1. ASH PSY 361 Entire Course NEW
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PSY 361 ENTIRE COURSE NEW
PSY 361 Week 1 AssignmentPromoting Health Behavior
Change NEW
PSY 361 Week 1 Discussion Resource Evaluation
Discussion Board Biopsychosocial Evaluation of
Psychological Disorder NEW
PSY 361 Week 2 Assignment Trauma and Stressor-
Related Disorders Focus on PTSD NEW
2. PSY 361 Week 2 Discussion Resource Evaluation
DiscussionBoard Trauma and Stressor-relatedDisorders
NEW
PSY 361 Week 3 Assignment Health Care Profiles and
Plans for Change NEW
PSY 361 Week 3 Discussion Resource Evaluation
Discussion Board Substance-Related and Addictive
Disorders NEW (FEAR REDUCTION)
PSY 361 Week 4 Content QuestionBoard Behavioral and
Cognitive Methods for Treating Pain NEW
PSY 361 Week 4 Discussion Barriers to Utilizing Mental
Health Services NEW
PSY 361 Week 5 Discussion Coping Strategies for
Chronic and Life Threatening Illness NEW
3. PSY 361 Week 5 Final Paper Transtheoretical and Health
Belief Models in Chronic Illness (Option A: Diabetes
Mellitus and the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior
Change)
PSY 361 Week 5 Final Paper Transtheoretical and Health
Belief Models in Chronic Illness (Option B Diabetes
Mellitus and the Health Belief Model)
4. ASH PSY 361 Week 1 Assignment Promoting
Health Behavior Change NEW
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PSY 361 Week 1 Assignment Promoting Health
Behavior Change NEW
Promoting Health Behavior Change. Prior to
beginning your work on this assignment, please
read the assigned text chapters for Week One. In
addition, read pages 17-18 from the article,
Theory at a Glance: A guide for Health Promotion
Practice (National Cancer Institute, 2005) .
This article includes information about the
Transtheoretical model (TTM), describing stages
of change across a timespan, and the Health Belief
Model (HBM), describing perceptions determining
an individual’s behavior change relating to health
and disease.
5. An additional resource includes the University of
Rhode Island Cancer Prevention Research Center’s
Transtheoretical Model: Detailed Overview.
Different biopsychosocial theoretical models have
been developed to assess individual perspectives
on health promotion as well as to develop effective
interventions to support health promotion.
This assignment focuses on shared decision
making (SDM) and the use of decision aids (DA) in
health promotion as well as the analysis of a
specific health promotion practice using two
theoretical biopsychosocial models.
Utilization of healthcare services in the form of
immunizations will be evaluated using the
Healthcare Belief Model (HBM) and the
Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Behavioral
Change.
How does the consumer perceive and act upon
vaccination (immunization) recommendations as
a health promotion activity?
For this assignment you must:
Create your paper by evaluating vaccinations as
health promotion practices.
6. Create an initial paragraph that presents a thesis
related to vaccinations as health promotion
practices and explains how these practices impact
health related behaviors.
Complete the three attached tables: the Health
Belief Model (HBM), the Transtheoretical Model of
Behavior Change (TTM), and the Comparison
table.
When you have filled in the tables, you will be
using the completed tables in the body of your
paper by selecting and copying all the content,
then pasting it into the body of your document.
Use the following resources to help guide your
work.
Basics and common questions: Why immunize?
For parents.
Summary of Recommendations for Child/Teen
Immunization
Immunization schedules for infants and children
in easy-to-read formats
Immunization schedules for preteens and teens in
easy-to-read formats
7. Immunization schedules for adults in easy-to-read
formats:
Vaccines & preventable diseases: Vaccines: the
basics
Create your paper by evaluating vaccinations as
health promotion practices.
Create an initial paragraph which presents a thesis
related to this and how these practices impact
health related behaviors.
Copy and paste your three completed tables into
the body of your paper beneath your thesis
paragraph. Conclude your paper by distinguishing
how vaccinations are typically utilized across the
lifespan from childhood through adulthood and
into old age.
Depending on the amount of content in your
tables, your paper will be a minimum of three
pages excluding title page. A reference page is not
required unless you choose to use citations in your
tables.
8. ASH PSY 361 Week 1 Discussion Resource
Evaluation Discussion Board Biopsychosocial
Evaluation of Psychological Disorder NEW
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PSY 361 Week 1 Discussion Resource Evaluation
Discussion Board Biopsychosocial Evaluation of
Psychological Disorder NEW
Biopsychosocial Evaluation of a Psychological
Disorder. Your grade will reflect both the quality
of your initial post and the depth of your
responses.
