5. Autonomy versus doubt
Erikson suggests that even while giving a
hand, parents should permit children at
this level to explore freely and do things
for themselves.
7. Developing initiative (3 to 6
years)
Initiative versus Guilt
Children ask many questions and begin to
understand things which had previously
been mysteries to them.
9. Becoming industrious (6 to 12
years)
Industry versus Inferiority
They frequently engage in activities that
allow them to practice skills required by
their culture.
11. Establishing identity (12 to 18
years)
Identity versus Role Confusion
Adolescents grapple with the question of
who they will become as well as the
question of who they are.
13. Self-concept Theory
What you think of yourself is your self-concept.
Family, peers and teachers play a significant
role in the formation of a child’s self-concept.
Factors such as the mother’s use of library,
reading materials in the home, and the
father’s occupational level affect the child’s
concept as a reader and towards reading.
14. According to self-concept
theory…
Children with feelings of adequacy, self-
confidence and self-reliance tend to be
good readers.
Harris(1980) suggests that painful
emotional events during early efforts at
reading may turn the young learner
against reading.
15. Canfield’s Poker-Chip Theory
A child with a positive self-concept is like
a poker player with plenty of chips while a
child with negative self-concept has very
few chips, if at all.
16. Nothing Succeeds Like
Success
The teacher who is willing to go very
slowly at first is often rewarded by
accelerated progress later.
Without success in reading, success in
almost any other area becomes
improbable, if not impossible.