1. The State of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society 2. Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

1. PortfolioShusei Kakimoto

2. CONTENTS
State of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society ~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~
The Census Report Lancaster County/City of Lincoln
1
16
Community Research

3. 1
Introduction
Section 0-1 Background and Purpose of Research
Recently, Japan is facing the problem of population decline. There is an
increasing ratio of older population to younger population. It is expected
that Japan will have to be more open to immigration in order to handle the
work load. As a result, immigration law is currently changing in Japan. It is
easier to get a permit (similar to the U.S. VISA) now, as there are new types
of their permit. There are a lot of more immigrants now in Japan than in
the past. Because this is so recent, the Japanese people, including the gov-
ernment, are still fairly ignorant of the foreign community.
For the purpose of this paper, “community” is a term used to describe a
group of people which meet, and does not refer to people living in the
same area who do meet. “cluster area” is used to describe people of one race
living in the same area.
Most foreigners live in Tokyo, as it is the economic center, and has the most
services like public transportation, and a few foreigners live in the country
side.
It is becoming necessary to increase understanding and acceptance be-
tween the Japanese and the the foreign community. It will require a lot
of compromise to develop relations between the Japanese and the immi-
grants.
The research for this paper centers on Tokyo 23 Wards as this area has the
highest number of immigrants, and studies the government administration
programs for helping them. It also looks into the charity assistance dedicat-
ed to the foreign community, and how the foreign community is organized.
Section 0-2 Research Methods and Organization
This paper shows the result of research of the situation of the foreign
community in Japanese society. This paper will show the date regarding
the immigrants in the 23 Wards: their general background, purpose, in
section 1. Section2 will cover the assistance programs available to them.
The immigration information for section 2 was obtained from the offices of
Immigrant Registration in each ward, as well as the main Tokyo Immigrant
Registration office. Information from a government endorsed charitable
Introduction
Section 0-1 Background and Purpose of Research
Section 0-2 Research Methods and Organization
Section 1 The Situation of Foreign in The 23 Wards of Tokyo
Section 1-1 The Situation of The 23 Wards of Tokyo
Section 1-2 Background of Foreigners
Section 1-3 The Number of Residents of Each Nationality Living in Tokyo’s 23 Wards
SSection 1-4 Conclusion of Section 1
Section2 Government Administration Service
Section 2-1 Tokyo Local Government Service
Section 2-2 Services for Immigrants in Each Ward
Section 2-3 Unique Services
Section 2-4 The Conclusion of Section 2
Section3 Foreign Community
Section 3-1 Cluster by Nationality
Section 3-2 Community in The Wards
Section 3-3 Distribution and Background of Method of Community
Section 3-4 Outline of Clustered Areas in The Wards
Section 3-5 Characteristics and Classification of Community and Cluster Areas
Section 3-6 Conclusion of Section 3
Section 4 Themed Community Outline
Section 4-1 Themed Communities
Section 4-1-1 Natural Establishment
Section 4-1-2 Japanese Establishment
Section 4-1-3 Advertisement
Section 4-2 Conclusion of Section 4
Section 5 Analysis of Foreign Community and The Issues Which Occur
Section 5-1 Comparison of The Korean Cluster Areas
Section 5-3 Contact Between The Foreign Community and The Surrounding Japanese Residents
Section 5-2 The Issue of Concession, or Right of Use of Land in Edagawa 1 Chome, in Koto Ward
Section 5-4 Government Administration and Community
Section 5-5 Conclusion of Section 5
Section 6 Overall Conclusion
外国人登録者数（H18）
東京 大阪 愛知 神奈川 埼玉 兵庫 千葉
東京
大阪
愛知
神奈川
埼玉
兵庫
千葉
Immigrants Population (2006)
Tokyo
Tokyo
Kana
gawa
Kanagawa
Osaka
Osaka
Aichi
Aichi
Sai
tama
Saitama
Hyogo
Hyogo
Chiba
Chiba
Figure 1-1
Figure 0-1
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

4. 2
foreign assistance group was obtained as well. A classification of commu-
nity type and cluster area will be in section 3. Section 4 will contain an
analysis of the foreign community based on their classification. Section 5
will Figure 1-1 shows the top 7 states for immigration.
explore the issues existing between the Japanese and foreign communities.
Section 6 will be the main conclusion.
Section 1 The Situation of Foreign in The 23 Wards of Tokyo
This section contains an analysis of immigrant information: background,
permit type, etc.
Section 1-1 Background and Purpose of Research
Section 1-1 The Situation of The 23 Wards of Tokyo Figure 1-2 is the immi-
grant population in Tokyo.
Figure 1-3 shows breakdown of immigration population by ward.
Tokyo is the number 1 state in Japan for immigrant population with
350,000 immigrants. The top 5 states have more than half of the immi-
grants in Japan. Most of the foreigners in Tokyo live in the 23 Wards.The
immigrant population is rising in every ward.
Section 1-2 Background of Foreigners
Figure 1-4 is a comparison of the foreign population in Tokyo from 1981 to
2004.
Figure 1-5 is a breakdown of the immigrant population by purpose of im-
migration.
Figure 1-6 shows the percentage of immigrants by their permit type
in2006.
We can see that during the years that Japan has experienced economic
difficulties, the number of immigrant job did not decrease.
We can classify the immigrants by 2 groups: old comers and new comers.
Old comers are immigrants from before the San Francisco treaty of 1952
and their descendents. All foreigners lost their citizenship in 1952. Those
who migrated to Japan relatively recent years are in the newcomer category.
Immigration law is a big factor on what kind of immigrants come to Japan.
外国人登録者数の遷移
東京都
総数
区部
市部
外国人登録者数の遷移 ２３区
千代田区
中央区
港区
新宿区
文京区
台東区
墨田区
江東区
品川区
目黒区
大田区
世田谷区
渋谷区
中野区
杉並区
豊島区
北区
荒川区
板橋区
練馬区
足立区
葛飾区
江戸川区
Registered Foreigners
Tokyo
Ward
Area
City
Area
Change of Registered Foreigners
Chiyoda
Chuo
Minato
Shinjuku
Daito
Bunkyo
Shinagawa
Koto
Sumida
Meguro
Ota
Setagaya
Shibuya
Suginami
Nakano
Kita
Toyoshima
Arakawa
Itabashi
Nerima
Adachi
Katsushika
Edogawa
Population and Registered Foreigners(*10000) (*1000000)
Population in Japan (Right)
Registered Foreigners (Left)
1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004
Figure 1-2
Figure 1-3
Figure 1-4
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

5. 3
As an example, the number of Brazilians who migrate to Japan varies
drastically as the laws change (Figure 1-5). In 1995, Japanese made a law
restricting the number of performers that could enter the country. This
caused the number of Pilipino immigrants to drop a lot. In 2004, the refu-
gee application was changed, causing an increase in Burmese immigrants
coming to Japan.
In the last few years we have seen a big increase in the number of foreign-
ers coming to Japan to study or attend a trade school. The percentage of
immigrants in 2006 who took Permanent Resident (including normal and
special permanent resident) in Japan is 40.2%, which is 837,521 people.
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
Special
Permanent Residents
Permanent Residents
Long-term Residents
Spouse of Japanese
Study abroad
Visiting Family
Training
Specialist in
humanities,
International services
School
Techinologies
Others
Ratio of Status of Residence
Figure 1-6
Background of visiting Japan
Population of registered residence and Korean residence
Korean Chinese
Filipinos Burmese
Brazillian
Registered
residence
Korean
1959
NewcomersOldcomers
1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004
Change of immigration law
1990: Japnese Brazillian get a
right to work as Japanese do.
Economic Depression in Brazil,
Bubble economy in Japan:
Many Brazillian came to Japan.
Chinese immigrants have increased for
more than 10 years: Due to the Location,
Economic Development in China, Japanese
enterprise to China, move of production base
Korean
Chinese
Brazillian
Filipinos
About 10,000 Korean applicants to be naturalized
Japanese: every year: due to Korean Japanese
assimilate Japanese society. There is decrease of
Korean having Korean nationality.
Increase of Koreans from Korea: Extend of
financial gap, the boom of study abroad in
Japan by plan of 100,000 student studying
abroad, liberalization of travels in Korea
culturalexchangeforlongtimeasaneighboringcountry,
DuringWWII,manyk=KoreanscametoJapan
Chinese has many reasons
to stay in Japan such as
study abroad, marriage,
training, work
Chinese has experienced
rapid economic growth:
There might be more chinese
P
u
r
p
o
s
e
F
u
t
u
r
e
Short work contract workers who are indirect
employment most brazilians work for manufacture:
Although manufacture is effective by business
fluctuations, but it has higher standard of salary
Secure freedom of work and live
Increase of Brazilian residents will slow
down one of reasons is manufacture
industry move to other countries
Most refugees in Japan did not choose Japan
Reason why some refugees chose Japan
Acquaintances come from Japan
Good experience by Japanese people
Information form Burmese communities
The number of refugees will increase
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
198219851988199119941997200020032006
2006
2005
2004
2003
Burmese
Turk
Bangladeshi
Burgher
Iranian
Chinese
Other
Applicants
Certified
Improvement of refugee certification scheme in 2004
by emigration and immigration agency: Increase of
applicants and certified refugees
Majority of refugees in Japan is Burmese
Changeofimmigrantsfromcountriesthathavehiger
immigrantspercentageinJapan Thehighestreasonofstutasofresidencyisspouse
andthesecoundhighestreasonisshowbusinesses
Japanesegovernmentdecreseissueofshowbusinessvisa
SpouseofJapanesehasincreased
Figure 1-5
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