Before you begin, please reference the Discussion
Forum Grading Rubric for guidance on how your
discussion will be evaluated.
9. Our text reading this week introduces the
discipline of health psychology and reviews body
systems.
This subject content provides a foundation for
exploring various topics in health and illness, and
how to evaluate health-related behaviors and
health promotion practices across the lifespan.
The biopsychosocial model of health psychology is
described.
An historical overview of its development from
preceding theoretical models in psychology is
provided.
We can evaluate individual healthcare choices and
utilization of healthcare services using this model.
Utilizing the biopsychosocial model, research a
selected psychological diagnosis and evaluate
health-related behaviors and health promotion
practices related to this condition from the
standpoint of associated biological, psychological,
and social factors.
First, select an individual psychological disorder
that is found in Section II of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual 5 (DSM-5), accessed via the
Ashford University Library per the instructions
10. indicated in the Required Resources list for this
week. (Section II has subsections with various
categories of different recognized
neuropsychological conditions.
Be sure to open each section to scan the various
disorders in each subsection category.) After
reading through the disorders in each category,
choose one for further study.
You may choose any disorder EXCEPT post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or the disorders
listed in the category of
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. You
will research your selected disorder in the Annals
of Behavioral Medicine publication. The
instructions below will assist you in your search.
Go to the Ashford University Library (either via the
link in the left navigation or the Student Portal)
Click the “Advanced Search>>” link under the
FindIt@AU search box
Enter the name of the disorder you selected from
the DSM-5 into the first text box
Select “SU Subject Terms” in the drop-down menu
next to your disorder
11. Enter Annals of Behavioral Medicine in the second
box
Select “SO Journal Title/Source” in the drop-down
menu next to the publication’s name
Click the Search button
Click “Relevance” and choose “Date Newest”
12. ASH PSY 361 Week 2 Assignment Trauma and
Stressor-Related Disorders Focus on PTSD NEW
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PSY 361 Week 2 Assignment Trauma and Stressor-
Related Disorders Focus on PTSD NEW
Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders: Focus on
PTSD. In this written assignment, you will use a
variety of resources on Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) to evaluate and answer a series of
questions on a given case study. PTSD is a
recognized diagnosis in Section II: Trauma- and
Stressor-Related Disorders in the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth
Edition (DSM-5).
Specific diagnostic criteria exist for adults and
children. A great deal of research has been done
13. regarding risk factors for developing PTSD, as well
as the prevention and management of this
condition. Utilizing recognized resources relating
to this disorder, a case study will be analyzed.
Please look at these resources before beginning
your work:
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Helping children and adolescents cope with
violence and disasters: Police, fire, and other first
responders:
What rescue workers can do
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders. (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American
Psychiatric Publishing. Section II: Trauma and
Stressor-Related Disorders.
Helping children and adolescents cope with
violence and disasters for parents of children
exposed to violence or disaster: What parents can
do
Understanding school violence
Understanding youth violence
14. Coping with stress after a violent event
Case Study: Johnny is a 12-year-old student at
Hometown Middle School. Six weeks ago, he
witnessed a fight lunch time between two students
at the adjacent table in the cafeteria.
During the fight, a knife was pulled and its use
resulted in serious injury to one of the students.
Emergency medical services (EMS) were called,
and the student was removed via ambulance. Since
that day, Johnny has had frequent nightmares in
which he revisits the fight scene. He has refused to
eat lunch in the cafeteria and instead hides in the
bathroom during the lunch hour.
Once this was discovered, he was brought to the
guidance counselor, and his mother was called to
school. Johnny insists that the cafeteria isn’t safe,
and in discussion with the guidance counselor his
mother mentions that Johnny insists on keeping a
kitchen knife at his bedside table.
Further evaluation of Johnny’s school performance
demonstrates that his grades have fallen from
their usual level.
The biopsychosocial model of health psychology
incorporates biological, social and psychological
factors. Based on these, evaluate the health-
15. related behaviors exhibited by Johnny in the
scenario.
What health promotion (prevention) practices
could be addressed? What factors might influence
Johnny and his mother’s utilization of health care
resources based on his developmental stage?
Assess the scenario and comment on how
psychological methods might be employed to
assist Johnny in managing and coping with the
situation.
