This document discusses different instructional methods and materials that can be used in teaching, including direct experiences, contrived experiences like models and simulations, dramatized experiences through plays and role-playing, demonstrations, field trips, films/videos, visual symbols, and the proper use and potential misuse of various technologies. Key steps for demonstrations and field trips are outlined. Both benefits and drawbacks of films/videos are mentioned, noting they can enhance learning but overuse may hamper imagination and sensitivity.
2. Direct, Purposeful Experiences and
Beyond
Direct experiences are firsthand
experiences that serve as the
foundation of learning. The opposite
of direct experiences are indirect or
vicarious experiences.
Direct experiences lead us to
concept formation and abstraction.
We should not end our lesson
knowing only the concrete. We go
beyond the concrete by reaching
the level of abstract concepts.
3. Teaching with Contrived
Experiences
Contrived Experiences – edited copies
of reality and are used as substitutes for
real things when it is not practical or not
possible to bring or do the real thing in the
classroom.
Models Mock up Specimen
Object Simulation Game
4. Teaching with Dramatized
Experiences
Dramatized
experiences can range
from the formal plays,
pageants to less formal
tableau, pantomime,
puppets and role-playing.
5. Demonstrations in Teaching
Things need to remember in doing a demonstration:
1. Get and sustain the interest of our audience
2. Keep our demonstration simple, focused and clear
3. Do not hurry nor drag out the demonstration
4. Check for understanding in the process of demonstration
5. Conclude with a summary
6. Hand out written materials at the of the demonstration
6. Making the Most of Community
Resources and Field Trips
Planning a field trip includes these steps:
1. Preplanning by the teacher
2. Preplanning with others going on the trip
3. Taking the field trip itself
4. Post field trip follow up activities
7. The Power of Film, Video and TV in
the Classroom
The film, video and TV are
powerful instructional tools. When
they are used appropriately and
moderately, they can make the
teaching- learning process more
concrete, lively, colourful and
interactive.
It contributes to a more lasting
learning because of its visual,
audio and motion effects. These
effects make learning fun.
8. However, misuse and abuse of their
use in the classroom and even at home
has far reaching damaging effects in the
development of children’s imaginative and
thinking powers and sensitivity to human
life.
The most significantly cited weakness
of the TV is the effect of TV violence on
people’s aggressive behaviour.
9. Teaching with Visual Symbols
Like a picture, a graph and all other visual symbols,
are worth a thousand words. The proper use of visual
symbols will contribute to optimum learning.
Visual symbols come in many forms-
• Drawing
• Cartoons
• Strip drawing (comic strip)
• Diagram
• Map
• Chart
• Graph
