Master Student Presentation in Eastern Mediterranean University. Construction Technology Course.Pile Foundation Project

1. Faculty Of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY-I CIVL 596
1
Pile Construction Project
INSTRUCTOR:
PROF. DR. TAHİR ÇELİK
Project Number 03 ------- Group Number 04
Students’ Name Students’ Number
BILAL MOHAMMED PIROT 145292
SEVAR DILKHAZ SALAHADDIN 145233
HUSSEIN GHANDOUR 135919
SPRING 2014-2015

2. Objectives
The overall objective of this Presentation is to
document the idea behind using piles, types of piles
and the benefits of using different types of piles
2
Historical
Review
In Britain, there are numerous examples of timber
piling in bridge works and riverside settlements
constructed by the Romans
Timber, because of its lightness, durability and ease of cutting and handling, remained the
only material used for piling for along time
Reinforced concrete largely replaced timber for high-capacity piling for works on land
Steel has been used to an increasing extent for piling due to its ease of fabrication and
handling and its ability to withstand hard driving

3. Types of
foundation
Shallow foundation
It will be on the surface of the
ground level
Deep foundation
It will drive to lower soil layers such
as pile and pier
3
Comparison of pressure distribution and soil disturbance beneath spread and piled foundations (a) Spread foundation (b) Single pile.
Reference: Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition, Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward

4. Pile
foundations
Pile is a Column driven into the
soil to support a structure by
transferring the building loads
to the deeper and stronger layer
of soil or rock, and supported by
a combination of skin friction
and end bearing.
are commonly
constructed of timber,
concrete, steel and
composite
4
https://www.nationalprecast.com.au/precast
product/piles-piers

5. The upper
soil layer is
too weak
Bedrock is
not
encountered
at a
reasonable
Subjected to
horizontal
forces
5Although the use of pile foundation cost more than shallow
foundation, it is combination of skin friction essential to be
employed for some conditions. Such Conditions Are
Enumerated
Expansive &
collapsible
soils extend
to a great
depth below
the ground
surface
Foundations
below the
water table
are
subjected to
uplifting
forces
Bridge
abutments
and piers are
to avoid the
possible loss
of bearing
capacity

6. Types of pile
foundation
Timber Pile
Concrete pile
Steel Pile
Composite pile
6
Based on Material
Different types of pile foundation
Reference: http://civilengineersforum.com/pile-foundation-
steel-piles-concrete-piles-timber-piles-composite-piles/

7. Is an ideal material for piling. It has a high
strength to weight ratio, it is easy to handle,
it is readily cut to length and trimmed after
driving.
TIMBER
PILES
Timber piles have three types according to the
American Society of Civil Engineers:
1) Class A, carry heavy loads, minimum
diameter of butt 356 mm.
1) Class B; carry medium loads, minimum
diameter of butt 305 mm to 330mm.
2) Class C piles are used for temporary
construction work, minimum diameter of but
305mm.
7
Timber Piles
Reference: Pile Foundation
Construction Inspection By: Bureau
of Construction Bureau Of Bridges
And Structures

8. Preparation of Timber Pile In
the Site
Timber piles cannot
withstand hard driving
stress, therefore ⇒
To avoid damage at the
bottom of timber piles, steel
shoes may be used
To avoid the damage to the
top of the piles, a metal
band or a cap may be used
8
Protecting timber piles from splitting during driving (a) Protecting
head by mild steel hoop (b) Protecting toe by cast steel point.
Reference: Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition,
Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward
Protecting timber piles from decay (a) By precast concrete
upper section above water level (b) By extending pile cap
below water level.
Reference: Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition,
Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward

9. 9
Driven Timber piles in the site
Reference: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Hafen
Driven Timber piles in the site
Reference: http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/on-the-
waterfront-composite-marine-piles-build-on-success

10. Advantages of
Timber Piles
Disadvantages
of Timber Piles
1. They can easily be extracted
2. They are economical in cost.
3. They can stay undamaged indefinitely if they are surrounded
by saturated soil.
1. Timber pile cannot withstand hard driving stress.
2. The pile capacity is generally limited.
3. Top of timber easy to damage during the driving operation.
4. Subject to attack by various organisms and insects.
10