6. 4
Section 1-3 The Number of Residents of Each Nationality Living in To-
kyo’s 23 Wards
It shows a tendency of immigrants to cluster together within a ward (Fig-
ure 1-7). As a result, different wards have different groups of foreigners.
Section 1-4 Conclusion of Section 1
The laws dictating the number of immigrants allowed of each permit type
control the country’s immigrant growth. The research of this paper shows
a breakdown of new comers by permits type. Every year, the number of
immigrants taking Permanent Residence in Japan increases. Also, the
number of naturalized citizens of Japan from Korean or Chinese increases
every year. Therefore, the people who take temporary residence in Japan
are staying longer than in the past. These facts could indicate that Japan is
a more attractive option for people to live in than in the past, or that the
laws are less restrictive, or possibly both. In any case case, the immigration
laws are certainly less restrictive. The newer policies regarding immigra-
tion favor those staying in Japan longer. Usually short term foreigners in
Japan do not participate in regional activities such as community events or
meetings: nor do they contribute to the area. Because of the new policies
for longer term foreigners and the higher participation of the immigrants
in the community, the relationship between these immigrants and Japanese
people might improve.
Immigrants of a certain nationality tend to cluster together within a ward.
However, in some wards, many races live together. This gives each ward a
unique characteristic.
Section2 Government Administration Service
This section contains research and analysis of the government services for
Tokyo, the 23 wards within, and the organization officially endorsed by
each ward.
Section 2-1 Tokyo Local Government Service
Table 1 shows the government services for immigrants in Tokyo.
Recently, the Tokyo government has begun having Tokyo residential
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
Foreign
worker's
employee
manual
2007～ prevent hiring of illegal
immigration
explain how to prevent hiring illegal immigrants
Reception of foreign student from Peking and many other
Asian cities. Propection of friendly relation between
these students and the Japanese
Employee
situation
reporting
system
10.１.200
7～
management can submit a
report to be collected and
analysed for improvement
the manager is required to report new hires, and when
the employee leaves. They report name, VISA type, and
how long they are staying in Japan. If they fail to report,
they are fined up to $3000.
Foreign
resident
meeting
1997～
They hold meetings to expand
policy making
Here requests and ideas are gathered from immigrants,
and they try to improve the area for the immigrants
Area
Internationali
zation
2001～
Discussions are held between
immigrants and professional.
They make decions on
improvements to be implented
Each year they have a different theme for area of
improvement. They have discussions and make new
policies throughout the year
Establishmen
t of Tokyo
Area Disaster
Information
Center
To prepare immigrants for major
disasters occuring in Tokyo
In the case of a major natural disaster, the state of Tokyo
major will set up the Tokyo Disaster Center Measure
Department, who will extinguish fires, help residents
escape, treat injuries, and collect and give
information.In addition, they will set up the Tokyo Area
Disaster Information center for immigrant.Bilingual
volunteers will assist in this process in this center.
Foreign
worker's
handbook(En
glish,
Chinese)
11/2005
～
prevention of problems from
illegal immigrant workers
six worker consulting information(enters are set up for
employers and workers to discuss issues, laws,
procedures, or get information)
Management
of Ota
Memorial
Hall
after
establish
Friendship between Japanese
and China
2002
Tokyo
Internatinal
Excange
association
2005～
to promote international
exchange, international
corporation, and deepen mutual
understanding by participation
and connection of residents in
Tokyo
to provide information to promote international excange
and international corporation. after collecting
information from every International Exchange
association and some nonprofit charity groups, they put
the information on website. They also edit the
magazines doe providing information. they exchange
opinion with charity groups. They support some lectures
for improving international relationship. They
implement the project that immigrants are able to
consult with some professionals about law, education,
and medical treatment
Tokyo
resident
corporation
project aid
2004～
To stregthen the connection
between the Japanese and other
asians, making Tokyo a more
comfortable place for
immigrants
Residents in this area are asked to assist in the project
Promotion of
International
Exchange and
International
Corporation
2004～
To promote the international
exchange and international
corporation, and deepen
international relations
Distribution of literature encouraging the spread of
enlightenment on how to promote international
relations. They keep contact info and attempt to build
relationships for mutual benefit.
Table 1
Table 1
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

7. 5
meetings for immigrants to improve the services provided to immigrants,
and inform the immigrants of the services available to them. Some Liter-
ature is distributed to the immigrants, such as Foreigner Worker Employ-
ment Manual, to prevent illegal immigration, and the Foreigner Worker’s
Handbook. The police department and the ministry of justice are con-
cerned that the increase of government activity to help foreigners will also
increase foreign criminal activity because of a higher immigrant popula-
tion. Table 2 shows the organizations which are part of Tokyo International
Exchange Association, and the services they provide.
In April of 2003, the project of international exchange and International
corporation were transferred from Tokyo International Foundation to To-
kyo by becoming officially endorsed by the government. Tokyo sets Tokyo
International Exchange Association in the office and begun to extend their
services. The purpose of the association is to provide services to immi-
grants, and deepen mutual understanding between Japanese residents and
foreigners by hosting events which both Japanese and immigrants can
attend.
The number of registered foreigners by nationality
Korean Brazillian American
Indian Burmese British
Minato Minato Minato
Minato Minato
Shinjuku
Nakano
Nakano
Nakano
Kita
Adachi
Adachi
Adachi
Ota
Ota
Setagaya Setagaya
Setagaya
Setagaya
Edogawa
EdogawaEdogawa
Meguro
Meguro
Shibuya
Shibuya
Shibuya
Shinagawa Shinagawa
Koto
Katsushika
Figure 1-7
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
● ● ●
Chuo
district
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Minato
district
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Shinjuku
district
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Bunkyo
district
● ● ● ● ● ●
Daito
district
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Shinagaw
a district
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Meguro
district
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Nakano
district
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Suginami
district
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Itabashi
district
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Arakawa
district
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
deepenmutual understanding, events international corporation, etc support foreigners
Table 2
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

