Weitere ähnliche Inhalte Ähnlich wie Preparing Maintenance Facilities for Alternative Fuel Vehicles (20) Kürzlich hochgeladen (20) Preparing Maintenance Facilities for Alternative Fuel Vehicles1. Copyright © 2014 Sierra Monitor Corporation
Preparing Maintenance Facilities
for Alternative Fuel Vehicles
by Corey Miller, Senior Sales Engineer
Copyright © 2014 Sierra Monitor Corporation
2. 2
•Provide insight and promote discussion on what it will take to
prepare your maintenance facility for Alternative Fuel Vehicles
(AFV)
•Define alternative fuels as non-gasoline/diesel. Includes CNG,
LNG, LPG, Hydrogen, and Fuel Cell
•Review hazardous nature of these fuels
Executive Summary
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3. 3
•Various codes and ordinances that influence design
•Equipment commonly used in operation of system
Detection
Alarm
Mitigation
•Cost of ownership
Executive Summary (cont’d)
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4. • Natural Gas (Methane, CH4)
100% LEL = 5% by volume
Lighter than air
Odorless
CNG = Compressed Natural Gas
LNG = Liquid Natural Gas
4
Alternative Fuels
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5. •Hydrogen (H2)
100% LEL = 4% by volume
Much lighter than air
Odorless
Used as fuels in two methods:
• Combustion engines
• Fuel Cell – to create electricity
5
Alternative Fuels
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6. •Propane
100% LEL = 2.1% by volume
Heavier than air
Odorless
Liquefied for storage and transportation but gas
for combustion
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Alternative Fuels
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•International Code Council
International Fire Code (IFC 2012)
• Section 2311.7
• Requires gas detection equipment for non-odorized gases
• Shall be “performance approved”
International Mechanical Code (IMC 2012)
International Building Code (IBC 2012)
Codes and Regulations
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•National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
NFPA 30A (2012) – Repair Garage-Major, where lighter-than-air gaseous
fueled vehicles are repaired or stored
• The terms “repair garage – major” are intended to correlate with Article
511.3 of NFPA 70 ®, National Electrical Code ®
• Within 18 inches (450 mm) of ceiling, except as noted below
• Class 1 Div. 2
• Within 18 inches (450 mm) of ceiling where ventilation of at least one
ft3/min./ft2 of floor area is provided and suction is taken from a point
within18 inches (450 mm) of the highest point in the ceiling
• Unclassified
Codes and Regulations
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•National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
NFPA 52 (2013) Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems
NFPA 88A (2015) – Standards for Parking Structures
NFPA 59 (2015) – Standard for the Storage and Handling of
Liquefied Petroleum Gases at Utility Gas Plants
Codes and Regulations
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•Note that the ICC code series and NFPA 30A, 52, and
88A are codes that, if adopted, are adopted
voluntarily by states and enforced by the local
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
•Local AHJ may enforce additional requirements
beyond the national codes and thus should be
consulted directly before final design of any
modifications
Codes and Regulations
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• Type of work being conducted on vehicles
Major or Minor
• Solicit the services of a qualified engineer (NFPA 52)
• Building structure
• Natural ventilation
• Surrounding buildings
• Security
• Occupation
• Ignition Source
Heaters, grinding and welding areas
• Geographic and climate considerations
Design Consideration
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•Gas detection has two deployment
alternatives
Portable – used as personnel protection and is not used
as detection method in maintenance facility
Fixed – used for area protection and alarm activation
Gas Detection
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•Controller based system
Pro
• Control and interface from a single point
• Easier to install with fewer wires
• Third party approval for a complete system
• Simpler calibration technique
Con
• Size limitation
Fixed Gas Detection
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•Sensor based
Pro
• More flexibility in system design
• Third party approvals for sensors only
Con
• Requires data wires and power wires
• Calibration can be more cumbersome
Fixed Gas Detection
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•Open Path Gas Detection
Pro
• Less cost per area
• Fewer components
Con
• Not accurate for point gas level analysis
• Measures in LEL/meter
• Difficult to install
• Not accepted by some local AHJ
Fixed Gas Detection
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•Open Path Gas Detection
Fixed Gas Detection
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•Combustible materials (CH4 and H2)
•Performance approved by a NRTL
UL 2075, FM 6320 or CSA 22.2 No. 152
•Requires periodic calibration
Catalytic Bead Technology
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DC Supply
Active Bead
Output
Passive Bead
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• Light hydrocarbons, C1-C6 (excluding Hydrogen)
• Large measurement range
• Located within 18 inches of the ceiling
• Low maintenance
• Performance approved
• 1 year calibration interval
• Accurate & stable
Infrared Technology
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Detector
Sample Cell
Source
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• CO and NO2
• Located in the “breath zone” (4 ~ 7 ft. off grade)
• Current generating electrolytic reaction
• High sensitivity for PPM levels of toxic gas
• Specificity to gas of interest
Electrochemical Technology
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Capillary Diffusion Barrier
Sensing Electrode
Counter Electrode
Electrolyte
Sensor Pins
Current
Collectors
Separator
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•Design Consideration
Sensor Location
• Spacing
• Height
• Combustible
• Hydrogen (H2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Propane
• Toxic
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
• Use of common sense
Sensor Technology
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•Notification
Required at 25% LEL of combustible level
Visual from all points
Audible to all
ADA compliant
First responder intuitive
Allow the authority to know when it is safe to return
Evacuation if required
•Audible and Visual are different than “Fire Alarm”
•Auto dialers, where required
Alarm and Notification
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•Natural air flow
•Pressurization of office areas
•Evacuation of air
Exhaust fans
•Produce make-up air
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC)
Doors and vents
Mitigation
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•“Push/Pull” Design – simplified
Air is 100% cubic feet per minute of outside air
Air handling unit(s) “push” air into the building
Exhaust fan(s) “pull” the air from the building and exhaust to atmosphere
•Two modes of operation
NORMAL (low fan speed) – 24 hours/day, 7 days/week
EMERGENCY (high fan speed) – activated on flammable gas concentration of not
more than 20%
Mitigation
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•Air Volume (CFM) Requirements
NORMAL (low fan speed)
• Minimum one (1) CFM per 12 cubic feet of room volume
[room volume = length (ft.) x width (ft.) x height (ft.)]
• Minimum per National Fire Protection Code (NFPA 52)
EMERGENCY (high fan speed)
• Change the volume of air eight (8) times every 60 minutes (vs. NORMAL at five (5) times
every 60 minutes)
• Eight (8) air changes every 60 minutes equals about 45% more EMERGENCY air volume
(CFM) than NORMAL air volume
Mitigation
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•Security
Vents over doors
•Shunt trip and shut down
•Explosion proof requirements
•Signage
Additional Considerations
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•Total Cost of Ownership
Utility cost
• Moving the air
• Heating the air
Equipment cost
• Installation
• $75K to $150K estimated per bay
• Includes design and build
Cost of Ownership
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•Total Cost of Ownership
Equipment maintenance cost
• Annually, estimated $25~$150 per sensor
• Access to the sensor
• Ladder
• Scissor Lift
• Bucket Lift
• Full system test:
• Horns
• Strobes
• BBU
Safety
Cost of Ownership
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Questions?
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38. Thank You
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