2. Basic Research
Basic research is research done to increase the
scientific knowledge base. This is Mr. Crossen’s
lab room. I don’t know if you’ve heard of him, but
he is a teacher here at Feehan. His room can be
used for research, and Sahanna is probably curing
cancer in the background because she is super
smart.
3. Naturalistic Observation
This is a picture of a security camera from my work.
Naturalistic observation is a research technique that’s
aim is to observe and record without manipulating the
environment. A security camera is used to record the
actions of the workers and customers if an incident
arises. Also, it can be used to monitor and understand
an employee, just like naturalistic observation.
4. Double Blind Procedure
A double-blind procedure is when
both the researcher and the people in
the experiment are both naïve about
who receives the placebo and who
receives the treatment. In this
picture, Kendyl, Katie, and I are all
naïve about which of them received
the placebo and who received the
treatment. This is, of course, if I
actually had drugged them.
5. Case Study
A case study is a research method that is used for
uncommon symptoms or diseases. In this
picture, Shannon’s face is demonstrating
uncommon symptoms. She burned her face with a
marshmallow, very severely. However, her burn is
not what a normal burn usually looks like. So she
could be a case study because she has been
diagnosed with a new skin disease.
6. Dendrite
A dendrite receives messages from neighboring
neurons. Just like how an answering matching
receives messages from your neighbors.
7. Myelin Sheath
The myelin sheath is a fatty
substance that speeds up neural
messages (action potential).
Coffee can make you jittery and
increase the speed of your
actions.
8. Sympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system reacts
when you are in a stressful situation by
slowing down or speeding up different
glands. In this picture, Ali’s sympathetic
nervous system is reacting. As you know, Ali
has been in multiple car incidents. So, when
she drives, she knows gets easily scared or
nervous. Here, we are pulling out of the
Feehan parking lot and she is realizing that
she ran something over. So, her sympathetic
nervous system is reacting.
9. Parasympathetic Nervous System
After a stressful situation, your parasympathetic
nervous system calms you down. In this
picture, there is a bottle of depressant pills. Just
like the parasympathetic nervous system, these
pills calm you down.
10. Medulla
The medulla regulates the heart beat. This is a
picture of a heart monitor that is used while
exercising. This helps monitor your heart beat so
that you care exercise safely.
11. Cerebellum
The cerebellum regulates body balance and
alcohol directly affects the cerebellum. In this
picture, this bottle of tequila symbolizes how
alcohol consumption directly affects your
cerebellum.
12. Amygdala
The amygdala influences fear and aggression. In this
picture, I had just yelled at Katie for something.
Katie terrifies me when she is mad. So, due to my
previous aggression and my current fear of Kate the
Great, my amygdala is going crazy.
13. Occipital Lobe
The occipital lobe is involved in
sensation and perception and
vision. Here is a picture of glasses
that enhance previously poor
vision.
14. Inattentional Blindness
Inattentional blindness is when you are focused
so much on one thing that you do not notice
other stimuluses'. In this picture, I took a picture
of a regular grocery list that is totally rational. If
you just looked at this picture, you would just
notice that it is a grocery list because due to
inattentional blindness, you were not focusing
on the actual items. So, you wouldn’t notice the
fact that these items have nothing in common
and you wouldn’t notice that I wrote your
saying, #psychiseverywhere. (This is no insult to
your intelligence).
15. Circadian Rhythms
A circadian rhythm refers to the biological clock
of the body. This picture relates to circadian
rhythms because they both have to do with time
and 24 hour cycles. In this picture, it is
demonstrating how our circadian rhythms are
easily messed up.
16. Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is when a person
(or dog) falls asleep
automatically after getting
extremely excited/nervous/etc.
This is a picture of my friend’s
dog who has narcolepsy and I
took a picture of her when she
fell alseep.
17. Sleep Apnea
So, I don’t know if you know her, but this is
my dear friend Ali Midon. Unfortunately, she
suffers from sleep apnea. Here is a picture of
her waking up in the middle of the
night, don’t be fooled by the light, due to her
sleep apnea. Her oxygen tank is behind her.
However, you cannot see it due to her own
version of a night-time teddy bear, her
lacrosse stick. I know it may be shocking to
you that Ali is clothed in this picture, because
your experience with people with sleep
apnea was only with your naked roommate.
But don’t be alarmed, not all people
diagnosed with sleep apnea are constantly
naked.
18. Object Permanence
Object permanence is when you hide an
object from an infant and her or she believes
that the object has vanished and no longer
exists. In this picture, I was annoying my baby
cousin by hiding her favorite toy under a
blanket. As you can see, she looks
confused, but then she just moved on and
started playing with another toy.
19. Conservation
Conservation is something that
a child gains when he or she
realizes that quanity doesn’t
change when you change the
appearance. In this picture, I
filled each glass with one cup
of water each. So even though
the cup on the left looks like
there is more water because
the glass is thinner, they both
still have exactly one cup of
water.
20. Egocentrism
Egocentrism is a child’s difficulty to take another
person’s point of view. In this picture, the
lacrosse team is at a college game. Ali is
demonstrating egocentrism because she has
difficulty understanding that even though she
can see the game perfectly, the rest of the team
cannot.