Your assignment should include the sections listed
below. Each section will focus on stress-related
behaviors, referral for services, risk factors, and
management and prevention of a stress-related
disorder.
Answer the following questions, citing information
from the specified resource(s) to support your
writing and any statements of fact. Each question
should be answered in a separate section, with a
minimum of at least one paragraph (minimum five
sentences).
In addition to the specified resources for each
section, you may include additional scholarly or
peer-reviewed references relating to the topic
question, but this is not required.
16. Be sure to synthesize the information provided in
the class resources regarding the factors affecting
Johnny’s behaviors and choices.
17. ASH PSY 361 Week 2 Discussion Resource
Evaluation Discussion Board Trauma and Stressor-
related Disorders NEW
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PSY 361 Week 2 Discussion Resource Evaluation
Discussion Board Trauma and Stressor-related
Disorders NEW
Resource Evaluation Discussion Board: Trauma
and Stressor-Related Disorders. Your grade will
reflect both the quality of your initial post and the
depth of your responses. Before you begin, please
reference the Discussion Forum Grading Rubric
for guidance on how your discussion will be
evaluated.
The biopsychosocial model of health psychology
incorporates biological, psychological and social
18. factors to evaluate health-related behaviors and
utilization of healthcare services.
Our text reading this week focuses on stress and
its relation to physical illness and psychological
responses and coping. Using the Ashford Library,
access the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5
(DSM-5) using the instructions in the required
resources section for this week and select one of
the disorders in the section titled: “Trauma- and
Stressor-related Disorders.”
You will research your selected disorder in the
Annals of Behavioral Medicine publication. The
instructions below will assist you in your search.
Go to the Ashford University Library (either via the
link in the left navigation or the Student Portal)
Click the “Advanced Search>>” link under the
FindIt@AU search box
Enter the name of the disorder you selected from
the DSM-5 into the first text box
Select “SU Subject Terms” in the drop-down menu
next to your disorder
Enter Annals of Behavioral Medicine in the second
box
19. Select “SO Journal Title/Source” in the drop-down
menu next to the publication’s name
Click the Search button
Click “Relevance” and choose “Date Newest”
Read and discuss one or more articles published
within the last five years in the journal listed
above. If you are unable to find a current article in
this publication that focuses on your selected
disorder, choose another disorder or email the
instructor for guidance.
Maintaining a focus on Health Psychology and
utilizing the biopsychosocial perspective, explain
the stress-related condition and your research of it
from the standpoint of the biopsychosocial model
focusing on both the related biological and
psychosocial aspects. Evaluate and comment on
behaviors related to the disorder.
Distinguish between the health care services
options for this disorder which are to patients
available across the lifespan. Assess the
information presented in the literature and
describe how psychological methods and
principles help patients manage and cope with this
disorder.
20. Your discussion should be a minimum of 300
words, and include appropriate citations from the
referenced article and DSM-5, as well as any
additional resources you choose to include in your
discussion. Provide all resources as references in
APA format.
21. ASH PSY 361 Week 3 Assignment Health Care
Profiles and Plans for Change NEW
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PSY 361 Week 3 Assignment Health Care Profiles
and Plans for Change NEW
Health Care Profiles and Plans for Change. From
your work in Week One, you have already read
about shared decision-making aids; the Healthcare
Belief Model (HBM) and Transtheoretical Stages of
Change (TTM). Review resources from the Week
One assignment to assist you in this assignment.
It is recognized that achieving and maintaining a
normal weight is a foundational goal of good
health. The Healthy People 2020 initiative, part of
the U.S.
22. Department of Health and Human Services, lists
nutrition and physical activity as one of the
leading health indicators (LHI) for the U.S.
population. For this reason, many resources and
decision aids have been developed to assist the
individual in achieving this goal.
Using the interactive Decision Aid at the Choose
My Plate website, you will use information from a
case study to create a profile of an individual, and
develop a plan for achieving and maintaining a
normal weight through healthy diet choices and
physical activities.
Please refer to these resources to assist you with
your work:
Healthy People 2020: Nutrition, Physical Activity,
and Obesity
Healthy People 2020: About Healthy People
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
Overweight and obesity: Strategies and solutions
for my community
United States Department of Agriculture: Choose
My Plate (Note the links for menus, videos, and
more)
23. United States Department of Agriculture:
SuperTracker (Create a profile using specific
individual data that provides recommended goals
and strategies for change to achieve and maintain
a normal weight.)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Adult
overweight and obesity.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
National Cancer Institute. (2005) Theory at a
glance: A guide for health promotion practice
Your paper should be organized into two sections
as outlined below.
