
- This period establishes the main organ systems as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm differentiate into specific tissues and organs.
This is a slide for complete development in chick ,as chick is a vertebrate so with the help of the development in a chick we can we can understand development in vertebrates .
This topic explains the whole process of growth and development in animal the processes include
Fertilization and incubation
Cleavage
Morula
Blastula
Gastrulation
Notochord And Mesoderm Formation
Neurulation
The document discusses the stages of early human development from fertilization through the 8th week. It describes the key events and changes that occur each week, including fertilization and cleavage of the zygote, formation of the blastocyst and implantation, gastrulation and formation of the three germ layers, development of the notochord and neural tube, somite formation, and the morphological changes that cause the embryo to fold from a disc to a cylinder as the major organs and body cavities begin to form. By the 8th week, the fetus is recognizably human-like and all major organs have developed.
The document outlines the development of several endocrine glands, the central nervous system, eyes, ears, and skin/skin appendages. It describes how the hypophysis, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreatic islets develop from different embryonic tissues. It also summarizes the development of the neural tube, brain, spinal cord, eyes, ears, skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, and nails from the ectoderm and mesoderm during various embryonic weeks.
Neural crest cells in 2 parts / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
This document provides information about neural crest cells from an educational seminar on the topic. It begins with learning objectives about understanding the history, formation, migration and derivatives of neural crest cells. The contents section outlines topics that will be covered, including introduction, history, evolution, formation of neural crest, migration of neural crest, derivatives of neural crest and applications. Several sections provide details on the history and evolution of neural crest cells. The formation of neural crest cells is described, beginning with the formation of the three germ layers during embryogenesis. The migration and induction of migration of neural crest cells is also summarized. Finally, the document outlines the main cell lineages derived from neural crest cells in the cranial, trunk, vagal/
Neural crest cells / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
During the embryonic period from 3-8 weeks, organogenesis occurs where organs develop from embryonic tissue. The three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) give rise to specific tissues and organs. The ectoderm forms the neural tube which becomes the central nervous system. It also forms the neural crest cells which migrate and develop into many structures. The mesoderm separates into three masses - paraxial mesoderm forms the skeleton, intermediate mesoderm forms the genitourinary system, and lateral plate mesoderm forms body wall structures. Somites develop from the paraxial mesoderm and form skeletal muscle, bone and dermis. Blood vessels also develop throughout the mesoderm
The head and neck develop from the first four pharyngeal arches and are highly complex structures requiring contributions from all three germ layers. The pharyngeal arches give rise to many structures in the head including bones, muscles and nerves. The face develops from fusion of the frontonasal process and medial and lateral nasal processes between 4-7 weeks. The primary palate arises from the medial nasal process while the secondary palate develops from fusion of the two palatine processes between 7-12 weeks. The tongue develops from the first four pharyngeal arches and the maxilla develops from the dorsal end of the first pharyngeal arch.
1. The primitive streak forms in the blastula and establishes bilateral symmetry and the site of gastrulation. It initiates formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
2. The notochord induces neural plate formation and provides organizational signals for head development. It lies along the embryo's axis and gives rise to the vertebral column.
3. Neural crest cells migrate extensively and give rise to many tissues, including those that form the skeleton and connective tissues of the head.
The document discusses human craniofacial development from conception through fetal stages. It covers the origin of the human embryo from fertilization, the formation of germ layers, development of branchial arches and clefts, and the differentiation of tissues and structures from the germ layers and arches in the lower, middle, and upper thirds of the face. Key topics include mesenchymal condensations that form the mandibular arch and maxillary processes, ossification centers of the maxilla, and cartilage contributions to mandibular growth.
The document summarizes the embryology of the brain. It describes how the neural tube forms from the ectoderm and divides into subdivisions. It then discusses the development of specific brain structures like the medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres. Key events include formation of the neural plate and tube, development of brain vesicles and flexures, migration of neural crest cells, and growth and differentiation of structures derived from the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon.