11. Concrete
Piles
PRECAST CONCRETE PILE
have their principal use in marine and river structures, i.e.
in situations where the use of driven and cast-in-place piles
is impracticable or uneconomical
11
Precast Concrete Piles,
Reference:http://www.voorbijfunderingst
echniek.nl/english/products/piling-
systems/precast-concrete-pile.html
Precast Concrete Piles,
Reference:https://www.nationalprecast.c
om.au/precast product/piles-piers

12. 12
Precast concrete piles
Reference: Pile Foundation Construction Inspection By:
Bureau Of Construction Bureau Of Bridges And Structures
Precast concrete piles
Reference:http://www.geoforum.com/info/pileinfo/view.
asp?ID=38
Precast concrete piles
Reference: http://www.aarsleff.co.uk/precast-reinforced-
concrete-piles/

13. 13
Unseen breakage of precast concrete piles
with welded butt joints.
Reference: Pile Design and Construction
Practice, 5th edition, Michael Tomlinson and
John Woodward
JOINTED PRECAST CONCRETE PILES
casting on additional lengths to accommodate variations in the depth to a hard bearing stratum
will be evident. These drawbacks can be overcome by employing jointed piles
Typical locking pin joint for precast concrete pile.
Reference:
Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition,
Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward

14. 1) Can be subjected to hard driving.
2) Corrosion resistant.
3) Can be easily combined with a concrete
superstructure.
1) Difficult to achieve proper cutoff.
2) Difficult to transport.
Advantages of Precast
Concrete Pile
Disadvantages of
Precast Concrete Piles
14

15. CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES
Piles are built by making a hole in the ground and then filling it with
concrete. These piles may be divided to two: (a) cased (b) uncased. Both
types may have a pedestal at the bottom
15
Cast in place concrete pile
Reference:http://www.iamcivilengineer.com/2014_12_0
1_archive.html
Cast in place concrete pile
Reference: http://spiraldrillers.co.nz/reinforced-
concrete-piles/
top view of a cast-in-place pile
Reference:http://strongfoundation.ca/services/cai
ssons/

16. 16
Bulb Pile: They are special forms
of cast-in-place concrete piles. It
forms a large base (bulb) during the
driving process increases their
effectiveness in serving as an end
bearing pile.
Bulb Pile
Reference: http://www.engineeringcivil.com/do-edge-
piles-take-up-same-loadings-as-central-piles-in-rigid-
cap.html
SHELL TYPES CAST-IN-PLACE PILES
consist of a permanent light gauge steel tube in
diameters from 150 to 500 mm with wall thickness
up to 6 mm and are internally bottom driven by
drop hammer.
On reaching the bearing layer the hammer is
removed, any reinforcement inserted, and a high
slump concrete placed to produce the pile.
The Taper Tube pile
Reference: Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition, Michael Tomlinson
and John Woodward

17. 17
ROTARY DISPLACEMENT AUGER PILES
the soil is displaced and compacted
as the auger head is rotated into the
ground to form the stable pile shaft,
with little soil being removed from the
hole.
The Screw auger tube (b) Cleaned-off section of an
excavated Screw pile.
Reference : http://www.bacsol.co.uk/specialist-
geotechnics/piles-micropiles/

18. Advantages of Cast-In-Place
Concrete Piles
Disadvantages of Cast-In-
Place Concrete Piles
1) Relatively low cost.
2) Allow for inspection before pouring
concrete.
3) Easy of length variation.
4) Minimal ground vibrations during
installation.
1) The uncertainty of the shape and condition of
the constructed pile.
2) The cast components may be damaged during
driving.
3) Difficult to splice after concreting.
4) Steel casings (temporary or permanently) and
reinforcing cages may also be required.
5) Cast-in-place concrete pile lengths are limited
by the drilling equipment used.
18

19. Steel piles
are either pipe pile or rolled section steel H- section
piles.
Wide-flange and I-section steel beams can also be used as piles.
19
H-section piles are usually preferred because their web and flange
thickness are equal.
Pipe pile can be driven into the ground with their ends open or close.
Figure 20: shapes of steel piles (a) and (b)
Reference
(a): Pile Foundation Construction Inspection By: Bureau Of Construction Bureau
Of Bridges And Structures
(b): Https://Www.Vpgroundforce.Com/Gb/Piling/Products/Larssen-Sheet-Piles/
Placing of Steel piles in site
Reference: http://www.aeyates.co.uk/spi-appleton-
ltd/services/steel-piling