21. Longitudinal Study
A longitudinal study is a study of the same
participants at one time, and then repeating
the study a specific amount of years later.
This is a picture of Kate the Great and her
mamma, Betty-Ann. If you were to say that
they were the same person, you could say
that a longitudinal study could have taken
the place from the time she was 18 and the
time she was 48.
22. Bottom-Up Processing
Bottom-up processing is when you process
something without a previous idea of what you
are going to experience. Here, Ali is excitably
about to have a relatively large bite of her
frosty, and she does not know if it is extremely
cold and will give her a brain freeze. She does not
know what to expect.
23. Top-Down Processing
Top-down processing is when you are already
given an idea of what you are going to
experience. So, when your lovely mother
hands you an apple that she says tastes gross
and looks gross, you already have a previous
thought about the upcoming experience.
24. Absolute Threshold
Your absolute threshold is the
point for when you can detect a
stimulus. Here, I could be testing
the volume to see at what point
I can hear the music by turning
the dial one at a time.
25. Difference Threshold
The difference threshold is
when you can feel a noticeable
difference. So here in this
picture, my stuffed animal
Tigger probably could not feel
the difference between the one
black sock on or off of him.
26. Rods
The rods in the fovea detect
shapes and movement and black
and white. This s a picture of the
pictures that come in frames from
stores. Here these kids probably
move around a lot and the picture
is in black and white.
27. Cones
The cones in the fovea detect
colors. So, without your
cones, you would not be able to
detect the colors of these
D’Angelo dressings. These are
also kind of shaped like
cones, which is just an added
bonus.
28. Blind Spot
The blind spot in the eye is where the optic
nerve leaves the eye forming a “blind spot” due
to the lack of receptors in that spot. Trucks have
blind spots as well. In this picture, my car in in
the truck’s blind spot. The blind spot of the eye
and for trucks relate because they both involve
objects going in and out of focus depending on
location.
29. Vestibular Sense
Vestibular sense has to do with your sense of
balance. Here is a picture of someone from a
magazine who needs balance and coordination in
order to achieve in yoga or whatever she is doing
in here.
30. Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning involves
an association between two
stimuluses'. This is a picture of
my clock at 2:15. I have an
association of the time of 2:15
with freedom and relaxation. So
when it was 2:15 over vacation, I
felt more relaxed at the sight of
the time.
31. Mirror Neurons
Mirror neurons are when you
imitate what others are doing
because your mirror neurons are
firing. Here, Shannon started to
play with her hair while telling
Abby a funny story. So Abby
started to stroke her hair as well
and smile.
32. Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement is trying to increase an
action by giving a reward. Here Ali played the
best lacrosse game of her life, probably
because our FAVORITE teacher came to the
game. So, I gave her a hug in order to attempt
to increase her skillful play.
33. Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement is
strengthening of a
particular behavior by
stopping or avoiding a
negative condition.
Here, Annya and Lindsey
are wearing their
seatbelts in order to avoid
accidents/injuries.
34. Fixed Ratio
Fixed-ratio is a schedule when the correct
response is reinforced after a fixed number
of correct responses. This is like being paid
on a piecework basis, like being paid for how
many dresses sewed.
35. Variable Ratio
Variable-ratio is a reinforcement schedule in
which a varying number of correct
responses must occur before reinforcement
is provided. So this basically means that the
more times you participate in an action, the
better your odds are. So, if you take a lot of
foul shots, you have a better chance of
scoring.
36. Fixed Interval Schedule
A Fixed-interval schedule of
reinforcement is when the correct
response is reinforced after a
fixed length of time since the last
reinforcement. Here is the sticker
that says your car was inspected.
So every year, you are reinforced
with a passing inspection of your
car.
37. Variable Interval
Variable-interval reinforcement is when the
correct response is reinforced after carrying
lengths of time following the last
reinforcement. So, you do not know when the
reinforcement is going to come, just like an
acceptance letter.
38. Proactive Interference
Proactive interference is when old
information is getting in the way of new
information. So, it is hard to learn new
vocabulary words when the definitions of
words from previous lessons get in the way
of your learning.
39. Recall
Recall is when you have to
remember information from your
memory without a clue or a choice.
So, fill-in-the-blank tests or essay
questions are recall-based tests.
40. Recognition
Recognition is when you need to
remember information, but you are
given options to choice from.
Multiple-choice tests are the best
way of describing recognition
testing.
41. Serial Position Effect
The serial position effect is the ability to
more easily remember the items at the
beginning and end of lists. So, it is easier
to remember pizza dough and all the
butter.
42. Savant Syndrome
Savant syndrome is when a person who
has mental disabilities has one specific
skill that is exceptional. My neighbor has
autisim, and she drew this picture.
So, she could be an example of someone
who has savant syndrome.
43. Stanford-Binet
The Stanford-Binet intelligence test is more of
a traditional test that tests basic intelligence
and verbal skills. Here, a scantron is used to
test students on items that go along with the
Stanford-Binet type of testing.