Section One – Case Study: Using the SuperTracker
online software at the MyPlate website from the
UDSA, create a profile with the information
provided in the case study below.
Case Study: Jane is a 55 year old female, who is 5’6”
tall and weighs 205 pounds. She accumulates less
than 30 minutes per day of moderate activity
exercise.
Once you have created the profile, you will receive
dietary and physical activity information. Using
the data from the profile you created, answer the
24. following questions in the first section of your
written paper:
What is Jane’s Body Mass Index (BMI)?
Is Jane underweight, normal weight, overweight,
or obese?
What recommendations can we provide to
improve Jane’s health (move her towards a
healthier weight)?
Section Two – Behavioral Change: Complete the
following three tables regarding the case study
profile you developed in Section 1 of this
assignment. Copy and paste your completed tables
into your assignment paper.
Table: Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior
change
Table: Health Belief Model (HBM)
Table: Comparison Table (Effectiveness of the TTM
and HBM in describing and analyzing strategies to
move the individual towards achieving and
maintaining a normal weight
Additional references are not required for this
assignment. A separate reference page is not
25. required, unless you used citations to complete
your tables.
If additional references are cited, all sources must
be documented in APA style and listed on a
separate reference page, as outlined in the Ashford
Writing Center.
26. ASH PSY 361 Week 3 Discussion Resource
Evaluation Discussion Board Substance-Related
and Addictive Disorders NEW
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PSY 361 Week 3 Discussion Resource Evaluation
Discussion Board Substance-Related and Addictive
Disorders NEW
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. Your
grade will reflect both the quality of your initial
post and the depth of your responses.
Before you begin, please reference the Discussion
Forum Grading Rubric for guidance on how your
discussion will be evaluated.
Much of our text reading this week focuses on
substance use and addictive disorders. Using the
27. Ashford Library, access the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual 5 (DSM-5) using the instructions
in the required resources section for this week and
select one of the disorders in the section titled:
“Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders.”
You will then research your selected disorder in
the Annals of Behavioral Medicine or Behavioral
Medicine publications. The instructions below will
assist you in your search.
Go to the Ashford University Library (either via the
link in the left navigation or the Student Portal)
Click the “Advanced Search>>” link under the
FindIt@AU search box
Enter the name of the disorder you selected from
the DSM-5 into the first text box
Select “SU Subject Terms” in the drop-down menu
next to your disorder
Enter Annals of Behavioral Medicine or Behavioral
Medicine in the second box
Select “SO Journal Title/Source” in the drop-down
menu next to the publication’s name
Click the Search button
28. Click “Relevance” and choose “Date Newest”
Read and discuss one or more articles published
within the last five years in the journal listed
above. If you do not generate an appropriate
article in the Annals of Behavioral Medicine or in
the journal Behavioral Medicine, remove the
journal titles and complete a general search for
your disorder.
Be sure to check the boxes next to “Limit to Full
Text” and “Limit to Scholarly / Peer Reviewed”.
Utilizing the biopsychosocial perspective, explain
the substance-related or addictive disorder and
your research (reference article) through the
model of health psychology. In your posting,
analyze how the following factors potentially
contribute to risk for developing a substance use
disorder synthesizing research regarding these
factors in order to support your statements.
Biological factors
Psychosocial aspects
Prevention of the disorder
Treatment of the disorder
Reasons for relapse
29. Your initial post should be a minimum of 300
words and include appropriate citations from the
referenced article(s) and DSM-5, as well as any
additional resources you choose to include in your
discussion. Provide all resources as references in
APA format. Additional sources of information
may be found in the recommended resources for
Week Three
30. ASH PSY 361 Week 4 Content Question Board
Behavioral and Cognitive Methods for Treating
Pain NEW
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PSY 361 Week 4 Content Question Board
Behavioral and Cognitive Methods for Treating
Pain NEW
Behavioral and Cognitive Methods for Treating
Pain. This is a Content Question Board. Please view
the instructions for interacting with this type of
discussion forum here.
Writing the Content Question Answer and
Providing a Response:
31. Content Question Answer Posting: The focus of this
Content Question Discussion Board activity will be
on pain treatment strategies.