20. 20
SHOES FOR STEEL PILES
shoes or other strengthening
devices at the toe are needed for
tubular piles driven with open
ends in easy to moderately easy
driving conditions.
Where open-ended piles have to
be driven through moderately
resistant layers to obtain deeper
penetrations,
or where they have to be driven
into weak rock, the toes should be
strengthened by welding-on a
steel ring.
(a) Strengthening shoe of tubular steel pile by cruciform plates (b) Buckling and
tearing of welded-on external stiffening ring to tubular steel pile driven on to
sloping rock surface.
Reference: (a and b) Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition, Michael
Tomlinson and John Woodward

21. Advantages of Steel
Piles
Disadvantages of
Steel Piles
1) Easy to handle with respect to cutoff and
extension to the desired length.
2) Can stand high driving stresses.
3) Can penetrate hard layers such as dense
gravel and soft rock.
4) High load-carrying capacity.
1) Steel Piles subject to corrosion.
2) They are very expensive.
3) High level of noise during pile driving.
4) H-section may be damaged or deflected from
the vertical during driving through hard layers
or past major obstruction.
21

22. Composite
pile
combinations of bored piles with driven piles can be
used to overcome problems resulting from particular
site or ground conditions such as the problem of
timber piles above ground-water level
composite piles may be made of steel and concrete or timber
and concrete.
Steel and concrete piles consist of a lower portion of steel
and an upper portion of cast-in-place concrete
composite piles are not economical compared with those of
uniform section
22
different stages in construction of composite piles
Reference:http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/composit
e-piles/

23. NON-DISPLACEMENT
PILES
With non-displacement piles soil is removed
and the resulting hole filled with concrete or
sometimes a precast concrete pile is
dropped into the hole and grouted in.
This method of construction produces an irregular interface between the pile shaft and
surrounding soil which affords good skin frictional resistance under subsequent loading.
Non- displacement pile
Reference:
http://www.civilworksaustralia.com.au/index.php?p
age=piling-methods
23

24. SMALL DIAMETER
BORED CAST-IN-
PLACE PILES
These tend to be 600mm or less in diameter and
are usually constructed by using a tripod rig. The
equipment consists of a tripod, a winch and a cable
operating a variety of tools
(a) shell auger for cohesion-less, (b) cruciform auger for
cohesive soils
Reference:http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/Fou
ntype.htm
24
Small diameter bore (cast in place piles)
Reference: Civil Engineering
Association:http://ceanitc.in/category/piles/

25. LARGE DIAMETER
BORED CAST-IN-
PLACE PILES
Large boreholes from 750mm up to 3m
diameter (with 7m under-reams) are possible
by using rotary drilling machinery. The
angering plant is usually crane or lorry
mounted.
Large diameter cast in place piles’ machine
Reference:http://www.soilmec.com/it/viewdoc.asp
?co_id=3596
Stages of constructing large diameter bored cast-in-place piles
References: http://bestengineeringprojects.com/civil-projects/construction-of-pile-foundation/
25

26. PARTIALLY
PRE-FORMED
PILES
This type of pile is particularly suitable in conditions
where the ground is waterlogged, or where there is
movement of water in an upper layer of the soil which
could result in cement being leached from a cast-in-
place concrete pile
26
Partially pre-formed pile
Reference: https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/site-planning-and-design-are40-part-1/deck/12006237

27. GROUT- OR
CONCRETE-
INTRUDED
PILES
The use of continuous flight augers is becoming a
much more popular method in pile construction.
These piles offer considerable environmental
advantages during construction
Their noise and vibration levels are low and there is
no need for temporary borehole wall casing or
bentonite slurry making it suitable for both clays
and granular soils
The only problem is that they are limited in depth to
the maximum length of the auger (about 25m)
Figure 31: Concrete
intruded piles
27

28. SHEET PILES
Sheet piles are structural tools which are designed to resist
horizontal forces as they embedded in soils. They are also
used as retaining systems.
Sheet piles are made of different materials as wood,
concrete, steel or aluminum which play an important role in
their applications
Sheet piles are widely used for several purposes
such as:
1) Large and waterfront structures
2) Erosion protection
3) Stabilizing ground slopes
4) Shoring walls of trenches and other
excavations, and cofferdams.
28
Installed sheet piles in a project
Reference: http://jdfields.com/retaining-wall-sheet-piling-construction
common shapes of sheet piles
Reference: http://www.pennarindia.com/steel-products-sheet-piling.html