8. 6
The Tokyo International exchange Association hosts meetings for mutual
cooperation between the various organizations both inside the Association
and out, and they make lists of organizations so that they will be able to
contact each other. They also created the Foreigner Consulting department,
for immigrants to talk about the problems they face. There are consulting
windows for the immigrants to go to meet someone face to face, as well
as events that immigrants can attend where they can meet a network of
professionals for assistance. The Tokyo International Exchange Association
also endeavored to promote the network.
Section 2-2 Services for Immigrants in Each Ward
Information on table 3 was collected by interview in the local government
offices in each ward. There are not enough workers to handle the workload,
so the services are restricted. There were only two people in some offices.
Sometimes the wards work together with affiliated volunteer organizations
or outsource services provided.
The offices in each ward provide nearly the exact same services. As a result,
they lack the ability to handle the unique needs of their district, which has
a different population mix than other wards.
Volunteer organizations usually operate independently, rather than in
cooperation with other organizations. Creating a network to connect these
organizations should be a priority for local government or.
Section 2-3 Unique Services
Figure 2-1 shows for unique services. All of them cater to the needs of the
ward, rather than simoly mirroring the services of the other ward.
Section 2-4 The Conclusion of Section 2
The services in Tokyo and in each ward are increasing. Tokyo is passing
laws to make it clearer for employers to know how to hire foreign workers
legally. The result should be an increase of employment of foreign work-
ers. The government services in each ward is influenced by the number of
workers in each department, the existence of affiliate organizations, and the
number of foreign residents in each ward. The services in each ward are
日
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相談窓口
の頻度（語
数）
区が設ける施設等
新宿区 ２個
（財）新宿文化・国際
交流財団
● ● ● ● ● ● ● 週5日（ ）
しんじゅく多文化共
生プラザ
コリアンタウン（韓人
会、新宿ムクゲ会）、ロ
シアクラブ、箪笥町フラ
ンス人
江戸川区 ０個 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 週1日（２）多文化共生センターインド人会
足立区 ０個 ● ● ● ● ● ▲ ▲ ▲ ● ● 週5日（３）
港区 ７４個 港区国際交流教会 ● ● ● ▲ ● 週3日（１
江東区
１個（教育
部）
江東区国際友好連
絡会（IFC）
▲ ● ● ▲ ● ▲ ▲ ▲ ● 週5日（３）
大田区 ０個 ● ● ● ● ● ▲ ▲ ▲ ● 週2日（２）山王会館
板橋区 ０個
（財）板橋区文化・国
際交流財団 交流課
● ● ● ▲ ● 週2日（２）
世田谷区 ５個
JCA （Japan Culture
Association）
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ▲ ● 週5日（３）国際交流会館
北区 ０個 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 週2日（２）
荒川区 ０個
荒川区国際交流委
員会、多文化共生セ
ンター
● ● ● ● ● ▲ ▲ ▲ ● 週1日（３）
葛飾区 ０個
かつしかシンフォ
ニーヒルズ（葛飾区
文化施設指定管理
者）
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 週1日（２）
かつしかシンフォ
ニーヒルズ
練馬区 ０個 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 週3日（２）
品川区 10個
品川区国際友好協
会
● ● ● ● 週2日（２）
子連れグループ（東大
井）
渋谷区 １９個 ● ● ● ● ● ● 週5日（１）
中野区 ０個
中野区国際交流協
会（ANIC
● ● ● ● ▲ ▲ ▲ ● 週3日（２）
中野区国際交流
協会・商工会館
杉並区 ０個 杉並区交流協会 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 週1日（３）
台東区 1個 台東区国際（TICC ） ● ● ● ● ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ● 週1日（３） キムチ横丁、インド人
墨田区 ０個
墨田区国際化推進
クラブ（ＳＩＰＣ）
● ● ● ● ● ● ● 週1日（２）
目黒区
１１個（主
にアフリ
カ）
目黒区国際交流教
会（MIFA ）
● ● ● ● 週5日（４） 虹の会
文京区 ０個
ぶんきょう多文化
ねっと
● ● ● ● 週2日（２）
中央区 １個
中央区文化・国際交
流振興協会
● ● ● ●
千代田区 １８個
千代田区男女共同
参画センターＭＩＷ
(ミュウ)
● ● ● ●
豊島区 ０個
国際交流ボランティ
アfam、国際交流の
おみこしを担ぐ会
● ● ● ● ● 随時（１）
存在が確認されて
いる外国人コミュニ
ティ
区内の
大使館
の数
連携団体
区で行われている取り組み
The
number of
embassy
in a ward
Cooperation
Groups
Approaches by a ward
Existing
foreigner
communities
found
Institutions
established
by a ward
2
0
0
74
(educational division)
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
19
10
0
0
1
0
11
0
1
18
0
1
(Mainly African
embassy)
5 days
a week
(3)
Symbiotic mutial
culture plaza
koreantown (Kanjinkai,
Shinjuku Mukuge kai),
Russia Club,Tansu Town French
Shinjuku Cultural
Internation Change
Fundation
Minato Internatinal Change Church
Koto International Friendship
Coordination Committee
5 days a week(3)
5 days
a week (3)
5 days
a week(3)
5 days a week(1)
5 days
a week(4)
A day a week(2)
A day
a week
(3)
A day
a week
(2)
A day a week(3)
A day a week(3)
A day
a week(2)
2 days a week(2)
2 days
a week(2)
2 days a week(2)
2 days
a week(2)
2 days
a week(2)
3 days a week(1)
3 days a week(2)
3 days
a week(2)
Symbiotic Mutial Culture Center
Sano Hall
Internatinal
Change Hall
Katsushika
Symphony Hills
Nakano Internatinal Change Association,
Commerce and Industry Hall
Indian Association
Itabashi Culture Internation Change
Fundation Exchange Department
Japan Cultural
Association
Arakawa International
Change Committee Symbiotic
Mutial Culture Center
Shinjuku
Edogawa
Adachi
Minato
Koto
Ota
Itabashi
Setagaya
Kita
Arakawa
Katsushika
Nerima
Shinagawa
Shibuya
Nakano
Suginami
Taito
Sumida
Meguro
Bunkyo
Chuo
Chiyoda
Toyoshima
Katsushika
Symphony Hills
Shinagawa Internation
Friendship Association
Association for Nakano
International Communication
Suginami Exchange Association
Taito International Communication Committee
Sumida International
Promotion Club
Meguro International
Friendship Association
Bunkyo Multiple
Cultural Net
Chuo Cultural and Internatinal
Exchange Association
Man and Woman
Cooperation and
Particiation Center
Volunteer of International
Exchange fam
Association pf Carring Portable
Shrines of Internation Chgange
Everyday
(1)
JapaneseClass
ActivityReport
Informationinmultiplelanguages
Guideinmultiplelanguages
InternationalCommunicationEvents
DispatchofInterpretation
JapaneseTradition
HomeStay
Interactionwithsistercities
QuestionnaireSurvey
ConsultationCounter
(VarietyofLanduages)
Table 3
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

9. 7
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
very similar. There is a restriction of services in each ward due to a limited
number of workers in each ward. Therefore, many of the services are out-
sourced to nonprofit organizations.
Section3 Foreign Community
This section contains research and classification of the foreign community
and the area they gather in.
Section 3-1 Cluster by Nationality
Figure 3-1 shows the relationship between the areas. Table 4 shows the dif-
ferences between Indian and Korean immigrants: why they came to Japan,
and the area they live in. Research indicates that immigrants from the same
race tend to cluster together. The process of collecting date for this paper
turned up three Korean cluster areas, two Indian cluster areas, and one
France cluster areas.
The areas which had Koreans had many signs written in Korean. Korean
stores and restaurants were numerous in this area. However, the areas of
the Indian communities looked similar to the rest of Japan, with only few
Indian restaurants. This difference is related to their background and pur-
pose. The establishment of a cluster area is influenced by the history and
environment of that area.
The development occurs over a long period of time and change gradual-
ly, as similar people are attracted to the area. The exception is Edogawa 1
chome, where the Japanese forced the Koreans to move. Part of what makes
a community develop is when acquaintances, friends and family move
nearby. Even if a foreigner has no acquaintances, he is more likely to move
near others of his race. The area of a cluster is an ideal target for advertise-
ment for that race.
Section 3-2 Community in The Wards
Table 5 shows the basic information found in each community. The re-
search is based on relatively new community because most of them are new
communities in the wards. These communities actively seek to build rela-
tionships with the Japanese community. There is a lot of demand for new
Case1
Case2
Case3
Case4
Shinjuku
Nerima
Chuo
Ota
Symbiotic mutial culture plaza Circle Guide Book
Onigiri Club Round Table Conference
10 Countries
Guide
Book
Symbiotic
mutial
culture
plaza100 Countries
107 Countries Establish
Utili-
zation
Shinjuku Ward
Circle
Onigiri Club
Make a rendezvous
Information interchange
Place for cultural exchange
Lighthearted Place
Demands
Gathering
Places
Make
links
Circle
Exchange of opinions
Make a relationship
LinkDispersion
Figure 2-1
Communities
Offering Target
To an area that
acquaintances live
To an area that people
who are same race live
Foreigners
Communities
Collective
residential quarters
Factors of collective
Human factor
Environmental factor
Facility factor
Histrical factor
Majority of foreigners
belongs collective
residential quarters
Figure 3-1
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

10. 8
communities due to immigration of foreigner of various nationalities. The
immigrants of each community always have some purpose for coming to
Japan, which means they have a need to interact with the Japanese people.
Section 3-3 Distribution and Background of Method of Community
Figure 3-2 shows the result of the analysis of the distribution and back-
ground of immigrants from section 3-1 and 3-2. The factor of distribution
and background of the establishment of the community is influenced by
demand (needs of immigrants), and purpose of the community. People
that place value on giving and receiving aid for daily life (borrowing a cup
of sugar or asking information of stores, for example) tend to live near each
other, whereas those that simply share a common purpose may not require
this proximity. If a community was developed through advertisement, that
its range depends on the content of the advertisement as well as how wide
spread the advertisement is. The expansion of a Japanese initiated foreign
community depends on the community’s purpose. For this reason, a Japa-
nese community or one started through advertisement may or may not live
close proximity to each other.
Section 3-4 Outline of Clustered Areas in The Wards
Table 6 shows the cluster areas found in the wards.
Table 7 shows the current issues of Edogawa 1 chome.
• There are several factors which play into how a cluster is formed.
o Okubo-Korean Town
Attractions to Koreans are a Korean clusters of Korean, a lot of churches,
a good public transport system, and many Korean restaurants and stores.
Many communities are formed here, such as the Kanjin community and
Shinjuku mukuge community.
o Kimuchi alley in Daito ward
Many Koreans live here. There is a good public transport system and many
Korean restaurants and markets. This is just one street in Daito ward.
Both of these areas might expand in the future, as Koreans contine to move
them.
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
Background Distribution Factors
Mutual-aid purpose
Advertisement
Purpose contents
Advertisement purpose
Formation
by Japanese
Range of advertisement
Purpose of formation
Methods of collection
Mutual-aid life Range of demands
Demand Purpose
Background
Collective residential quarter
Figure 3-2
Indian
permission
of VISA
Work
changing
environ
ment
small
Koren
old comer
since the
colonial
Diverse
Koren
towns
becomin
big
Table 4
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