You will be posting on the approach to pain
management that is listed below with the first
letter of your last name. In your discussion, assess
how psychological methods might be effectively
employed to assist patients to manage and cope
with pain. Be sure to distinguish how you might
utilize your strategy differently with patients
across the lifespan.
Last Names beginning with:
A through C: Operant Approach (techniques to
extinguish pain behavior and reinforce well
behavior)
D through F: Fear Reduction (reducing fear of pain
to minimize behaviors that worsen function)
G through J: Relaxation and Biofeedback
(techniques to reduce stress)
K through N: Cognitive – active coping (distraction,
non-pain imagery, and/or pain redefinition to
modify the
pain experience)
32. O through Q: Cognitive – pain acceptance
(cognitive strategies to promote pain acceptance
and improve
functioning)
R through T: Hypnosis, Stimulation Therapies,
and/or Animal-assisted
U through Z: Interpersonal Therapy (talk therapy
to promote insight into the pain experience)
Your original post should be a minimum of 300
words.
You must include a minimum of one scholarly or
peer- reviewed reference published within the last
five years to support your work. All references
should be cited in APA format as outlined by the
Ashford Writing Center.
33. ASH PSY 361 Week 4 Discussion Barriers to
Utilizing Mental Health Services NEW
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PSY 361 Week 4 Discussion Barriers to Utilizing
Mental Health Services NEW
Barriers to Utilizing Mental Health Services. Some
of our text reading this week focuses on the
utilization of health care services and the different
settings in which these services are delivered.
Using the Ashford Library, search the ProQuest
database to identify at minimum one peer-
reviewed article published within the last five
years that focuses on one of the factors listed
below in terms of its potential for creating a
barrier to the utilization of mental health services:
34. Gender (sex) as a barrier to the utilization of
mental health services
Lifespan (age) as a barrier to the utilization of
mental health services
One comorbidity or multiple comorbidities
(additional diagnoses either
mental/psychiatric/behavioral/developmental or
physical) as a barrier/barriers to the utilization of
mental
health services
Severity of mental or physical illness as a barrier
to the utilization of mental health services
Sociocultural factors (financial, transportation,
cultural) as a barrier/barriers to the utilization of
mental
health services
35. ASH PSY 361 Week 5 Discussion Coping Strategies
for Chronic and Life Threatening Illness NEW
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PSY 361 Week 5 Discussion Coping Strategies for
Chronic and Life Threatening Illness NEW
Coping Strategies for Chronic and Life Threatening
Illness. The focus of this discussion activity is on
research regarding the coping strategies utilized
by those diagnosed with a chronic illness. Analyze
one (or more) peer-reviewed article(s) that
investigates coping strategies utilized by those
with chronic illness.
Search the Ashford Library, using the ProQuest
and EBSCOhost databases using the following
keywords as assigned below according to the first
letter of your last name.
36. Last Names beginning with:
A through D: Coping; HIV; AIDS
E through H: Coping; cancer
I through L: Coping; heart disease
M through P: Coping; kidney disease
Q through T: Coping; spinal cord injury U through
Z: Coping; arthritis
To look for peer-reviewed articles in the library:
Access the Ashford Library via the online course or
the Student Portal
Click on the link at the top of the page that says
“Find Articles & More”
On this page, click on “Databases by Subject”
Click on the link for “Psychology”
First search – use the EBSCO Host database:
Put your keywords into the search box (e.g.,
punishment discipline)
Scroll down to the middle of the page and look for
an area that says “Limit Your Results”
37. In this area, check BOTH boxes: Full Text AND
Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals
Now click the green “search” button at the top
A list of articles appears – on the top of the list is a
link called “Relevance” – click on this and a drop-
down menu appears – choose “Date descending” to
order the articles by most recent date
Choose articles published within the last five years
– to obtain the individual articles you want, click
on
the “PDF Full Text” icon to get the article (save on
your computer)
Second search – use the ProQuest database:
Put your keywords into the search box (e.g.,
punishment discipline)
Scroll down to the middle of the page and look for
an area that says “Search Options”
In this area, check THREE boxes: Full Text AND
Peer Reviewed AND Scholarly Journals
Now click the orange “search” button at the top
38. A list of articles appears – on the right side of the
page, use the drop-down box to “sort results by”
and
choose Publication date (most recent first)
Choose articles published within the last five years
– to obtain the individual articles you want, click
on
the “PDF Full Text” icon to get the article (save on
your computer)
Assess how biological, psychological, and social
factors related to the disorder impact the
effectiveness of coping strategies. As you construct
your post, synthesize the research findings you
found with regard to the factors affecting health-
related behaviors and coping strategies. Evaluate
the health-related behaviors associated with
coping strategies for your topic illness and explain
how you might use the biopsychosocial model of
health psychology to guide the development of
individual coping options.