29. CHOICE OF ILE
MATERIALS
Timber is cheap relative to concrete or steel. It is
light, easy to handle, and readily trimmed to the
required length. It is very durable below ground-water
level but is liable to decay above this level.
Concrete is adaptable for a wide range of pile types. It
can be used in precast form in driven piles, or as
insertion units in bored piles.
Steel is more expensive than timber or concrete but
this disadvantage may be outweighed by the ease of
handling steel piles, by their ability to withstand hard
driving, by their resilience and strength in bending,
and their capability to carry heavy loads
29

30. 1) The depth to a stratum capable of supporting a pile.
2) The availability of materials for piles.
3) The number of piles required.
4) The driving equipment.
5) The depth and kind of water if any, above the ground
which the piles will be driven.
6) Location and type of structure.
7) Types of structures adjacent to the site.
8) The size, weight of the structure.
9) The physical properties of the soil stratum on site.
10)The durability required.
11)The comparative in-place cost.
30
Factors Influencing
Choice Of Piles To Be
Used For Construction

31. PILE
HAMMERS
The available types include:
1) Drop.
2) Single-acting steam or compressed air
(60 blows per minute).
3) Double-acting steam or compressed
air (120 blows per minute).
4) Differential-acting steam or
compressed air ( Frequency usually
between single and double).
5) Diesel ( Can operate in freezing
weather, but may fail to operate in soft
soil).
6) Hydraulic.
7) Vibratory drivers ( most effective in
driving piles into granular soils, they
operate at very high frequencies).
Typical operation of pile driving hammers
Reference: http://www.aboutcivil.org/pile-driving-
equipment-hammers.html
31

32. Dropping weight
(Drop Hammer)
The dropping weight or drop
hammer is the most commonly used
method of insertion of displacement
piles.
Variants of the simple drop hammer are the single
acting and double acting hammers. These are
mechanically driven by steam, by compressed air
or hydraulically.
Piles' dropping weight in the site
Reference: http://www.forcepile.com/
32

33. 33Rapid controlled explosions can be produced by
the diesel hammer.
Diesel
Hammer
Using diesel hummer in the site
Reference:http://www.powerquip.co.kr/products/hydraulic-pile-hammer_photo_M.html
This type of hammer is most suitable for driving piles
through non-cohesive granular soils where the major
resistance is from the end bearing.

34. Vibratory methods of pile driving:
Vibratory methods can prove to be very effective in driving piles through non cohesive
granular soils. The vibration of the pile excites the soil grains adjacent to the pile
making the soil almost free flowing thus significantly reducing friction along the pile
shaft.
Jacking methods of insertion:
Jacked piles are most commonly used in underpinning existing
structures. By excavating underneath a structure short lengths of
pile can be inserted and jacked into the ground using the underside
of the existing structure as a reaction.
jacking method of insertion
Reference:http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geoca
l/foundations/Fountype.htm
34

35. REFERENCES
Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition, Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward.
Principles of Foundation Engineering, 7th edition, chapter 11, DAS, B.
Construction Methods and Management, 7th edition, S. W. NUNNALLY (Consulting Engineer), Professor Emeritus, North Carolina
State University.
Basic Types of Sheet Pile Walls and Their Application in the Construction Industry, Leila Eskandari, Department of civil
engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar abbas, Iran.
Piling and Penetrative Ground Improvement Methods on Land Affected by Contamination, Guidance on Pollution Prevention
National Groundwater & Contaminated, Land Centre report NC/99/73
Shallow Foundation and Deep Foundation, Wei Siong on Aug28, 2011
National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL),India, Advanced Foundation Engineering-I, Module 8, Lectures
29 To 34), Pile Foundations
Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of England from
(http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/Fountype.htm)
Overview of Construction and Design of Auger Cast-In-Place and Drilled Displacement Piles, Monica Prezzi, Assistant Professor,
And Prasenjit Basu, Doctoral Student, Purdue University, USA
Excavations and Foundations in Soft Soils, Hans-Georg Kempfert, Berhane Gebreselassie
35

36. 36