11. 9
o Indian community in Edogawa ward
Indians gather here because of the Indian community, and a good public
transport system. Most of the Indians here are IT technicians who work in
the town of Ote, which is easily accessible train from West Kasai, Edogawa
ward. This is the reason the Indian community initially began here.
o Shinjuku-sasatsuka, French area
The French gather here because of a Japanese-French school. Most of the
French population is near the school.
• Japanese created community: mandatory method
This is a community formed when Japan forced immigrants to move.
o Edagawa 1 chome in Koto ward
Tokyo is developing the seaside and other areas nearby, but is currently
making no improvements to this area, so the buildings and roads are old.
Relations between Korean and Japanese resident in this area are favorable,
so there is little need for themed communities to improve them. Edagawa 1
chome had three main issues, but only one remains. This issue is the need
for a new school building. Part of issue is a need for re-zoning. Together,
the Korean and Japanese residents made a formal demand for re-zoning.
Section 3-5 Characteristics and Classification of Community and Clus-
ter Areas
Figure 3-3 shows the classification of communities and cluster area.
The cluster areas are classified according to the process which established
them. The cluster area establishment process can be broken into two
methods: natural establishment and Japanese establishment (establishment
forced by the Japanese government).
The communities are also three methods: natural establishment, Japanese
establishment (Japanese encourage to establish a foreign community), and
advertisement.
Section 3-6 Conclusion of Section 3
So now it is clear how cluster areas and communities are formed, and the
relationship between the two has also been covered. Classification of clus-
ter areas and communities is similar, but the content is different. The size
Table 5
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
国籍 名称 期間 区域 集合理由 形態 主な住民 交流
交流
度合
交流内容
コミュ
ニ
ティ
今後の
計画
韓人
会
新宿
ムクゲ
会
不明
仏学園の存在・交
通の便
教会・集合的居住
区域の存在・交通
の便
集合的居住区域
の存在
強制移住
交通の便・インド
人会の存在
不明
※ピンク：複数のコミュニティが存在
消極
的
少な
い
店に来た客 不明
仏学園では
防災訓練
（参加自
由）
不明 不明
江戸川区イ
ンド人会
H12.8
～
江戸川区西
葛西（大）
区域
韓国
交流会・近
所との挨拶
インド
ジュエリータ
ウン
不明
台東区御徒
町の一角
（小）
区域 ニューカマー
ニューカマー
消極
的
不明
区域
オールドカ
マー
積極
的
韓国の分
会、日本の
町会に互い
に出席
なし
学校を新
校舎に
し、避難
地にする
少な
い
通り
良好
短い
台東区昭和
通りの筋違
い（小）
インド
人会
なし
ニューカマー
積極
的
良好
1941～
枝川1丁目
（小）
ニューカマー
積極
的
区の会議
や日本の
町会に韓
国人が出
席
店に来た客
台東区キム
チ横丁（親
善マーケッ
ト）
江東区枝川
１丁目
今の状
態を保つ
不明
大久保韓国
人タウン
90年以
降増加
新宿区大久
保（大）
一部
良好
区域
フラン
ス
新宿フランス
人
不明 箪笥町 区域 ニューカマー
積極
的
少な
い
Nationality
Korea
India
French
Shinjuku Ward
Okubo
District Newcomers
Increase
since 90’s
Okubo
Korean Town
Positive
Partially
Good
Attending Ward
meetings and Japanese
neigborhood association
Existing conditions such as
churches, collective residential
district, transportation
Kanjinkai
ShunjukuMukugekai
Unknown
Taito Ward
Kimchi
side street
Short
A side street of
Taito Ward Showa
Street
Collective
residential
district
Side
street
Newcomers PassiveLittle
Customers coming
to the stores
UnknownNo
Koto Ward
Edogawa
1 Chome
1941~
Edogawa
1 Chome
Forced to
live there
District Oldcomers Positive Good No
KoreanandJapaneseattendlocal
KoreanbranchandJapanese
neigborhoodassociationeachother
The school-house will
be newly built to make
a port of distress
Edogawa Ward
Indian
Society
8/2000~
Edogawa Ward
Nishikatsushika
West
Existence of
transportation services
and Indian society
District Newcomers Positive Good
Cultural Exchange
Meeting and greeting
to neigbors
Indian
Society
Keep the
current
condition
Jewelry
Town
Unknown
Part of
Okachimachi,
Taito Ward
Unknown District Newcomers PassiveLittle
Customers coming
to the stores
Unknown Unknown
Shinjuku
French
Unknown Tansucho
Existence of
French School and
transportation services
District Newcomers PositiveLittle Unknown Unknown
Emergency drill in
the French school
(free for all)
Name Period District
Gathering
Reasons
Form
Main
dwellers
Interaction
Degree of
interaction
Content of
interaction
Communities
Future
Plan
Pink:There are multiple communities
Table 6
issue 1 complete
issue 2 complete
issue 3 wait maintenance of a lot
Table 7
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

12. 10
Section 4 Themed Community Outline
of a community and the method of establishment are both factors in how
much interaction they have with the Japanese.
Based on the classification of section 3, this section is an analysis of com-
munities researched.
Section 4-1 Themed Communities
Table 8 shows the main summary of the communities researched.
Table 9 shows how active a relationship they have with the Japanese. Their
relationship with the Japanese varies greatly based on how they were
formed and how big they are.
Section 4-1-1 Natural Establishment
Table 10 shows the background of members of communities formed by
natural establishment: their demand a community, what it is that they need
and why. Immigration law, and changes to it play a major factor in these
communities because it controls the flow foreign populace enters the coun-
try, they are looking for help, and communities are naturally formed.
• Indian community in Edogawa ward (big, active with Japanese)
Figure 4-1 shows the Indian community system and hoe it functions.
The Indian community system is built on sharing information. Both infor-
mation and questions are sent by email to all members on the distribution
list simultaneously. Everyone reads it, and someone who knows the answer
can respond.
Indian community is there for work, and is therefore taking residence in
Japan temporarily.as a result, there is a respectful distance maintained be-
tween the Indian and Japanese residents, which eliminates a lot of friction.
The Indian community is large due to a high demand for it.
• AUN (small, active with Japanese)
This is a collection of several small communities led by the Burmese
community in Japan. Refugee Support Association is a nonprofit organiza-
tion led by Japanese to assist this community. They hold workshops which
leaders from about thirty small communities participated for the refugee
populace where they can learn about medical services and the legal
Communties
CommuntiesType1
Natural Establishment
Collective
residential
quarter
Collective
residential
quarter
Elements Elements
Person Person
EnvironmentPurpose
Historical
Background
Historical
Background
Typology was method of
forming
How communities have been
established and how
collective residential
quarters have been
established are different
Only
communities
Making Flyers
and putting
them on many
places
Type3 Advertisement
Type2
Japanese Establishment
Forced
movement
Foreigners
invited
Collective residential quarterForeignersJapanese
Communities Forced movement
Collective
residential
quarter
Compellation
Invitation
Formation of a community
The method of forming
is ①’s contents
Range of recruitment
Appeal to foreignersIt is formed by purpose of Japanese people
Community establish ment
has one extra type which
is the advertisement
Figure 3-3
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
ＡＵＮ unknown unknown
mutual
assistanc
AUN is dividing into smaller groups. It is made of many races,
making it difficult to remain as a single group
Indian
Commun
less 30 about 200
mutual
assistanc
Indian community supports its members in daily life. The
Indian in the Edogawa district came to Japan for work. The
Japanese
establish
Shinjuku-
Mukuge
20's 10
introduc
e culture
The mambers come and go. Community continues as Koreans
who want to teach are added to the group
natural
establish
ment
advertise
ment
Niji
communi
40 to 50 27
introduc
eand
Doho
communi
unknown Nerima
rememb
er
Made mainly of naturalized citizens who are trying to
remember the chinese culture and language
Made mainly of Korean housewives. They are familiar with
both Korean and Japanese culture
Table 8
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

13. 11
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
situation in Japan. The community primarily consists of Burmese, but is
open to all foreigners. The refugees have to keep their whereabouts secret
from their home country, so information is difficult to get from them. this
limits the assistance they can get from the refugee support association.
Section 4-1-2 Japanese Establishment
• Shinjuku-Mukuge community(small, active with Japanese)
In the Yotsuya ward center, a Japanese teacher working as a volunteer
asked the Korean students if they wanted to teach Korean to the Japanese.
The students discussed it with their friends, and a community was created
where Koreans began teaching the Korean language to Japanese.
In February of 2007, they named the community Mukuge community.
They begun a trial class, which consisted of 10. The trial was a success, so
they had a second series of sessions from December of 2007 to March of
2008.
Section 4-1-3 Advertisement
• Niji community(small, active with Japanese)
This community was organized by Korean women in Japan. These women
come to Japan for marriage or work, or were born in Japan. The group is
for Korean women who feel lonely, helpless, or just want to participate in
some activity. Common activities include socializing with Japanese people,
socializing with other immigrants, going to events, or studying together.
Advertisement for this community is in the Ota and Minato wards, well
as Kawasaki city. Most of the members live in the Ota ward and Kawasaki
city. There are plans to expand the future.
• Doho community(small, active with Japanese)
This is a community of Chinese immigrants who gather to consult each
other and have lectures for the purpose of remembering China.
日本人からにくい
消極的交流
日本人との交流
積極的交流
大規模
広く周囲から認知されてい
るため交流が盛んである
小規模・自然形成コミュニティからのアプロー
チがないと接触は難しい
日本人形成
形成時から日本人が関わっ
ているため
募集
募集しているため区などが
把握している場合が高い
Interaction with Japanese
Possitive Interaction
Passive Interaction
A large scale
Japanese Establishment
It is widely known, therefore,
they have good relationship
with Japanese
Advertisement
A small scale
Natural establishment
Japanese has been involved
since it was established
They are advertised, therefore,
it is highly possiblethe city
recognize them.
It is hard to find them
It is hard to be in contact if
there is no approach from them
Table 9
Indian 2000
Burmese 2004
issue new type of VISA（to IT technicians ）new environment
improvement of refugee laws support refugees and membe
Table 10
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