The document describes key stages in the further development of the embryonic disc, including the formation of the notochord, neural tube, intra-embryonic mesoderm and coelom. It also discusses the yolk sac and folding of the embryo, connecting stalk, allantoic diverticulum, and the effects of head and tail folds on positioning other structures. The timeline provides an overview of developmental events from 15 to 23 days.
Embryology and Development of Spinal Dysraphism and Tethered Spinal Cord Synd...AnthonyGokYan
This document discusses the development of the spinal cord and vertebral column as well as spina bifida. It begins by describing how the neural tube forms from ectoderm and influences vertebral column development. It then details the layers that form in the spinal cord - ventricular zone, mantle zone that forms gray matter, and marginal zone that forms white matter. Next, it discusses the formation of the vertebral column from somites and changes in spinal cord positioning. Finally, it describes spina bifida where the vertebral arches fail to fuse, occurring as occulta or cystica with varying neurological involvement.
Bilaminar and trilaminar embryonic discs form during the third week of gestation through the process of gastrulation. In a bilaminar disc, the inner cell mass differentiates into two germ layers - an outer ectoderm layer and inner endoderm layer. As development continues, the disc becomes pear-shaped and the primitive streak and notochord form along the central axis to establish the embryo's orientation. Mesoderm cells then migrate between the ectoderm and endoderm to form the trilaminar disc consisting of all three germ layers.
The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and forms the central nervous system. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate which elevates and fuses to form the neural tube. Neural crest cells dissociate and give rise to many structures. The brain develops from three primary vesicles-the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The spinal cord arises from the lower neural tube. Neurons and glia differentiate and migrate within the neural tube. Fusion of the neural folds and closure of neuropores must occur properly to prevent neural tube defects.
Growth and development in animals involves an ordered series of steps from a single fertilized egg to a complex independent organism. In chickens, this includes fertilization within the female reproductive tract, incubation, cleavage into a blastula, gastrulation forming germ layers, formation of the primitive streak and notochord, somites, and neurulation forming the neural tube and central nervous system. Key events in chicken development are described in detail in the document.
This document summarizes human embryonic and fetal development from the first week through birth. It describes the major developmental milestones that occur each week, including formation of the germ layers and organ systems. The embryonic period lasts from weeks 3-8, characterized by organogenesis. The fetal period lasts from month 3 until birth, marked by rapid growth and tissue maturation. Key events include closure of the neural tube, development of limbs, and the shift of erythropoiesis from the liver to the spleen.
This document discusses various developmental cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It provides details on the location, cause, clinical features, radiographic features, histological features, treatment and prognosis for different cysts such as palatal cyst of newborn, nasolabial cyst, globullomaxillary cyst, nasopalatine duct cyst, median palatal cyst, median mandibular cyst, epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst, thyroglossal duct cyst, branchial cleft cyst, and oral lymphoepithelial cyst.
This document provides an overview of the oral mucosa. It begins by defining oral mucosa as the moist lining of the oral cavity consisting of epithelium and connective tissue lamina propria. It then classifies oral mucosa based on function, keratinization, and location. The document describes the structure and functions of the oral epithelium and lamina propria. It provides details on the junction between epithelium and lamina propria, including the basement membrane and basal lamina. It also discusses the basic components of connective tissue including cells, fibers, and ground substance.
this ppt describes about tumours of nerve tissue origin. all the tumours are discussed in details. the clinical and histological features of tumors are discussed with pictures.
this ppt is about malignant tumours of connective tissue origin. classifications, clinical features, radiological features and histological features of all tumors are discussed with pictures.
this ppt describes about benign connective tissue tumors arising from fibroblasts, fat cells, nerves, bone and cartilage. clinical & histological features of all tumors are discussed with pictures.
this ppt is about different types of candidiasis. it describes about predisposing factors, classification and types of candidiasis. clinical & histological features of all types of candidiasis with pictures is discussed along with differential diagnosis, investigations and treatment.
6. Diff bw primary and permanent dentition.pptxLubna Nazneen
Primary teeth are smaller, lighter in color, and more prominent than permanent teeth. There are 20 primary teeth total, with 10 in each jaw and 5 in each quadrant. Primary teeth are eventually replaced by 32 permanent teeth that are larger, darker in color, and less prominent. Primary teeth are shed naturally through resorption between ages 6 months and 6 years, while permanent teeth erupt around age 12 and remain for life.
