Fundamentals of Machine Learning: Perspectives from a Data Scientist (ISC West 2018)
https://www.iscwest.com/en/Sessions/52328/Fundamentals-of-Machine-Learning-Perspectives-from-a-Data-Scientist Abstract: As our world grows more connected, organizations are collecting ever-growing amounts of data. Almost always there are hidden insights in such data that can lead to better outcomes and more value. One important tool to tap into these opportunities is Machine Learning (ML), and across all verticals more and more companies are investing into their ML operations. In this talk, we will take a look at what ML is, what problems it solves, how it is applied, and why companies need to make sure that they have a strategy to employ ML. First, we will explain the relevant fundamental concepts with a focus on supervised learning and geometric models. An intuitive data set with an accessible instance space from the physical world is used to illustrate our ability to classify data. Various models are used and visually represented to explain the underlying algorithms in an accessible fashion. Next, we will discuss how ML is revolutionizing approaches to cybersecurity, and how the cybersecurity industry has been changing its approach to the data it collects. From there, we explore other applications in the larger domain of security. Lastly, we will wrap up with an outlook of where this technology is going and some pointers to get started with employing ML to the data you already collect.
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Fundamentals of Machine Learning: Perspectives from a Data Scientist (ISC West 2018)
- 1. Fundamentals of Machine Learning: Perspectives from a Data Scientist Dr. Sven Krasser, Chief Scientist, CrowdStrike, Inc.
- 2. REALITYHYPE
- 7. 1988 Anthropometric Survey of Army Personnel
- 8. Source: http://mreed.umtri.umich.edu/mreed/downloads.html#anthro • Over 4000 soldiers surveyed • Over 100 types of measurements • Reported by gender
- 9. FIRST LOOK Height [mm] Density • Difference in distribution • Significant overlap
- 10. SECOND DIMENSION Height [mm] Weight[10-1kg] • Correlation • Overlap
- 11. FEATURE SELECTION “Buttock Circumference” [mm] Weight[10-1kg] • Correlation • Gender-specific slope • Reduced overlap • Selection of features matters • How to make a prediction?
- 12. k-NEAREST NEIGHBOR “Buttock Circumference” [mm] Weight[10-1kg] m f
- 13. SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE “Buttock Circumference” [mm] Weight[10-1kg]
- 14. SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE “Buttock Circumference” [mm] Weight[10-1kg] • Overfitting • Classifier does not generalize • Let’s take a closer look…
- 15. LET’S CLASSIFY “Buttock Circumference” [mm] Weight[10-1kg] • Classifier generalizes • Note some misclassifications • Let’s assume we want to detect males (blue) – I.e. “blue” is our positive class
- 16. LET’S CLASSIFY “Buttock Circumference” [mm] Weight[10-1kg]
- 17. LET’S CLASSIFY “Buttock Circumference” [mm] Weight[10-1kg]
- 18. LET’S CLASSIFY “Buttock Circumference” [mm] Weight[10-1kg]
- 19. LET’S CLASSIFY “Buttock Circumference” [mm] Weight[10-1kg]
- 20. LET’S CLASSIFY “Buttock Circumference” [mm] Weight[10-1kg] • Get more “blue” right (true positives) • Get more “red” wrong (false positives)
- 21. RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS CURVE False Positive Rate TruePositiveRate Detect more by accepting more false positives
- 23. MORE DIMENSIONS • Some 160 dimensions • Projected back to 2-dimensional screen • Perfect separation
- 24. 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 area codes 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 25. Mission Accomplished We just add more dimensions… right?
- 26. If not for the… Curse of Dimensionality
- 34. • Unstructured file content • Algorithm uncovers interesting properties • Requires a lot more more input data • Unlocks more insight • “Deep Learning”
- 41. 99% True Positive RateChanceofatleastone successforadversary Number of attempts 1% >99.3% 500
- 43. • Large datasets require algorithmic approaches – Many sensors, e.g. IoT – Large input, e.g. video surveillance – Complex relationships, e.g. social graph • Hidden structure • Better accuracy, better response time
- 44. • Making the most out of available data • Less friction, better customer experience • Automation • Empiricism (but careful of bias in input data) Why deploy an ML-based technology?
- 45. • Increasingly effective and viable technology • Mind the innovator’s dilemma • Replace rule-based systems – ML modeling is repeatable – Maintainability – Measurability Why build ML-enabled products?
- 46. • True positive/false positive trade-off – ROC curve – Base rate – Overfitting • What is the data? – Does the data intuitively contain signal? – What is the system trained on? • Training data applicable to your use case • Ground truth Beyond the Hype: Recognizing Solid ML
- 47. • Making defense easier • But: also making attack easier – Adversarial models – Adversarial examples “Adversarial Patch,” Brown et al., https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.09665
- 48. • Autonomous systems – Malicious use of e.g. drones – Manipulating autonomous systems (self-driving cars) • Spoofing – Lyrebird – DeepFake • Adversarial data – Circumvent facial recognition – Road signs etc. Some Adversarial Challenges for the Physical Domain
- 49. >>> from sklearn.datasets import load_iris >>> from sklearn import tree >>> iris = load_iris() >>> clf = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier() >>> clf = clf.fit(iris.data, iris.target) >>> clf.predict(iris.data[:1, :]) array([0]) Getting Started with Scikit-Learn Source: http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/tree.html#classification
- 51. Questions