14. 12
Section 4-2 Conclusion of Section 4
Figure 4-2 shows an analysis of the community’s and cluster area’s size and
interchange with Japan.
The size and activity of each group depends on the people’s background,
purpose, and demand, as these three things are the biggest factors deter-
mining the identity of the community or cluster area. The purpose affects
how actively the group communicates with Japanese, the demand affects
the size of the group, and the background affects both.
Government administrative policy is a major influence on the foreign com-
munity.
Section 5 Analysis of Foreign Community and The Issues Which Occur
This section will discuss the issues arising between the Japanese and the
foreiners, and the existing services to deal with them.
Section 5-1 Comparison of The Korean Cluster Areas
Figure 5-1, 5-2, and 5-3 show Korean stores in Okubo Korean town,
Kimuchi alley in Daito ward, and Edagawa 1 chome. A comparison of the
Okubo and Daito areas reveals a big difference in the type of stores found
because of a different history and land characteristics. Edagawa 1 chome is
unique because it has a unique history, as the Koreans were forced to move
to the area. The buildings here have unique characteristics, there is a lot of
municipal housing here, as well as very old style homes and floor coverings
(a row house with ten-tatami ). The building codes (coverage ratio) were
ignored, and the area is generally crowded.
Section 5-2 The Issue of Concession, or Right of Use of Land in Edagawa
1 Chome, in Koto Ward
Figure 5-4 shows the problem area in Edagawa 1 chome. In 1995, Tokyo
was going to make improvements to the area, including maintenance, but
the issue of the right of concession arose. In 2000 the Japanese government
put the land up for sale at 7 % of the value. In 2003, Tokyo demolished part
of the Tokyo Korean #2 elementary school building, because part of the
building was on land belonging to Tokyo, and Tokyo required the use of
Asking questions through emal
Asking questions through emal
Indian
Society
Questioners
Questioners
Respondents
Figure 4-1
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
Demand PurposeBackground
Communities
Collective residential quarter
Size Interaction
Figure 4-2
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

15. 13
Kimchi Grill Korean food Korean clothes+folcraft products+small articles
Grill+Korean food Church Multiple (eat and drink) Beauty+clothes
Bar+Club Food(sign in Hangul) Service
Obscure (sign in Hangul) Multiple Deaprtment store+duty free store
Facilities Real estate+apartment Others
Figure 5-1
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
Kimchi(side dishes) Grill Korean food
Buchimgae Meet sales Grill+food
Korean clothes+folk handicraft products+small articleKimchisidestreet Figure 5-2
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

16. 14
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
Grill
Beauty
Municipal housing
Korean food
Side dishes
Tokyo Korean Secondary
Elementary School
Figure 5-3
1941
1945
1945～
2000
2007
The land which is targeted for the trial
Property
The land which was not sold in 2000
Figure 5-4
Result of Questionnaires in Shinjuku Ward
Non-
response
Non-
response
Non-
response
Participated
Participated
Participated
Never
participated Never
participated
Never
participated
Activities of PTA and/or
Parent’s association
Events of neighborhood associationEvents of racial groups and/or events host
by foreigners from the same country
Figure 5-5
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

17. 15
Foreign Communities in JapanThe States of Foreign Communities in Japanese Society
~In the 23 Wards of Tokyo~ (2008)
the land. Tokyo filed a suit against the Korean school for compensation for
use of the land, as the contract for use of the land ended in 1990, and no
payments had been made since that time. The suit was for 400,000,000 yen,
the quivalent of $4,000,000. The frial continued for 3 years and 3 minths,
during which the media widely covered the issue in both Japan and Korea,
gaining the support of the Japanese and Korean people for the school. In
2007, a settlement was reached for 170,000,000 yen, or $1,700,000, which
the school paid.
Section 5-3 Contact Between The Foreign Community and The Sur-
rounding Japanese Residents
Table 11 shows the main problems foreigners have in Japan.
Interview research indicated friendly relations between the foreign com-
munity and the Japanese, as they greet each other warmly.
The Shinjuku ward wanted their foreign and domestic residents to have a
symbiotic relationship, so they conducted research to determine how the
Japanese residents and the immigrants viewed each other. They determined
that the foreign residents felt a lot of prejudice from the Japanese in many
situations. In addition, the Japanese felt that the immigrants were bad
mannered and had many criminals. A questionnaire distributed to both
the Japanese and foreign populace yielded many inconsistencies in the
answers.
Section 5-4 Government Administration and Community
Figure 5-5 shows the result of a questionnaire regarding events in Shinjuku
for immigrants. The services for immigrants in Shinjuku are increasing,
but there is little awareness of these services, so participation is low. Niji
community have been refused to put advertisements for the community in
some offices.
Section 5-5 Conclusion of Section 5
In this section, the results of the Japanese and foreign relationship is clari-
fied. Foreigners tend to view Japan as the coldest country. There are many
problems that immigrants face, and prejudices to overcome. The govern-
ment administration is increasing services and attempting to consider
immigrant problems, but immigrants are fairly ignorant of the available
services.
Section 6 Overall Conclusion
These are the topics which were covered and clarified in this paper
Overall situation of immigrants was explained by increasing number of im-
migrants, background of immigrants, and cluster areas.
The problems government administration has were defined by government
administrative services, the service of each ward, and the service of each
nonprofit organization.
The found communities and cluster areas of background, purpose of estab-
lishment, details, size, activity, etc, and distribution were cleared, and the
characteristics of the methods of establishment were shown.
The characteristics of each community were compared by classification,
and the factors related to size and activities in each community were prov-
en.
Each cluster areas were compared, and the problems between Japanese and
foreigners were shown. The government administration and communities
were analyzed, and the relationship between foreign communities and
Japan were defined.
they are required to carry the a certification ofresistration
they are required to be fingerprinted（1992 it was repealed in
part ofarea 、1999 it was competely repealed）
the right to vote
Table 11
Foreign Communities in Tokyo, Japan

18. 16
This project has been done for Lincoln/Lancaster County Planning Depart-
ment.
• http://lincoln.ne.gov/city/plan/reports/reports/Rpt.pdf
• http://lincoln.ne.gov/city/plan/reports/reports/App.pdf
Lancaster County/Lincoln
The population both in Lancaster county and in Lincoln has been increas-
ing.
The percentage difference in age groups between 2000 and 2010 in Lin-
coln and Lancaster County, Nebraska
The population of older people has been obviously increased. The popula-
tion of young people has been increased as well. Generation X and Y are
visible here, as well as the echo boom of Generation Y.
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Comparison of Age Distribution
~Lancaster County 2000 - 2010~
2000
2010
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Comparison of Age Distribution
~Lincoln 2000 - 2010~
2000
2010
Year
Total
Population
Total Change
Ten Yr.
Annualized
Change Ten
Percent
Change Ten
1960 155,272
Growth in 1960's 12,700 1,270 0.79%
1970 167,972
Growth in 1970's 24,912 2,491 1.39%
1980 192,884
Growth in 1980's 20,757 2,076 1.03%
1990 213,641
Growth in 1990's 36,650 3,665 1.60%
2000 250,291
Growth in 2000's 35,116 3,512 1.32%
2010 285,407
10 Year 35,116 3,512 1.32%
20 Year 71,766 3,588 1.46%
30 Year 92,523 3,084 1.31%
40 Year 117,435 2,936 1.33%
50 Year 130,135 2,603 1.22%
Growth Rates:
Year
Total
Population
Total Change
Ten Yr.
Annualized
Change Ten
Percent
Change Ten
1960 128,521
Growth in 1960's 20,997 2,100 1.52%
1970 149,518
Growth in 1970's 22,414 2,241 1.41%
1980 171,932
Growth in 1980's 20,040 2,004 1.11%
1990 191,972
Growth in 1990's 33,609 3,361 1.63%
2000 225,581
Growth in 2000's 32,798 3,280 1.37%
2010 258,379
10 Year 32,798 3,280 1.37%
20 Year 66,407 3,320 1.50%
30 Year 86,447 2,882 1.37%
40 Year 108,861 2,722 1.38%
50 Year 129,858 2,597 1.41%
Growth Rates:
Lancaster County
Lancaster County
Lincoln
Lincoln
Baby Boomers
Baby Boomers
-20.0%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
Comparison of Age Distribution
~Percent Change 2000 - 2010~
Lancaster County Lincoln
Baby Boomers
Generation X
Generation Y
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