The tongue is a muscular organ located in the oral cavity that is involved in tasting, swallowing, and speech. It has both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that allow it to move and perform its functions. The tongue contains various papillae and taste buds that contribute to the sense of taste. It is supplied by nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.
This ppt s describes about Minerals
Mineralization
Theories of mineralization
Booster theory
nucleation theory
matrix vesicle theory
Clinical consideration
The document discusses various types of cell junctions. It describes tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, focal adhesions, and hemidesmosomes. Tight junctions form a selective barrier and establish cell polarity. Adherens junctions provide strong adhesion between cells through proteins like E-cadherin. Desmosomes link intermediate filaments of adjacent cells to provide stability. Gap junctions allow communication between cells through connexin protein channels. Focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes attach the cell to the extracellular matrix through integrin proteins.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. contents:
FORMATION OF GERM LAYERS
FORMATION OF NOTOCHORD
FORMATION OF NEURAL TUBE
NEURAL CREST CELLS
SUBDIVISION OF INTRA EMBRYONIC
MESODERM
FORMATION OF INTRA EMBRYONIC
COELOM
FOLDING OF EMBRYO
BRANCIAL ARCHES
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
DEVELOPMENT OF PALATE
DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
3. FORMATION OF GERM LAYERS
Mammalian development involves a
phase of rapid proliferation and migration of
cells, with little or no differentiation. This
proliferative phase lasts until three germ layers
have formed
1. ENDODERM
2. ECTODERM
3. MESODERM
4. After fertilization of ovum, a series of cell
division
give rise to an egg cell mass known as the
MORULA. Fluid seeps into morula, and its cells
realign themselves to form fluid filled hollow ball, the
BLASTOCYST. Its consists of
1) Inner cell mass / Embryoblast
2) Trophoblast
The inner cell mass seperates into two layers
a. Epiblast embryo proper
b. Hyboblast
The trophoblast cells are associated
with implantation of the
embryo and formation of placenta.
5.
6. Some cells of inner cell
mass differentiate into
flattened cell, that come
to line its free surface.
These constitute the
ENDODERM First
germ layer
The remaining cell of
inner cell mass become
columnar. These cells
form the second germ
7. A space appears between the
ectoderm and the trophoblast. This is
AMNIOTIC CAVITY, filled by amniotic fluid/liquor
amnii.
Flattened cells arising from the
endoderm spread and line the inside of the
blastocystic cavity. In this way, a cavity called
PRIMARY YOLK SAC is formed.
8. The cells of
trophoblast give origin to
mass of cells called
the EXTRA EMBRYONIC
MESODERM /
PRIMARY MESODERM.
Small cavities appear in the extra
embryonic mesoderm which join together to form
large cavity called the EXTRA EMBRYONIC
COELOM / CHORIONIC CAVITY. With its
formation extra embryonic mesoderm is split into
two layers
1. Parietal / Somatopleuric extra embryonic
mesoderm
9. Extra embryonic
coelom does not extend
into that part of extra
embryonic mesoderm
which attaches the wall of
amniotic cavity to the
trophoblast. This
mesoderm forms a
structure called the
CONNECTING STALK.
With the
appearance of the extra
embryonic mesoderm, and
10. At one circular area near
the margin of the disc, the
cubical cells of the endoderm
becomes columnar. This area
is called the PROCHORDAL
PLATE.
Soon after the
formation of prochordal plate
some of the ectodermal cells
lying along the central axis,
near the tail end of the disc,
11. The cells that
proliferate in the region of
the primitive streak pass
sideways, pushing
themselves between the
ectoderm and endoderm.
These cells form the
INTRA EMBRYONIC
MESODERM /
SECONDARY
MESODERM. THIRD
GERM LAYER
The process of
12. The intra
embryonic mesoderm
spreads throughout the
disc except in the
region of prochordal
plate. Which remains
relatively thin, and later
forms the bucco-
pharyngeal membrane.