Your discussion should be a minimum of 300
words, and include appropriate citations from the
referenced article(s), as well as any additional
scholarly and/or peer-reviewed resources you
39. choose to include in your discussion. Provide all
resources as references in APA format
40. ASH PSY 361 Week 5 Final Paper Transtheoretical
and Health Belief Models in Chronic Illness NEW
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Option B: Diabetes Mellitus and the Health Belief
Model
Focus of the Final Paper
The course of illness can be influenced by
biological, psychological, and/or social factors
covering a broad range of topics that include
stress, coping, and behaviors that either promote
health and prevent illness, or contribute to the
development of clinical problems. Health and
wellness are important to our daily lives and this
is true even in the context of being diagnosed with
a chronic illness such as diabetes mellitus. The
interplay between emotions, cognitive, and
41. behavioral/physical factors can affect all aspects
of health and illness.
Individual differences such as culture, ethnicity,
lifestyle, religion, gender, identity development,
financial status, and social support should be
considered when analyzing the individual’s
response to a chronic illness. Numerous research
studies have investigated the impact of one or
more of these factors in terms of the effect on
chronic disease outcomes.
These outcomes can include symptom
management and/or progression of the severity of
the disease.
Explanatory theories often describe factors that
contribute to health problems, or interfere with
prevention activities, and thus provide targets for
change. One such theory is the Health Belief Model
(HBM) which addresses perceptions of the health
problem.
These perceptions include the degree of threat in
terms of susceptibility and severity, any benefits to
be obtained by avoiding the perceived threat, and
various internal (e.g., self-efficacy) and external
(e.g., barriers to care) factors that influence the
individual’s decision to act. Other theories
42. emphasize motivations that influence a continuum
of stages of behavioral change.
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior
change is a theory of this type. The response to
chronic illness and the illness experience itself can
be described by these models. In managing chronic
disease, there are coping strategies and behavior
changes that support optimal outcomes and
therapeutic interventions can be designed for
greater effectiveness by using these two models.
43. ASH PSY 361 Week 5 Final Paper Transtheoretical
and Health Belief Models in Chronic Illness NEW
Check this A+ tutorial guideline at
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ash/psy-361-week-5-final-paper-
transtheoretical-and-health-belief-models-in-
chronic-illness-option-b-recent
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PSY 361 Week 5 Final Paper Transtheoretical and
Health Belief Models in Chronic Illness NEW
Focus of the Final Paper
The course of illness can be influenced by
biological, psychological, and/or social factors
covering a broad range of topics that include
stress, coping, and behaviors that either promote
health and prevent illness, or contribute to the
development of clinical problems. Health and
wellness are important to our daily lives and this
is true even in the context of being diagnosed with
a chronic illness such as diabetes mellitus. The
interplay between emotions, cognitive, and
44. behavioral/physical factors can affect all aspects
of health and illness.
Individual differences such as culture, ethnicity,
lifestyle, religion, gender, identity development,
financial status, and social support should be
considered when analyzing the individual’s
response to a chronic illness. Numerous research
studies have investigated the impact of one or
more of these factors in terms of the effect on
chronic disease outcomes.
These outcomes can include symptom
management and/or progression of the severity of
the disease.
Explanatory theories often describe factors that
contribute to health problems, or interfere with
prevention activities, and thus provide targets for
change. One such theory is the Health Belief Model
(HBM) which addresses perceptions of the health
problem.
These perceptions include the degree of threat in
terms of susceptibility and severity, any benefits to
be obtained by avoiding the perceived threat, and
various internal (e.g., self-efficacy) and external
(e.g., barriers to care) factors that influence the
individual’s decision to act. Other theories
45. emphasize motivations that influence a continuum
of stages of behavioral change.
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior
change is a theory of this type. The response to
chronic illness and the illness experience itself can
be described by these models. In managing chronic
disease, there are coping strategies and behavior
changes that support optimal outcomes and
therapeutic interventions can be designed for
greater effectiveness by using these two models.
The assignment:
For your paper you will choose from the two
options below. The option you choose will provide
the focus and title for your paper.
Option A: Diabetes Mellitus and the
Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change
Option B: Diabetes Mellitus and the Health Belief
Model.