19. 17
Race
According to Census Bureau, “Some Other Race” includes all other re-
sponses not included in the White, Black or African American, American
Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific
Islander race categories described above. Respondents reporting entries
such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, or a Hispanic or Latino group (for
example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, or Spanish) in response to the
race question are included in this category.
Comparison of Race
The racial majority Lancaster County and Lincoln is white.
The percent change by race between 2000 and 2010
However, if you look at the percent change of race, you can see which races
has been rapidly increased.
Two more race could be increased quickly because it would be any mixed
races. Therefore, whoever got married with another race, their child would
be two or more races. As long as Some Other Race has such a big change,
we need to know what is the majority in Some Other races because there
might be new race which influences on the majority of race alone.
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
White Black or African
American
American Indian
and Alaska
Native
Asian Native Hawaiian
and Other
Pacific Islander
Some Other
Race
Two or More
Races
Comparison of Race
~Lancaster County 2000 - 2010~
2000 2010
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
White Black or African
American
American Indian
and Alaska
Native
Asian Native Hawaiian
and Other
Pacific Islander
Some Other
Race
Two or More
Races
Comparison of Race
~Lincoln 2000 - 2010~
2000 2010
225,426
90.1%
7,052
2.8%
1,599
0.6%
7,162
2.9%
149
0.1%
4,225
1.7%
4,678
1.9%
Comparison of Race
~Lancaster County 2000~
White
Black or African American
American Indian and Alaska
Native
Asian
Native Hawaiian and Other
Pacific Islander
Some Other Race
Two or More Races
248,615
87.1%
9,920
3.5%
2,140
0.7%9,961
3.5%
150
0.1%
6,736
2.4%
7,885
2.8%
Comparison of Race
~Lancaster County 2010~
White
Black or African American
American Indian and Alaska
Native
Asian
Native Hawaiian and Other
Pacific Islander
Some Other Race
Two or More Races
10.3%
40.7%
33.8%
39.1%
0.7%
59.4%
68.6%
10.4%
41.1%
34.9% 38.7%
4.3%
61.0%
70.6%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
White Black or
African
American
American
Indian and
Alaska Native
Asian Native
Hawaiian and
Other Pacific
Islander
Some Other
Race
Two or More
Races
Comparisonof Race
~Percent Change 2000 - 2010~
Lancaster County Lincoln
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

20. 18
Comparison of Hispanic or Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino
The population of Hispanic or Latino has been increasing. It has nearly
doubled in the last ten years.
The percent change by Hispanic or Latino (any race) and each ethnical
categories of Not Hispanic or Latino between 2000 and 2010
One of the reasons American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian
and Other Pacific Islander, and Some Other Race have increased is the His-
panic or Latino population. As a result, the increment of these three races
is much higher than increment of these three races which is not Hispanic
or Latino.
On the contrary, the Asian is less likely to be Hispanic or Latino than other
races.
According to Census Bureau, nationally, ninety seven percent of Some
Other Race is Hispanic or Latino. We can probably say the majority in
Some Other Race in Lincoln and Lancaster County is Hispanic or Latino
because there are huge difference in percent change between Some Other
Race including Hispanic Latino and Some Other Race which is Not His-
panic or Latino.
10.3%
40.7%
33.8%
39.1%
0.7%
59.4%
68.6%
10.4%
41.1%
34.9% 38.7%
4.3%
61.0%
70.6%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
White Black or
African
American
American
Indian and
Alaska Native
Asian Native
Hawaiian and
Other Pacific
Islander
Some Other
Race
Two or More
Races
Comparison of Race
~Percent Change 2000 - 2010~
Lancaster County Lincoln
95.6%
8.4%
40.7%
-4.3%
48.0%
-42.5%
30.7%
63.4%
95.0%
8.5%
41.8%
-3.4%
46.6%
-42.6%
29.8%
66.2%
-60.0%
-40.0%
-20.0%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
Hispanic or
Latino (any
race)
White Black or
African
American
American
Indian and
Alaska Native
Asian Native
Hawaiian and
Other Pacific
Islander
Some Other
Race
Two or
More Races
Comparisonof Hispanic or Latinoand not Hispanic or Latino
Percent Change 2000 - 2010~
Lancaster County Lincoln
(NotHispanic orLatino)
8,532
222,097
6,851 1,750 6,685 228 290 3,858
16,685
240,702
9,636
1,674
9,895
131 379
6,305
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Hispanic or
Latino (any
race)
White Black or
African
American
American
Indian and
Alaska
Native
Asian Native
Hawaiian
and Other
Pacific
Islander
Some
Other Race
Two or
More Races
Comparison of Hispanic or Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino
~Lancaster County 2000 - 2010~
2000 2010
(Not Hispanicor Latino)
8,532
3.4%
222,097
88.7%
6,851
2.7%
1,750
0.7%
6,685
2.7%
228
0.1%
290
0.1%
3,858
1.5%
Comparisonof Hispanic or Latinoand not Hispanic or Latino
~Lancaster 2000~
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
White
Black or African American
American Indian and Alaska
Native
Asian
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific
Islander
Some Other Race
Two or More Races
NotHispanicorLatino
8,299
197,951
6,729 1,667 6,622
223 272 3,679
16,182
214,739
9,541
1,611
9,711
128 353
6,114
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Hispanic or
Latino (any
race)
White Black or
African
American
American
Indian and
Alaska
Native
Asian Native
Hawaiian
and Other
Pacific
Islander
Some
Other Race
Two or
More Races
Comparison of Hispanic or Latino and not Hispanic or Latino
~Lincoln 2000 - 2010~
2000 2010
(Not Hispanicor Latino)
16,685
5.8%
240,702
84.3%
9,636
3.4%
1,674
0.6%
9,895
3.5%
131
0.0%
379
0.1%
6,305
2.2%
Comparisonof Hispanic or Latinoand not Hispanic or Latino
~Lancaster 2010~
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
White
Black or African American
American Indian and Alaska Native
Asian
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific
Islander
Some Other Race
Two or More Races
NotHispanicorLatino
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

21. 19
Age and Race Comparison
White: The age distribution of the White population is nearly the same as
the total population because it is the majority race. The peak of age co-
hort is 20 to 24. As you saw, eighty seven percent of the total population is
white. This would be largely due to the college population, but also coin-
cides with the Generation Y boom which in general is more pronounced
among the White population.
Black: The Black population has more younger people and fewer older
people than the age distribution of total population.
American Indian and Alaska Native: This is a similar trend to the Black
population.
Asian: The peak of age distribution is 20 to 29 because there are many
Asian college students, many of which are from abroad. It seems like there
are many Asians like me studying in grad school.
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Raceand TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
White Total
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Raceand TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
Black or African American Total
White: The
Median Age
for the White
Population is
34.3 years old
The Median Age for the Total Population is 32.6 years old
The Median
Age for the
Black or African
American Pop-
ulation is 26.6
years old
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
Age Comparison between Raceand TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
American Indian and Alaska Native Total
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Raceand TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
Asian Total
The Median Age
for the Ameri-
can Indian and
Alaska Native
Population is
26.8 years old
The Median Age
for the Asian
Population is
28.6 years old
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
The population of not white has been increasing since about 40 years
ago.
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

22. 20
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Raceand TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
Some Other Race Total
The Median Age
for the Native
Hawaiian and
Other Pacific
Islander Pop-
ulation is 30.3
years old
The Median
Age for the
Some Other
Race Popu-
lation is 24.9
years old
The Median Age for the Total Population is 32.6 years old
Age and Race Comparison
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: This age distribution is
interesting because this is a really sporadic distribution with very little pat-
tern. Other races were similar to the age distribution of total population,
but this is totally different. This is largely due to the extremely small Native
Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander population; just a few people or fami-
lies can make a very large impact when the come or go.
Some Other Race: The population of Some Other Race has a unique popu-
lation curve with two waves.
Two or More Races: The population of Two or More Races is very young
and follows a natural curve.
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
20.0%
22.0%
24.0%
26.0%
28.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Raceand TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
Two or More Races Total
The Median
Age for the Two
or More Races
Population is
13.8 years old
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Raceand TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Total
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