13. As the embryonic
disc enlarges in size, and
also elongates, the
connecting stalk becomes
relatively small, Some intra
embryonic mesoderm
arising from the primitive
streak, passes backward
into the connecting stalk.
In this region the ectoderm
and endoderm remain in
contact, and forms the
CLOACAL MEMBRANE.
14. FORMATION OF NOTOCHORD
NOTOCHORD :
It is a midline structure, that
develops in the region extending from the cranial
end of primitive streak to the caudal end of
prochordal plate.
15. STAGES:
1. Cranial end of
primitive streak
becomes thickened,
This thickened part of
the streak is called
the primitive knot /
primitive node /
Henson’s node.
16. 2. A depression appears in the centre of the
primitive knot. This depression is called the
blastopore.
3. Cells in the primitive knot multiply and pass
cranially in the middle line, between the
ectoderm and endoderm, reaching up to the
caudal margin of the prochordal plate. These
cells form a solid cord called the notochordal
process / head process.
17.
18. 4. The cavity of the blastopore now extends into
the notochordal process, and converts it into a
tube called the notochordal canal.
5. The floor of the notochordal canal begins to
break down. Gradually the whole canal comes
to communicate with the yolk sac and the
amniotic cavity. Thus, at this stage, the
amniotic cavity and the yolk sac are in
communication with each other.
6. Gradually the walls of the canal becomes
flattened to form the notochordal plate.
7. However, this process of flattening is soon
19. FORMATION OF NEURAL TUBE
The nervous system develops as a thickening
within the ectodermal layer at the rostal end of
the embryo. This thickening constitutes the
neural plate, which rapidly forms raised margins
called the neural fold.
These folds in turn encompass and delineate a
deepening midline depression, the neural
groove.
The two edges of neural plate come nearer each
other and eventually fuse, thus converting the
neural groove into the neural tube.
The process of formation of neural tube is called
20.
21. THE NEURAL CREST :
The band of specialized cells from the neuro
ectoderm that lies along the
outer surface of each side of the neural tube in
the early stages of embryonic development.
These cells have the capacity to migrate and
differentiate with in the developing embryo.
25. SUBDIVISION OF INTRA EMBRYONIC
MESODERM:
Cranial to the
prochordal plate the
mesoderm of two sides
meets in the midline.
At the edges of the
embryonic disc, the intra
embryonic mesoderm is
continuous with the extra
embryonic mesoderm.
26. The intra embryonic
mesoderm now becomes
subdivided into three
parts:
a. Paraxial mesoderm
b. Lateral plate
mesoderm
c. Intermediate
mesoderm
28. Formation of intra embryonic
coelom:
Small cavities appear in the lateral plate
mesoderm. These coalesce to form one large
cavity called intra embryonic coelom
29. • At first, this is a closed cavity but soon it
comes to
communicate with the extra embryonic
coelom.
30. • With the formation
of the intra embryonic
coelom, the lateral
plate mesoderm splits
into:
a. Somatopleuric /
parietal
intra embryonic
mesoderm
b. Splanchnopleuric /
visceral
31. • The intra embryonic coelom gives rise to
pericardial, pleural, and
peritonial cavities.
• Pericardium is formed from that part of intra
embryonic coelom which lies cranial to prochordal
plate.
• The heart is formed in the
splanchnopleuric
mesoderm forming the floor
this part of the
coelom. This is, therefore,
called the
cardiogenic area.
32. • Cranial to the cardiogenic area the
somatopleuric and
splanchnopleuric mesoderm are continuous
with each other
This unsplit mesoderm forms a structure
called the septum
transversum.
33. Folding of embryo:
After formation of the
secondary yolk sac, there is
progressive increase in the
size of the embryonic disc.
With further enlargement,
the embryonic disc
becomes folded on itself, at
the head and tail ends.
These are called the head
and tail folds.
34. The head fold is critical to the formation of
primitive stomatodeum / oral cavity.
Through this fold ectoderm comes to line the
stomatodeum, with the stomatodeum seperated
from the foregut by the buccopharngeal
membrane, but this soon breaks down so that the
stomatodeum communicates directly with the
foregut.