44. WAIS
WAIS is different from other
intelligence testing because it not
only had a verbal scale, but also a
performance scale. Performance
scales had to do with
puzzles, object completion, etc.
This is a picture of a puzzle that
could be used for WAIS.
45. Sternberg
Sternberg focused on the triarchic
intelligences and how they all work
together. They are
analytical, practical, and creative. This is
just like the catholic faith with the idea of
the trinity. One God, three persons. One
intelligence level, three types.
46. Content Validity
Content validity is applied if the test given actually
tests the participant on what it is supposed to.
So, this book prepares you for the AP exam to
make sure you are tested on what you have
learned.
47. Predictive Validity
A test has predictive validity if it tests you on what
your behavior will be in the future. Just like the TDA
driving test, it tests you to see if you will be a good
driver after you leave the test.
48. Split-Half Reliability
Split-half reliability is applied if the test was split
in half and the participant received the same
grade. On this math quiz, if the test was split
into odds and evens it would not have split-half
reliability because I would not have received
the same two grades.
49. Test-Retest Reliability
Test-retest reliability is upheld if the participant
takes the test at one point in his/her life and
hen retakes in another time and receives the
same score. So, if you take the SATs in October
and in June, you should get the same grade.
50. Drive-Reduction Theory
The drive-reduction theory is the theory
that we act in ways to reduce our drives.
Just like how Cath is eating an apple to
satisfy her hunger drive.
51. Flow
Flow is the point where someone is
completely immersed in what he or she is
doing that they get their work done without
distractions. This is a blanket that my
grandma made and in order to complete in
in the one week she did, she had to be in
flow at multiple times.
52. Incentive
Incentive is something that
motivates our behavior. Just
like how a delicious dessert will
motivate a kid to clear the
table so she can have some of
the dessert.
53. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the body’s point of
balance. Here is a picture of Alex
attempting to balance on a balance beam.
She is trying to achieve
homeostasis, however, failing.
54. James-Lange TOE
The James-Lange theory of
emotion states that after a
stimulus, there is physiological
arousal before the state of an
emotion. Here, when I hit Ali
with my car, my heart started
pounding before I had the
emotion of fear.
55. Cannon-Bard TOE
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion is when
physiological arousal and the state of the
emotion happen at the same time. Here, Ali
has the physiological arousal of smiling and
feeling happy at the same time when she is
looking at her beautiful self in the mirror.
56. Schachter 2 Factor TOE
The Schachter two Factor theory of emotional
emphasizes the idea of a cognitive label. It says
that our physiological arousal and our
understanding of our emotion happens at the
same time before the displayed emotion. It
emphasizes the cognitive label because certain
physiological arousal is the same for some
emotions. We all act differently to different
stimulus’. For example, if you were to look at a
clown (Olivia is supposed to be a clown, red
nose and voted class clown), two people react
completely differently. A fast-beating heart
could mean fear or excitement. (I am sad to say
that this is not staged, Olivia actually was
attempting to put a meatball on her nose, just
to be funny.)
57. Facial Feedback
Facial feedback involves the muscles of your face.
If you have a pen in your mouth, it puts your facial
muscles into a smile. Therefore, you would enjoy
what you are doing more because you are smiling.
This goes along with the idea that you “fake it till
you make it.” Here, Ali was watching her sisters
lacrosse game while having a highlighter in her
mouth, forcing her to smile. After the game she
enjoyed the more than usual.
58. General Adaption Syndrome
GAS is the idea that the body
reacts in three states. They are
alarm, resistance, and
exhaustion. I took a picture f
my mom’s shirt on the wear
Boston sports clothing day. This
symbolizes how all of the first
responders must have reacted
to the bombings.
59. Relative Deprivation
Relative deprivation involves the idea that you are
worse off than others. Just like the idea that the
grass is always greener on the other side.
60. Type A
Type A is a personality type that involves verbal
aggression and competitiveness. This is a picture
of Olivia creaming at the referees at a lacrosse
game, showing verbal aggressiveness and how
competitive she is and how into the game she
was.
61. Type B
Type B is a personality type that
is easygoing and relaxed. This is a
picture of Meg just relaxing at
the lacrosse game, rather than
Olivia who was way too into the
game.
62. ID
The ID is the pleasure center of
the brain. It can be compared to
the “devil” on your shoulders
rather than the angel. It is
sometimes accoiated with the
evil thoughts or compulsive
decisions. These monkeys are
protesting this by saying “I will
speak no evil, hear no evil, see
no evil.”
63. Superego
The superego is the opposite of the ID. It is the
reality check in your head and the angel on your
shoulders.
64. Spotlight Effect
The spotlight effect is the idea that
everyone is watching everything you do
and ridiculing you more than any other
individual. Here is a picture of my orange
hoes. I display the spotlight effect because
I think that people notice my loud and
obnoxious hoes more than anyone else's
and I sometimes get self-conscious.
65. TAT
TAT is a projective test where people reveal their
feelings and emotions through making up a story
for an ambiguous scene. This is a picture that
could have been used. It is a rather ambiguous
scene that could be interpreted in many different
ways.