23. 21
Age Distribution of Hispanic or Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino
Hispanic or Latino: The Hispanic or Latino population is young compared
to the total population. There are 2,278 people in Lancaster County in the
Hispanic or Latino under 5 age cohort, which represent 13.7% of the total
Hispanic or Latino population in Lancaster County for 2010.
White (Not Hispanic or Latino): Due to the size of this population, it is
very similar to the distribution of total population. However, there is a
lower percentage of young people and slightly higher percentage of older
people.
Black (Not Hispanic or Latino): This is as same as the age distribution of
black or African American.
American Indian and Alaska Native (Not Hispanic or Latino): This
shows young American Indian and Alaska Native are likely Hispanic or
Latino. Younger population of American Indian and Alaska Native which
is not Hispanic or Latino is much lower than younger population of Amer-
ican Indian and Alaska Native.
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Ethnicity and TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
Hispanic or Latino Total
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Ethnicity and TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
White(Not Hispanic or Latino) Total
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Ethnicity and TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
Black or African American(Not Hispanic or Latino) Total
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Ethnicity and TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
American Indian and Alaska Native(Not Hispanic or Latino) Total
The Median Age
for the Hispanic
or Latino Pop-
ulation is 23.2
years old
The Median
Age for the
White/Not His-
panic or Latino
Population is
34.8 years old
The Median
Age for the
Black or African
American/Not
Hispanic or
Latino Popu-
lation is 26.9
years old
The Median
Age for the
American Indi-
an and Alaska
Native/Not His-
panic or Latino
Population is
29.0 years old
The Median Age for the Total Population is 32.6 years old
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

24. 22
Age Distribution of Hispanic or Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino
Asian (Not Hispanic or Latino): The percent change of Asian not Hispan-
ic or Latino, population is much higher than the percent change of Asian
population.
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (Not Hispanic or Latino):
This also shows younger population of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific
Islander is likely Hispanic or Latino.
Some Other Race:Younger age distribution in some other race is much
lower than younger age distribution in some other race, not Hispanic or
Latino, even though there are many people who are some other race , His-
panic or Latino.
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Ethnicity and TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
Asian(Not Hispanic or Latino) Total
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Ethnicity and TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander(Not Hispanic or Latino)
Total
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
under5
5to9
10to14
15to19
20to24
25to29
30to34
35to39
40to44
45to49
50to54
55to59
60to64
65to69
70to74
75to79
80to84
85andover
AgeComparison between Ethnicity and TotalPopulation
~Percentin each cohortLancaster County 2010~
Some Other Race(Not Hispanic or Latino) Total
The Median
Age for the
Asian/Not His-
panic or Latino
Population is
28.7 years old
The Median
Age for the
Native Hawai-
ian and Other
Pacific Islander/
Not Hispanic or
Latino Popu-
lation is 31.2
years old
The Median
Age for the
Some Other
Race/Not His-
panic or Latino
Population is
21.9 years old
The Median Age
for the Two or
More Races/
Not Hispanic or
Latino Popula-
tion is 13.7 years
old
Two or More Races: The age distribution of Two or More Races is almost
same as Two or More Races, Not Hispanic or Latino. The races which have
higher percent change in past ten years seems to be distributed by younger
population. This result makes us think there would be much more these
races in our future. In addition, any races except white has younger median
age than the median age of total population. And the younger median age
of a race is the higher percent change they will have.
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

25. 23
Hispanic or Latino Population
The majority of Mexican has become stronger among the origin of His-
panic or Latino population. Central American has been increasing a lot as
Hispanic or Latino origin likely due to smaller numbers in 2000 relative to
Mexican. According to Adriana Garcia’s report, Non-Hispanic whites will
become a minority in the United States by 2050. She said “Of the 117 mil-
lion people added to the population in this period due to the effect of new
immigration, 67 million will be the immigrants themselves and 50 million
will be their U.S.-born children or grandchildren,” the study said. Accord-
ing to Censes Data, this is already happening in California. The population
of not Hispanic or Latino white in California is 14,956,253. the total pop-
ulation in California is 37,253,956. Not Hispanic or Latino white popula-
tion is only forty percent of the total population in California. According
to CBS NEWS, “as recently as 1970, non-Hispanic whites accounted for
nearly 80 percent of the state’s population.” United States has followed this
trend. And we are obviously able to see this trend in Lincoln and Lancaster
County as well. But there are still strong white majority in Lincoln and
Lancaster County.
65.1%3.9%
1.7%
0.2%
4.9%
3.7%
20.5%
Originfor the Hispanic or Latinopopulation
~Lancaster County 2000~
Mexican
Puerto Rican
Cuban
Dominican (Dominican
Republic)
Central American
(excludes Mexican)
South American
Other Hispanic or Latino
74.4%
3.0%
1.4%
0.3%
8.8%
4.3% 7.8%
Originfor the Hispanic or Latinopopulation
~Lancaster County 2010~
Mexican
Puerto Rican
Cuban
Dominican (Dominican
Republic)
Central American
(excludes Mexican)
South American
Other Hispanic or Latino
-50%
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
Mexican
PuertoRican
Cuban
Dominican
(Dominican
Republic)
CentralAmerican
(excludesMexican)
SouthAmerican
OtherHispanicor
Latino
Comparison of Origin for the Hispanic or Latinoby
Percent Change between Lincoln and LancasterCounty
Lancaster County Lincoln
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