Laterally the stomatodeum becomes limited
by the first pair of pharyngeal / branchial arches.
35.
36. The pharyngeal arches:
The branchial arches form in the pharyngeal wall
as a result of proliferating lateral plate mesoderm
and subsequent reinforcement by migrating
neural crest cells.
Six cylindrical thickening thus form. That expand
from the lateral wal of pharynx, pass beneath the
floor of the pharynx, and approach their anatomic
counterparts expanding from the opposite side.
The arches progressively separate the primitive
stomatodeum from the developing heart.
37. • Arches are seperated
externally by small clefts
called the branchial
groove / ectodermal clefts.
And internally by small
depressions called
pharyngeal pouches /
endodermal pouches.
38. Branchial arches:
At first there are six arches. The fifth arch
disappears and only five remain.
The first arch is also called the mandibular arch,
and the second arch, the hyoid arch.
Each pharyngeal arch contains
1. a skeletal element
2. striated muscle
3. nerve of the arch
4. arterial arch
39. A SKELETAL ELEMENT:
• The neural crest mesenchyme condenses to form
a bar of cartilage, the arch cartilag.
• The cartilage of first arch is called Meckel’s
cartilage, and that of second arch is called
Reichert’s cartilage.
40. MUSCLES AND NERVES:
• Some of the mesenchyme sorrounding the
cartilagenous bar develops into striated muscle.
• The nerve consists of two components,
1. motor supply muscles of arch
pretrematic branch
2. sensory
post trematic branch
41. PRE TREMATIC BRANCH:
Supply the
epithelium that covers the
anterior half of the arch.
POST TREMATIC
BRANCH:
Supply the
epithelium that covers the
posterior half of the arch.
42.
43.
44. Fate of ectodermal cleft:
The dorsal part of first cleft
develops into the epithelial
lining of external acoustic
meatus.
The pinna is formed from a
series of swellings or hillocks,
that arise on the first and
second arches, where they
adjoin the first clefts.
The second, third and fourth
grooves normally are
obliterated by over growth of
the second arch forming a
cervical sinus that sometimes
persists and opens into the
side of the neck ( branchial
47. Development of face:
After the formation of
head fold, the
developing brain and
the pericardium form
two prominent bulgings
on the ventral aspect of
the embryo.
These bulgings are
seperated by the
stomatodeum. The
floor of stomatodeum
is formed by the
buccopharyngeal
48. • Mesoderm covering the
developing forebrain
proliferates, and forms a
downward projection that
overlaps the upper part of
the stomatodeum. This
downward projection is
called the frontonasal
process.
49. • The first branchial arch, which forms the lateral
wall of stomatodeum, gives a bud from its dorsal
end, called the maxillary process.
• It grows ventro-medially cranial to the main
part of the arch which is now called the
mandibular process.
50. • At about 28 days, localised thickenings develop
within ectoderm of the frontonasal process, just
rostal to the opening of the stomatodeum. These
thickenings are called the nasal placodes.
• The placodes soon sink below the surface to
form nasal pits. The edges of each pit are raised
above the surface: the medial raised edge is
called the medial nasal process and the lateral
raised edge is called the lateral nasal process.
51. • The medial nasal processes of both sides,
together with the frontonasal process, give rise
to the middle portion of the nose, middle portion
of the upper lip, anterior portion of the maxilla,
and the primary palate.
• LOWER LIP:
The mandibular processes of the two
sides grow towards each other, and fuse in the
midline to form the lower lip, and the lower jaw.
52. UPPER LIP:
• Each maxillary process now grows medially and
fuses, first with the lateral nasal process and then
with the medial nasal process. the medial and
lateral processes also fuses with each other. In
this way the nasal pits are cut off from the
stomatodeum.
53. • The frontonasal
process becomes much
narrower from side to
side, with the result that
the two external nares
come close together.
• The deeper part of the
frontonasal process
ultimately forms the
nasal septum.
54. • Mesoderm becomes
heaped up in the median
plane to form the
prominence of nose.
• A groove appears
between the regions of
the nose and the bulging
forebrain called the
forehead.