26. 24
Housing Characteristics Part One
The non-institutionalized Group Quarters population has been growing
and scattering throughout the community. Much of this has been due
to the new student housing at UNL and Nebraska Wesleyan since 2000.
Population in Group Quarters has increased more in Lincoln than in
Lancaster County. Non-family households will likely continue to increase
in the future based on trends. We do not see much change of household
size and family size between 2000 and 2010. There were much more change
between 1990 and 2000.
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
Total Institutionalized Non-institutionalized
In Group Quarters
~Percent Change Comparison between Lincoln and
Lancaster County~
Lancaster County Lincoln
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
Total 250,291 225,581 285,407 258,379 35,116 32,798 14.0% 14.5%
Total 238,094 213,938 271,591 244,800 33,497 30,862 14.1% 14.4%
Total 12,197 11,643 13,816 13,579 1,619 1,936 13.3% 16.6%
Institutionalized 4,061 3,689 4,320 4,236 259 547 6.4% 14.8%
Non-institutionalized 8,136 7,954 9,496 9,343 1,360 1,389 16.7% 17.5%
in Group Quarters
In Households
Housing
Characteristics
Household Population Change between 2000 and 2010
2000 2010 Absolute Percentage(%)
2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010
Total 250,291 285,407 72.9 72.0 22.3 23.1 4.9 4.8 12,197 13,816 4,061 4,320 8,136 9,496
CT 2000
1.00 3,745 3,364 73.6 70.2 25.7 29.1 0.7 0.7 27 23 0 0 27 23
2.01 4,604 4,654 77.6 73.8 22.4 25.9 0 0.4 0 17 0 17 0 0
2.02 4,376 4,351 51.3 54.8 33.1 25.9 15.6 19.3 682 839 0 0 682 839
3.00 3,695 3,352 60.9 65.8 39.1 34.2 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.00 5,124 5,145 70.4 71.9 28.6 27.8 1 0.3 51 16 0 0 51 16
5.00 1,495 1,648 34.4 29.7 60.7 56.3 4.8 14.0 72 230 0 0 72 230
6.00 5,035 6,413 0.5 0.0 1 0.0 98.5 100.0 4,960 6,410 0 0 4,960 6,410
7.00 2,752 2,570 47.9 46.8 42.3 46.5 9.8 6.7 270 171 0 52 270 119
8.00 3,752 3,497 68.3 73.9 31.3 26.1 0.3 0.1 13 2 10 0 3 2
9.00 3,946 3,749 55.6 53.7 32.7 34.8 11.7 11.5 463 430 7 0 456 430
10.00 8,033 7844 66.4 67.5 31.8 32.2 1.8 0.3 145 23 67 16 78 7
11.00 7,286 8,011 86.3 85.0 13.7 15.0 0 0.1 0 5 0 0 0 5
12.00 6,040 6,155 82.4 80.5 17.5 19.5 0.1 0.0 4 2 0 0 4 2
13.01 3,869 3,669 73.2 73.0 26.8 25.8 0 1.1 0 42 0 25 0 17
13.02 3,007 2,900 86.9 82.9 13.1 17.1 0 0.1 0 2 0 0 0 2
14.00 4,899 4,694 71.5 70.6 24.7 25.1 3.8 4.2 185 198 185 189 0 9
15.00 4,745 4,612 70.7 73.2 25 23.0 4.4 3.8 208 176 104 109 104 67
16.00 5,889 5,712 72.5 74.2 27.3 25.6 0.1 0.2 8 12 0 0 8 12
17.00 5,348 4,949 52.2 57.8 45.5 41.7 2.3 0.6 121 28 96 5 25 23
18.00 2,021 1,715 55.8 51.0 43.3 42.9 0.9 6.1 18 105 0 0 18 105
19.00 941 993 13.7 14.3 41.8 47.3 44.5 38.4 419 381 0 0 419 381
20.00 5,554 5266 36.6 40.8 59.4 51.9 4 7.2 222 381 214 302 8 79
21.00 2,160 2,148 70.8 76.9 28.9 22.2 0.2 1.0 5 21 0 0 5 21
22.00 5,751 5,504 61 66.2 34 28.8 5 5.0 286 273 286 272 0 1
23.00 6,203 6,013 70.5 70.3 29.2 27.4 0.3 2.3 21 140 0 103 21 37
24.00 3,585 3,098 79.3 86.7 10.6 13.3 10.1 0.0 361 0 361 0 0 0
25.00 5,449 5,311 76.5 76.2 23.3 23.8 0.2 0.1 9 3 0 0 9 3
27.01 3,278 3,168 58.1 58.0 25.6 27.6 16.2 14.4 532 457 0 27 532 430
27.02 5,742 5,394 82 80.8 14.5 17.2 3.5 2.0 201 108 153 108 48 0
28.00 5,436 5,131 75.5 75.5 24.5 24.5 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
29.00 2,469 4,968 56.9 59.4 41.7 40.6 1.4 0.1 35 3 0 0 35 3
30.01 3,819 6,748 82 79.5 18 20.4 0 0.1 0 6 0 0 0 6
30.02 3,565 3,345 72.5 71.8 27.4 28.0 0.1 0.1 3 5 0 0 3 5
30.03 4,685 4,947 78.2 79.1 20.1 19.4 1.7 1.5 78 75 0 63 78 12
31.01 7,805 7508 73.4 78.1 26.6 21.9 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
31.02 5,331 5,900 84.4 85.4 15.6 14.6 0 0.0 2 0 0 0 2 0
32.01 246 165 0.8 2.4 1.2 0.6 98 97.0 241 160 241 160 0 0
32.02 3,355 3,156 88.7 91.2 11.3 8.8 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
33.00 4,404 7949 74.7 70.8 25.3 28.9 0 0.3 0 24 0 12 0 12
34.00 7,479 12021 72.9 75.1 17.4 14.8 9.7 10.1 726 1,212 719 1,212 7 0
35.00 222 212 0 0.0 0 0.0 100 100.0 222 212 187 212 35 0
36.04 1,802 2,787 88.2 90.7 11 8.6 0.8 0.7 14 19 0 0 14 19
36.05
(36.01)
4,754 4,678 61.3 61.8 13.2 12.8 25.5 25.4 1,214 1,187 1,214 1,183 0 4
36.06 3,057 7064 81.3 86.9 18.7 13.1 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
37.04 5,363 5,254 69.2 71.6 30.7 28.3 0.1 0.1 5 3 0 0 5 3
37.06 5,332 5,864 79.9 74.0 18.4 24.1 1.7 2.0 90 116 85 111 5 5
37.07 6,205 7,660 92.1 86.0 7.7 13.9 0.2 0.2 12 12 12 0 0 12
37.08 4,164 4,121 85.9 81.9 14.1 18.1 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
37.09 5,543 5,008 89.6 86.6 10.2 13.3 0.1 0.1 7 5 0 0 7 5
37.10 4,169 7605 92.2 89.3 7.8 10.0 0 0.8 0 58 0 58 0 3
37.11 2,143 4539 95 93.6 4.6 6.4 0.4 0.1 9 3 0 0 9 0
37.12 4,466 9756 90.9 88.8 8.7 10.9 0.4 0.3 16 32 16 0 0 32
38.01 4,509 4,684 83.3 79.0 16.6 20.9 0 0.1 2 3 0 0 2 3
38.02 3,007 2,990 86.4 85.2 13.6 14.8 0 0.0 1 0 0 0 1 0
101.00 4,999 6,030 90.1 90.4 8.9 8.7 1 0.8 50 50 50 50 0 0
102.00 4,190 7742 88.5 81.2 8.4 18.4 3.2 0.3 133 25 0 0 133 25
103.00 3,238 3,855 88.4 89.2 11.6 8.8 0 2.0 0 77 0 0 0 77
104.00 6,210 7,821 90 90.7 9.1 8.9 0.9 0.4 54 34 54 34 0 0
Total Popultion
Group Quarters Population
Total
Institutionalized
Population
Noninstitutionali
zed Population
LancasterCounty
In Households
In Families
Nonfamily
Householders and
Non-Relatives of
Householder
In Group
Quarters
Percent of Total Population
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
City
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
City
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
City
Lancaster
County
Lincoln City
Total 99,187 90,485 113,373 103,546 14,186 13,061 14.3% 14.4%
Family household 60,702 53,580 68,210 60,300 7,508 6,720 12.4% 12.5%
Non-family household 38,485 36,905 45,163 43,246 6,678 6,341 17.4% 17.2%
Household
Characteristics
Household Population Change between 2000 and 2010
2000 2010 Absolute Percentage(%)
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
City
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
City
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
City
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
City
Average household size 2.40 2.36 2.40 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.0% 0.0%
Average family size 3.00 2.99 3.01 3.01 0.01 0.02 0.3% 0.7%
Household Characteristics
Average Size (Mean) Change between 2000 and 2010
2000 2010 Absolute Percentage(%)
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

27. 25
Housing Characteristics Part Two
The number of housing units has been increasing, therefore, the occupied
housing units also has increased. However, the percentage of vacant hous-
ing units has increased. Both renter occupied units and owner occupied
units have increased because the number of occupied housing units has
also increased.
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
2000
2010
99,187 113,373
5,030 7,502
Housing Occupancy Characteristics Comparison
~Lancaster County 2000 - 2010~
Vacant housing
units
Occupied
housing units
95.2% 93.8%
4.8% 6.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2010
Housing Occupancy
CharacteristicsComparison
~Lancaster County 2000 and 2010~
Vacant
housing
units
Occupied
housing
units
59,990
69,309
39,197
44,064
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
2000 2010
TotalOcuupiedHousingUnits
OcuupiedHousing Characteristics Comparison
~Lancaster County 2000 - 2010~
Renter
occupied
Owner
occupied
60.5% 61.1%
39.5% 38.9%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2010
Occupied Housing Characteristics
Comparison
~Lancaster County 2000 - 2010~
Renter
occupied
Owner
occupied
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County

28. 26
Households Characteristics
The majority of Householders are White, but there have been significant
increases in other Householders. Minority Householders are increasing
more rapidly than White. It is also worth noting here that the “White” (and
all other populations) includes Hispanic or Latino, so their increases are
even less than indicated on these graphs. More than half of householders
do not have a spouse. The economic situation in America may be a factor
of influence on these changes.It appears that some people have started
living together with their grand parents, parents, grand children and other
relatives. The relationship between households and people living within
households has become more complex. While this appears to be a new
trend in habitation in Lincoln and Lancaster County, this increase is still
only small in number. It is difficult to predict how this trend may or may
not continue with the uncertainty of the economy.
0 50,000 100,000 150,000
White
Black or African American
American Indian and Alaska Native
Asian
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific
Islander
Some Other Race
Two or More Races
Hispanic or Latino
92,098
2,275
460
2,085
41
1,124
1,104
2,326
103,056
3,196
669
2,981
50
1,902
1,519
4,475
Householder Race inOccupiedHousing Units
~Lancaster County~
2000 2010
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
Lancaster
County
Lincoln
Total Housing Units 104,217 95,199 120,875 110,546 16,658 15,347 16.0% 16.1%
Total Householders 99,187 90,485 113,373 103,546 14,186 13,061 14.3% 14.4%
White 92,098 83,515 103,056 93,381 10,958 9,866 11.9% 11.8%
Black or African American 2,275 2,258 3,196 3,171 921 913 40.5% 40.4%
American Indian and Alaska Native 460 444 669 653 209 209 45.4% 47.1%
Asian 2,085 2,060 2,981 2,950 896 890 43.0% 43.2%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 41 41 50 49 9 8 22.0% 19.5%
Some Other Race 1,124 1,099 1,902 1,867 778 768 69.2% 69.9%
Two or More Races 1,104 1,068 1,519 1,475 415 407 37.6% 38.1%
Hispanic or Latino 2,326 2,275 4,475 4,365 2,149 2,090 92.4% 91.9%
Occupied housing units
Household Characteristics
Number Change between 2000 and 2010
2000 2010 Absolute Percentage(%)
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
White
Black or African American
American Indian and Alaska Native
Asian
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Some Other Race
Two or More Races
Hispanic or Latino
Comparisonof Race
~Householder Change 2000 - 2010~
Lancaster County
Lincoln
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
White
BlackorAfrican
American
AmericanIndianand
AlaskaNative
Asian
NativeHawaiianand
OtherPacificIslander
SomeOtherRace
TwoorMoreRaces
HispanicorLatino
Comparison of Householder Race
~Percent Change 2000 - 2010~
Lancaster County
Lincoln
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Householder
Spouse
Under18years
18yearsandover
Grandchild
Brotherorsister
Parent
Otherrelativesof
householder
Housemateor
roommate
Unmarriedpartner
Othernonrelatives
Comparisonof Household Relationship
~PopulationLancaster 2000 - 2010~
2000 2010
Child Nonrelative of
householder
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
Householder
Spouse
Under18years
18yearsandover
Grandchild
Brotherorsister
Parent
Otherrelativesof
householder
Housemateor
roommate
Unmarriedpartner
Othernonrelatives
Comparisonof Household Relationship
~percent change 2000 - 2010~
Lancaster County Lincoln
Child Nonrelative of
householder
Census ReportThe Census Report
Lancaster County/ City of Lincoln (2011)
Census Report City of Lincoln/Lancaster County