• As the nose becomes
prominent the external
55. CHEEKS:
After formation of upper lip and lower
lip, the stomatodeum is very broad. In its lateral
part, it is bounded above by the maxillary process
and below by the mandibular process. These
processes undergo progressive fusion with each
other to form the cheeks.
56. EYE:
• The region of the eye is first seen as an
ectodermal thickening ,the lens placode, which
appears on the ventro- lateral side of the
developing forebrain, lateral and cranial to the
nasal placode.
• The developing eye ball produces a bulging
which , at first directed laterally and lie in the
angles between the maxillary processes and the
lateral nasal processes.
• With the narrowing of the frontonasal process
they come to face forwards.
57. • The eyelids are derived from folds of
ectoderm that arre formed above and below
the eyes, and by mesoderm enclosed with in
the folds.
58. EXTERNAL EAR:
• The external ear is
formed around the
dorsal part of the first
ectodermal cleft.
• A series of mesodermal thickenings ( called
tubercles or hillocks ) appear on the mandibular
and hyoid arches where they adjoin this cleft.
• The pinna is formed by fusion of these
thickenings.
59. • The pinna first lies caudal to the developing
jaw. Later it is pushed upward and backward to
its definitive position due to great enlargement of
the mandibular process.
60. Development of palate:
The palate as a whole forms from two primordia which
can be classified as
1. the primary palate.
2. the secondary palate
At around the sixth week of development the primary
palate begins to take shape, arising from the medial
nasal process.
The formation of secondary palate comencess
between seventh and eight weeks from two palatine
processes and completes around the third month of
gestation.
61. • Three outgrowths appear in the oral cavity, the
nasal septum grows downward from the
frontonasal process along the midline, and two
palatine processes, one from each side, extend
from the maxillary processes towards the midline.
• The shelves are directed first downward on
each side of the tongue. After the seventh week
of develoment, the tongue is withdrawn from
between the shelves, which now elevate and fuse
with each other. Their fusion begins anteriorly and
proceeds backwards.
62. • Each palatal process
fuses with the posterior
margin of the primitive
palate.
• The medial edges of the
palatal processes fuse with
the free lower edge of the
nasal septum, thus
seperating the two nasal
cavities from each other
and from the mouth.
63. • At a later stage, the
mesoderm in the palate
undergoes intra
membraneous
ossification to form the
hard palate. However,
ossification does not
extend into the most
posterior portion, which
remains as the soft
palate.
64. Development of tongue:
The development of tongue starts at fourth
month of intra uterine life.
The tongue develops in relation to the
pharyngeal arches in the floor of developing
mouth.
The medial most part of the mandibular arches
proliferate to form two lingual swellings.
The lingual swellings are partially seperated
from each other by another midline swelling
called tuberculum impar.
65. • Immediately behind
tuberculum impar, the
epithelium proliferates to
form a down growth called
thyroglossal duct from which
the thyroid gland develops.
• The site of this down
growth is subsequently
marked by a depression
called the foramen ceacum.
• Another midline swelling
seen in relation to medial
66. The anterior two third of tongue is formed by
fusion of
a. The tuberculum impar, and
b. The two lingual swellings.
The second arch mesoderm gets buried
below the surface. The third arch mesoderm
grows over it to fuse with the mesoderm of the
first arch. The posterior one third of the tongue
is thus formed by third arch mesoderm.
The posterior-most part of the tongue is
derived from the fourth arch.
The musculature of the tongue is derived
from the occipetal myotomes.
67.
68. Parts of tongue Embryonic part from
which derived
General
sensation
Taste Motor
Epithelium over
anterior two- third first arch Mandibular
lingual br
facial
chordtympani
Epithelium over
posterior one third second arch glosso-
pharyngeal
glosso-
pharyngeal
Epithelium over
posterior most part third arch
superior
laryngeal br
of vagus
superior
laryngeal br
of vagus
MUSCLE
occipital
myotomes
hypoglossal
69. REFERENCES:
1. HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY : INDERBIR SINGH
2. ORBAN’S ORAL HISTOLOGY AND
EMBRYOLOGY: G S KUMAR
3. TENCATE ORAL HISTOLOGY: