Grammar for High School Studies. Old, but good.

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7. WESTERN CANADA SERIES
HIGHSCHOOL
GERMAN GRAMMAR
AND
EXERCISES
BY
W. H. VAN DER SMISSEN
AND
W. H . FRASER
Authorized for use in the Schools of Saskatchewan
TORONTO
THE COPP CLARK COMPANY. LIMITED

8. Copyright, Canada, 1909, by Tes CoPP OLARK COMPANY, LIMITIW,
Toronto, Ontario

9. PREFACE
Tms book is intended to serve as a guide to the use of the
spoken and written German of the present day, and makes
no claim to be a compendium of all forms and usages in
either speech or literature.
The grammatical material has been arranged with a view
to its c01wenient use in the exercises, and with the object of
facilitating the rapid acquisition of a reading knowledge of
the language. The elementary statements of grammatical
theory in the earlier part of the book have been supplemented
and summarized in the more ad•anced lessons, thus enabling
the learner to review and amplify the knowledge previously
acquired in detail. Thus, for instance, in the treatment of
the verb, each mood and tense of both weak and strong verbs
is taken up successi·ely, and afterwards the whole theory of
conjugation is stated in methodical form.
The exercises have been made continuous, where·er it was
found practicable to do so, and are constructed on the same
general plan as those in the elementary part of Fraser and
Squair's Frenclz Grammar. lt is hoped that this form of
exercise will not only render the learner's task less dreary
than exercises made up of detached sentences, but will also
encou;age him to acquire phrases rather than words, which
so often change their signification with the context.
In the use of the exercises teachers will ~1aturally be guided
by their own judgment and the character of their classes, but,
in the opinion of the authors, it will be found advantageous
first of all to practise very thoroughly the German and oral
portions, and afterwards pass on to the translation of the
English and to elementary composition. The oral exercises
iii

10. iv PREFACE
are not intended to be exhaustive, but rather suggestive for
further drill along the same line, as the authors attach the
very greatest importance to this method of teaching.
The reading extracts are not intended to replace a Reader,
but to add variety, with perhaps a spiee of entertainment, to
the acquisition and practice of grammar. The extracts in
verse are designed primarily for memorizing; the prose ex-
tracts may be used as exercises in translation, and may serve
also for practice in conversation and composition.
The Appendix contains reference lists and paradigms,
which it is hoped will prove useful, particularly B, 4 and 5,
which are intended as a guide to the correct use of preposi-
tions.
The principal authorities consulted in the preparation of
the work were: on orthography, the decisions of the Ortho·
graphic Conference of Berlin, 1901, and Duden's Ortho-
graphisches TVörterverzeichnis; on grammatical points, Blatz'
Grammar and Muret-Sanders' larger dictionary; on pronun-
ciation, the various manuals of Professor Vietor of Marburg,
whose German Prommciation (3d ed., Reisland: Leipzig,
1903) and Deutsches Lesebuch in Lautschrift (I. und II. Teil,
Teubner: Leipzig; or David Nutt: London) are especially
commended to the attention of teachers.
In conclusion, the authors desire to acknowledge their
indebtedness to Mr. W. C. Ferguson, Riverdale CoJlegiate
Institute, Toronto, for valuable advice regarding the plan
of the work and on many points of detail; to Miss Julia S.
Hillock, Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto, for testing a
considerable proportion of the lessons and exercises in the
classroom; and to Mr. Heinrich von Nettelbladt, of the
teaching staff of the High Schools, Buffalo, for valuable Ser-
vices in revising the manuscript and thus affording the au-
thors the benefit of the judgment of a native German scholar
ä.nd teacher.
AUGUST, 1909.

11. CONTENTS
fNTRODUCTION:
Alphabet
Syllabication
Stress
Quantity
Pronunciation.
Use of Capitals; Punctuation
Gerrnan Script
Map of Gerrnany
LESSON
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
Gender and Agreement. - Nominative of Personal Pronouns
Nominative of ein, fein, possessives, Wddjcr
Present Indicative of fcin. - Pronouns of Address. - Use of
l!a~. - Place of Preclicate Acljective .
Present Indicative of ~abcn. - Accusative Forms. - Repeti-
tion. - Comparative Degree
Present Indicative an<l Imperative of madjcn. - Adjective
as Adverb.
Review.
Definite Article. - Use ofCases. -Contraction. - Case Forms
Present Indicative of tun. - Infinitive after 'erbs. -Accu-
sative and Dative Pronoun<>
9Jleitt lfodel.- Possessive Adjectives .
Imperfect Indicative. - Adverbial Accusative. - Place of
Time Phrase and of Verb .
".l)iefer Model. -Some Possessive Pronouns.
Review.
Strong Declension of Nouns: .lttttll, eo~tt, .~llllll lJodels.
- Essential Parts. - Compound Nouns. - Rule of Gender
Perfect and Pluperfect. - 'ord Order in Principal Sentences.
-Cardinal Nurnerals.- lIultiplicative Adverbs
Strong Declension (continued): ".l)orf, 9Jlalcr, llfotcr
lJodels. - fann, mnf!, etc.
Future and Future Perfect.- Vord Order. - Prefixes ,
V
ix
X
xi
xi
xii
xxii
xxiii
xxvi
3
6
9
12
14
16
20
23
26
30
33
35
39

12. LESSON
XVII.
XVlII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
:XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
~LIX.
CONTENTS
Veak ancl Mixed Declensions. - Rules of Gender
Declension of Adjectives
Declension of Nouns: Summary .
6citt: Compound Tenses; Use as Auxiliary. - lUill,
lJOUtc.-Infinitive of Purpose .
Declension of Adjectives (concluded): Special Cases;
Adjectives as Nouns .
Vord Order: Objects, etc.; Dependent Sentences. -
lJCttlt, tl{~, lJlltttt
The RelatiYes lcr and lucld)cr. - Relati'e Clauscs
Passi,·e: Simple Tenses.- Prepositions with .ccusative
Time of Day. -Genitive of Time.
The Subjunctive. - I ndirect Statements and Questions
Prepositions with Dative
The Conditional. - Conditional Scntcnces
Use of Articles
Quantity. - Distributive Article. -eilt, bettle
The Imperative, Infinitive, and Participles. - foll .
Prepositions with Dative or Accusative.
Verb Sterns. - Principal Parts. - Special Forms in
Weak Verbs.- lrregular Weak Verbs
Personal Pronoum. - Address. - 1mpersonal Verhs. -
Uses of c~.
The Strong Conjugation. - Classes of Strong Vcrbs
Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs. - Reciprocal and Em-
phatic Pronouns
llixed Conjugation. - Modal Auxiliaries. - 'shall' and
•will'
Possessive Pronouns. - Possessive Dative
Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs.
Modal Auxiliaries (concluded): Word Order; Idio-
matic Uses
Place Names.-Nouns and Acljectives ofNationality
Ordinal Numerals.-Dates.-House Number, etc.
Person Names. -Ordinals with Person Names
Demonstratives
Interrogatives
Fractions. - i1 ixell Numbers
Relative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
The Passive Voice
P .~GH
51
55
61
73
77
81
85
89
95
100
104
108
112
117
123
128
133
16o
167
170
174
177
182
186
189
193
197

13. Ll:i S ~ ON
L.
LI.
LII.
LIII.
LIV.
LV.
LVI.
LVII.
LVIII.
LIX.
LX.
LXI.
CONTEN l'S
InJefinite Pronominal AJjectil'eS
Idiomatic Uses of Certain Adverbs
Verb Prefixes
Coördinative and Adverbial Conjunctions
Subordinative and Correlative Conjunctions
Agreement and Apposition
Use of Nominative and Accusative
Use of Genitive and Dative
Use of Indicative Tenses. - Use of Subjunctive and Im-
perative
The Infinitive
The Infinitive (concluded).
The Participles .
APPENDIX
A. Noun Declension : Reference Lists, 1-9
B. Prepositions:
1. Prepositions with Genitive
2. " Dative (additional !ist)
3· " Varying Case
..j.. Equivalents of English Prepositions
5· Prepositions after Verbs, etc.
c. Verb Paradigms:
1. Auxiliaries of Tense
2. "Mood
3. Weak Conjugation
4. Strong
5. Conjugation with fein
6. Passive Voice
D. Alpbabetical List of Strang and lrregular Verbs
VOCABULARY: German-English
English-German
INDEX
vii
PAG E
202
206
210
216
219
224
227
230
234
238
241
245
249
251
252
252
252
255
257
261
262
263
264
265
266
273
311
339

15. INTRODUCTION
The German Alphabet.
German Roman German German Roman German
form. form. name. form. form. name.
~(, lt A, a ah 9l, lt N, n CllJt
~, fJ B, b bay D, o 0, 0 oh
Cf, c C, c tsay ~, µ P, p pay
'!>, b D, d day a, er Q, q koo
~, c E, e eh m, r R, r crr
~,L F, f cff 6, f, ~ s, s ess
ill, g G,g ga)' :t, t T, t tay
.), ~ H, h halt lt, u U, u 00
~, i 1, i ce ~~, u V, v fow
~, j ] ' j yot fil, lU V, w Vtl)'
Si, f K, k kalt f,~ X, X iks
~, { L, 1 elf v, tJ Y, y ipsilou
~m, m M,m ('JJlJJl B, 5 Z, z tsd
RElfARKS ON THE ALPHABET.
1. The approximate pronunciation of the German names
of the letters is given abo'e in English characters; these names
should be le;,rned, and used in spelling words.
z. Three of the vowels 111ay Le modified by the sign u (called
' umlaut '): ~( ä, Ö ö, Ü ii; as capitals, in the older spelling,
theseare: ~{e, ~e, lle.
3. Diphthongs are: fü ni, ~(u cm, fö ei, liu eu, ~iu iiu, an<l
the rarer forms atJ, etJ, ui.

16. X INTRODUCTION
4. The following change their form slightly when printed as
one character: dJ=cfJ; cf= cf; ff, f3=f3; t3=f2.
5. The character fi always replaces ff when final: ßiufi, ~af!,
l5fuf!; within a word, it stands after long vowels, after diph-
thongs, and before another consonant (elsewhere ff) : !Jiifie,
fJeifien, fJäf!lidJ, mufite; but l'Jfüffe, müffen, 2c. ; hence all
vowels are to be pronounced short before ff.
6. The form ~ occurs only as fi.rial in words or stems; else-
where f: ~au~, ba§, ~äu§ficf); ~äufer, fefen, fJaft.
7. Since the sounds of German depend to a considerable
extent upon syllabication, stress, and quantity, these subjects
.will be treated in the following paragraphs, before rules are
given for the pronunciation of the alphabet.
Syllabication.
1. In German the syllable ends in a vowel wherever possi-
ble, which is frequently not the case in English: S))(i:::fHär,
'mil-i-ta-ry'; the neglect of this principle is a serious defect in
pronunciation.
2. Hence single consonants within a ward, and also such
consonant groups as can be pronouncecl undivicled, belang to
the following syllable, both in speaking and writing: ~a:::be,
ge:::brnu:::rf)en, ge:::fd)enft ; other consonant groups are divided :
uer:::ben, '.tin:::te.
3. In writing, howe·er, doublecl consonants are clivided at
the end of a line: miif::: fen ; so also bt, i•f, ug, d, the latter
becoming H:. etäbde, <IntV:::fnng, fin:::oen, tStiiMe (for
·2tfüft'); compounds are <livi<led according to their parts:
,1ttf,djrn, fJin:::ao, 'tionnmMon.
4. 'Open' syllables are those ending in a vowel or f) : b11,
fo~ urn, brau -dJr, üc::: ftel1 ~rn.
5. 'Closed' syllables are those ending in a consonant, or
coming before a doubled consonant : ll.'lar:::ten, '.tin:::te, faft,
bo~, f)llf:::ten.
NOTE. -This distinction is importa nt for the rules of quantity.

17. INTRODUCTION xi
Stress.
The relative force with which a syllable in a group is uttered
is called 'stress' (less properly 'accent ') : ßreu'nbfcfJaft,
'frie'ndship'; mein Sl~a'ter ijt fdJOll a'(t. Several degrees of
force may be distinguished in longer words and in phrases, but
for practical purposes it is sufficient to consider only the sylla-
ble of strongest or chief stress. In words of two or more
syllables the chief stress is as follows : -
r. In simple German words, on the stem: ßreu'nbfcfJaft,
l}ireu'nbficfJfeit, le'fen, gefe'fen, rei'nficfJ.
2. In compounds, usually on the part most distinctive for
the meaning: ~{u'genbficf, me'rfluitrbig, u'nangettd)m.
3. But in compounded particles, usually on the second com-
ponent: bafJe'r, l)er6ei', obg(ei'cfJ.
4. In loan-words, usually on the syllable stressed in the
language from which the word has been taken: (Stube'nt,
'-ß~~fi'f, '_ß(Jifofo'pfJ, elega'nt, 9catio'n, ~ofba't.
5. Always on the suffixes - ei, -ieren, -ur (of foreign origin):
fü·3enei', jtubie'ren, G.Hafu'r.
6. Never on the prefixes be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, ber-, 3er-.
7. No special rules are required for German sentence-stress
(emphasis), as it corresponds closely to that of English.
Quantity.
r. Vowe;};n Gcrman may be clistingnished as 'long,' 'half
long,' ancl 'short': fo6en (long), iOfüitär (half long), falt
(short). '
2. Long vowels become half long, or even short, when un-
stressecl, usually without change in the quality of the sonnd :
bic'fer (long), bicfer :'J)(a'nn (half long).
NOTE. - In practice it is sufficient to distinguish long anti shorl (the
latter including half long and short).
3. Vowels are regularly long : -
(a) In open stressed syllables; and a long stem vowel
mmally retains its length in inflection: bn, loben; fobte.

18. Xli INTRODUCTION
(b) When doubled, or followed by silent {) or c (the Jatter
only after i) : ®taat, ~c~rer, ®o~n, stuf), bicfer.
(c) As diphthongs: g(auuen, fJcifien, t'eute.
(d) In final stressed syllable ending in a single consonant
(including monosyllables capable of inftection, or ending in r) :
~5euot, genug, i:lcm, ~nat, (Jot, gut, uar, uir; so also vowel
before f, persisting in inftection: fau (faf)en), t}iuü (Oiüfie).
4. Vowels are reguJarly short :-
(a) In 'unstressed syllables: f)abcn, gcf)a(1t, u'nartig.
(b) In closed syllables (including monosyllables ending in
more than one consonant) : ~ommcr, ~"ßitttcr, a(t, fcft; so
also before -f3 not persisting in inftection: l}ifnf, (~ fiiffe).
(c) In uninftected monosyllables ending in a single con-
sonant (not -r): mit, ob, in, im, l10n, lllllll; but für, fJCr (long).
5. Before d), some are long, some short: ~pradJe (long),
fod1en (short).
General Remarks on Pronunciation.
Every Janguage has certain characteristics peculiar to the
utterance of its sounds, which taken together may be called its
'basis of articulation.' The principal distinctions between
German and English, in this respect, are the following: -
r. The action of the organs of speech, in general, is more
energetic and precise in German than in English. The pro-
tmnciation of English strikes the German ear as slovenly. The
energy and preci::;ion referred to are especially obvious in
'Owels reqniring lip ro11nding (as observecl, for example, in
'who,' 'no,' 'saw,' etc.). lJoreover, great care shoulcl be taken
not tu obscure German voweJs in unstres::;ed syllables, which is
the rule in English.
2. The tongue, Loth for vowels and consonants, is gener:tlly
either fürther advanced or retracted than in the articulation of
corresponding English soumb.

19. INTRODUCTION xiii
3. English long vowels (as a in 'fate,' oo in 'poor ') are usu-
ally diphthongal, particularly before liquids, whereas German
long vowels are uniform in quality throughout.
4. The utterance of every German initial vowel, unless
wholly unstressed, begins with the 'glottal stop,' which consists
in suddenly closing the glottis and forcing it open by an explo-
sion of breath, as in slight coughing: au~, l)inau~, cifen, ol)nc,
über, iiberaff.
NOTE. - Corresponding English vowels begin with gradual closure of
the glottis, and strike the German ear as indistinct, since the German
sound is fully resonant throughout. The learner may be enabled to realize
the nature of this sound by the experiment of placing the hands to the
sides and exerting a sudden, forcihle pressure, the mouth being open as if
to form a vowel. Vhen this is clone, the glottis (i. e. the space between
the vocal chords) closes automatically, and is at once forced open.
5. lt must never be forgotten that the sounds of any two
languages hardly ever correspond exactly, and hence that co1n-
parisons between German and English are only approx1mate.
In describing the sounds below, brief cautions have been added
in parenthesis, in order to obviate this difficulty in part.
Pronunciation of the Alphabet.
VOWELS.
I. Vowels are either 'front' or 'back,' according to their
place of articulation in the mouth, and are so grouped
below.
2. They are pronounced long or short according to the rules
given above (pp. xi-xii), the commonest exceptions only being
notecl.
3. All vowels must be distinctly uttered.
4. Do not drawl or diphthongize the long vowels.
5. Double<l vowels and those followed by e or ~, as a sign
of length, are omitted from the conspectus, but included in
the examples.

20. xiv INTRODUCTION
1. Front Vowels.
I. When long, like i in 'marine' (slightly closer; avoid
diphthong, especially before l and r; avoid i as in' bit,'
when unstressed) : ?JJ(ine, mir, Dir; biefer, fücb,
ftubicren, if)n, fticf) fft.
EXCEPTION. - (Short, see 2 below): 2fpri'(, Uicllei'd)t, miede(,
uicqefjn, uicqig.
2. When short, like i in' bit' (avoid i as in' mirth' before r) :
SNnb, fingen, luirb, bift, gebijjen, gefitten; mit, im.
3. Like y in 'yes,' when unstressed before c in loan-words :
ßami'fie, '.ßatie'nt.
ü r. When long, has no English counterpart; same tongue
position as for i, 1, with tense lip rounding: mrnte,
mübe, grün, füü, ßüüe ; 9JlüfJe, frü{Jer.
2. When short has no English counterpart; same tongue
position as for i, 2, with slight lip rounding: l)übfd),
G>füd, fünf, fiirdJten, .Q'üjte, 9Hüffer, müjjen.
J Like i or ii (see above): ~(flJf (long), 9JhJrte (short).
e r. When long, like a in 'statecl' (:woid diphthong, espe-
cially before ( and r) : Icfen, leben, rcben, fdJlller,
bcm, bcn (but see 4 below); ~~et, ®dJncc, ftdJen,
fe{Jfen, fcf)ren.
EXCEPTlON. - (Short, see 2 below): bei', Ci', UCi'.
2. Vhen short, like ein 'let' (avoid e as in 'her,' before r):
fdJcnfen, fcnben, gcftern, bcifcr, mctten, ,~crr, gern.
EXCEPTION.-(Long, see 1, above): mrcilbrn, (fabc, erft, '.l)ferb.
3. In unstressed final syllables and in bc-, gc-, like a in
'soda' (tongueslightly advanced): I)abc, G3l1bc, loben,
fobet, mrubcr, biefer, biefcm, Q3ogd; bcfteffcn, gelobt.
4. The e of bcr, bcm, bcn, bc~, c~, when unstressed, varies
between 3 and 2, above, according as the stress is
more or less completely removed: bcr fofte füi'nter.

21. INTRODUCTION XV
!i 1. When long, like a in 'care ' (avoid diphthong, especially
before { and r): fäen, uären, ecf)1äge; ~(~re, mä~en.
2. When short, identical with e short (c, 2, above): ~änbe,
mäcfer, ~{pfe(, fJätte, fängft.
EXCEPTION. - (Long) : näcf)ft, ~täbte.
o 1. When long, has no English counterpart; same tongue
position as for c, r, with tense lip rounding and pro-
trusion: lJÖren, böfe, möte, fd)Ön, gröüer; ®öf)ne.
2. 'hen short, has no English counterpart; same tongue
position as for c, 2, with slight lip rounding: ~öpfe,
@födfein, fönnen, @ötter.
EXCEPTION. - (Long) : öftlidJ, Öfterreicf).
2. Back Vowels.
a Like a in 'ah ! ' 'father' (tongue flat and rnouth well open;
lips neither rounded nor retracted; avoid a as in 'all'
and a as in 'at ').
1. Long: fagen, ba, 2(nna, ~apa', bat, Dar, faf3; ®taat,
na~, ~af)tt; '2pradJe, ftadJ.
EXCEPTION. - (Short ) : ba~, tun.
2. Short: uarten, {Jaden, ladJen, niemanb, ~aff, lJatte ;
a(~, ab, am.
EXCEPTIO~. - (Long): ~Cr3t, 5Bart, 9Jfogb, i.iaµft.
o 1. When long, like o in' omen' (tense lip rounding and pro-
trusion; avoid diphthong, especially before { and r):
foben, 9ofe, grof,, rot, f)odJ; moot, Slo~f, OfJr.
2. Vhen short, like o in 'not' (always definitely rounded;
never lengthened, even before r): Hopfen, @ott, tuo{"
fen, e;onne, morgen, füort; ob, trnn.
ExcEPTION.- (Long): ~otft', Obft, Often, Oftern.
NOTE. -The Eng. short o has often very feeble rounding, especially
in American Eng., approaching the sound of a in 'hat.'

22. xvi INTRODUCTION
u 1. When Iong, Iike oo in 'too' (tense lip rounding and pro·
trusion; avoid diphthong, especially before ( and r):
bu, rufen, 5Bfume, ITittf3, guten, nur; Si'u~, ®tu~L
2. When short, like u in 'put' (definitely rounded; never
Iengthened, even before r) : unb, tuurbe, ffi(utter,
{Jifuf3 ; um, 3um, 3ur.
Diphthongs.
ai } Like i in 'mile' (first element more deliberately uttered;
al] equals German a, 2 +i, 2): ~aifrr, 5Bat1ern.
au Like ou in 'house' (first element more deliberately uttered;
equals German a, 2 + u, 2): ITirnu, .$Baum, mauer.
äu Like oi in 'boil' (first element more deliberately uttered;
equals German o, 2 + i, 2) : 9äuoer, il)(äufe, .$Bäume.
NOTE. -The second element is sometimes slightly rounded.
ei } The same sound as ai, above; mein, il)(cife, fciner, tfci::
et) ner, cinft, 9JCct1er. ,
eu The same sound as iiu, above: neu, 9cute, ITicuer, euer,
fcuf3en.
ui Equals German u, 2 + i, 2 : fJUi ! pfui !
Co.NsoNANTS.
I. It is very important to remember that all final consonants
are short in German, although not always so in English; com-
pare matt and 'man,' fang and 'sang.'
2. Double consonants have only a single sound, as also iP
English : gefallen, 'fallen' ; but when two consonants corne
together through compounding the sound is lengthened in
careful diction, but not fully doubled : mittcifen; similarly
also contiguous final and initial consonant, when necessary for
distinctness : not tun.
3. When alternative pronunciations are given below the
preferable one is put first.

23. INTRODUCTION xvii
A!phabetica! List of Co11so11a11ts.
6 1. When initial in word or syllable, or doubled, like b in
'ball': balb, lieben, 1.1erbfeiben, ~(Jbe.
2. When final, in ward or syllable, like p in' tap' : ab, 5IBeib,
lieb, abgelJen, ~dJreibtifdJ, liebte, füblidJ, liebfter.
c I. Before front vowel, like ts in 'sets' : (}icero, ßäfar.
2. Before back vowel, like c in 'call': (fonto, (foffef.
NOTE. - c alone is now found only in loan-words an<l proper nouns.
cf) 1. After back vowel, has no English counterpart ; compare
Scotch eh in 'loch' (formed by slight contact of the
back of the tongue with the soft palate ; voiceless) :
madJ, mad1en, nodL fud1en, raud1en.
NOTE. - 'Voiceless' means without vibration of the vocal chords; com-
pare 'fine' (voiceless) with 'vine' (voice<l).
2. After front vowel, after consonant, and in -dJen, like h
in 'hue' very forcibly pronounced (avoid k as in 'kill'
and sh as in' ship'; it is best obtained by unvoicing the
y in yes): icfJ, fdJfed)t, tuetcfJ, miict)Cr, fofdJC~, 9JläbcfJen;
so also in G:l)emie ', before a front vowel.
3. Before § in a stem syllable, like f (which see): ~ad)~,
Dcf)fen, tuadJfen; also some loan-words, G:l)rift,G:~or, 2c.
cf Like f (which see): bicf, fd)iden.
b 1. When initial in a ward or syllable, or doubled, like d in
'day' (tongue advanced to the gums): bu, brei, ~eber,
~änbe, tuiirbe, abbieren.
2. When final in a ward or syllable, like t in 'take 1
(tongue
advanced to the gums): füeb, ~anb, unb, ~önbd)en,
enblid), G>efunbl)eit.
Like f in 'fall': faufen, irrau, fünf, l)offen.
g 1. When initial in a word or stressed syllable, or doubled,
like g in 'began,' 'gain,' 'begin': gab, ~(ufga(H',
gel)en, gegeben, (})itter, grün, ~gge.

24. xviii INTRODUCfION
N OTE. -The place of contact between tongue and palate varies along
with the vowel or consonant of the syllable, as in English; similarly also
for the sounds of f1 ng, nf.
2. After a back vowel within a word (when followed by a
vowel), either like g, 1, or voiced d), 1 : 'tage, fagen,
3ogen, ß uge.
NOTE. - This second soun<l i~ foreign to English ; it may bc forme<l by
maki ng the sound usually heard in gargling, without, however, <lrawing
the tongue far enough back to cause the urnla to trill.
3. After a back vowel when final or befor~ a consonant,
like cfJ, 1 : '.rag, fag, 3og, 3ug, fagte, ·11:.ogte.
4. After a front vowel or a consonant w1lhiri a word (and
followed by a vowel), either lil::e g, J, or j (which see) :
froen, Q3erge, Q3firoer, €dJHiHc, Wieoe, Slönioe-
KoTE. - Like j almost universally in the combination ig.
5. After a front vowe1, (a) when final, (h) final after a conso-
nant, (c) before a consonant, 1ikc ct), 2 : '.trio, ~ico,
.~önig; ~erg, '.tafo; feotr, fügt.
6. Like z in ' azure ' (tongue advanced, 1ips protruded) in
many French loan-words : ~:::ta':::11e, 6:01M·a':::ge.
~ I. Like h in 'have' (strongly and briefly uttered) : fJaoen,
geqaot, r,eifien, gefJoffen, ~('~orn.
2. lt is silent before the vowel of an ending and as a sign
of length: geqen, gefeqen; ~uq, ~efJ, kueq; see also
d), t~, fdJ.
I. Regularly, like y in 'yes ' (tongue closer to the palate ;
strongly buzzed): ja, jeber, ~uni, ~OdJ, jucfnen.
2. In French loan-words, like g, 6, above: .~ourna'(,
~afoufie'.
f Like c in 'can' or k in 'ken,' 'keen' (comp. note to
g, 1): fam, fennen, Slinb, ffein, fanf.
Like 1 in 'lip' (tongue advanced to gums) : fooen,
lieben, ar~, ~lücffidJ, kllolfen, uoff.

25. INTRODUCTION xix
m Like min 'make': mit, ~aum, fommen, ?amm.
n Like n in 'name' (tongue advanced to gums) : nennen,
unb, .5änbe, lltt, 9Jfonn, ~föinner.
ng Like ng in 'sang,' 'length' 'sing' (abruptly uttered;
comp. note to g, 1 ; never as in English 'finger '):
fanoen, fang, fängjt, fing, ~inoer.
nf Like nk in 'thank,' 'think' (abruptly utterecl; cornp.
note to g, 1): '.t'mtf, banfen, lenfen, finfett.
µ Like p in 'pit' (pronounce fully before f) : ~uµµe,
~iruµ, µffan3en, ~ferb.
µf) Like f (which see): ~{Jifofo'µf1 1 ~f)ifofoµt1ic'.
qu Like f + U (which see): Oncffe, qner.
r Has no English counterpart; it is formed either ( 1) by
trilling the point of the tongue against the upper gums
('lingual' r), or (2) by drawing the root of the tongue
backward so as to cause the uvula to vibrate (' uvular' r) :
ffiat, rot, nmb, rein, uar, 11ir, ,per3, 11erbctt.
NOTE. - Either sound is correct in conversation. The lingual r, how-
ever, is more rcadily acquired by English-speaking students.
1. Vhen initial in a word or syllable before a vowel, like z in
'zeal' (tongue advanced towards gums): fefJen, fo, fidJ,
fiiu, 9iofe, ßinfen, gefefen.
2. Vhen final in a word or syllable, and before most con-
sonants, like s in 'seal' (tongue advanced, as above) ;
so also f!, ff, always: G,51 a~, ue~fJaf6, faft, ~))(affe,
effen, ~uf!, ßiif?e, ?Jfiifie.
3. Vhen initial before µ or t, like sh in 'ship' (tongue a<l-
vanced; lips protruded) : fte~en, geftauben, fpiefen,
gefpieft, SHnberfpief.
fd) Like sh in 'ship' (see f, 3) : 6d)iff, frt)reiben, '..tifd).

26. XX INTRUDUCTION
I. Like t in 'tarne' (tongue advanced to gums) : ;tag;
teifen, l'.ifcf), ;t'inte, iDCutter, ritt.
2. In loan-words before i = ts : ~fotio'n, ~atie'nt.
tl) Same as t,· 1 : ;t~eater.
~ Same as 5 (which see): ®a~, ft~en.
u I. Same as f (which see): ~foter, liie1, tlon, brau.
2. In most Latin or Romance loan-words = ro (which see):
mafe, ~robia'nt, ffieuo'h1er, ~~era 'nba.
w Like V in 'vine, (less strongly buzzed) : war, wo, •uir,
we~lJafb, '0cf}rtlefter, 3•uei.
~ Same as f~ : 2(~t, 'ini,~e.
3 Same as t~: 5u, .~eq, '0fi55e.
Pronunciation of Loan-words.
The German pronunciation of loan-words is usually an ap-
proximation to the original sound, the original stress of the
foreign word being in most cases retained. A füll treatment of
the subject is beyond the lirnits of this work, but the pronuncia-
tion of the more common consonants of foreign origin has been
indicated above.
Exercises on Pronunciation.
NOTE. -The words in A, B, C, D, have been taken, with few excep-
tions, from the first five exercises of the Grammar. The numerals after the
letters correspond to those used in explaining the pronunciation (pp. xiv-
xx).
A. Simple vowels.- a (1): Q)ater, ffiCarie', '.rafef, aber, ba;
a (2): oft, [l(ann, ~all, @arten, '.raute; c (1): 1Jeber, erft,
2egrer, fegr; c(2): @efb, {)err, illceffer, U:enfter; c(3): ffiofe,
biefe, fooen, aber; i (1): •uir, bie, biefe; i (2): '.tinte, ift,
immer, artig; i (3): fü'fie; o (1): •uo, rot, ober, grof), luofJl;
o (2): Dnfef, ®tocf, oft, '0ommer; u (1): ~ucf), ~ruber,
.5Bfume, ®tugf; u (2): {)unb, jung, iUCutter, ~nppe.

27. INTRODUCTION xxi
B. Vowels with umlaut.-ä (r): 9JClibcf)en, er3äl)fen, SJJ(är~
d)en; ä(2): 5Bäder; ö (1): böfe, fcf)ön; ö(2): GJötter, fön~
nen, ~örner; ü (1): grün, gütig, ®dJiifer, '.l'ür; ü (2):
l)übfdJ, fünf3ig.
C. Diphthongs. - ai: Sl'aifer; au: aUdJ, O:rnu, aufmerfjam,
fütfgabe; ci: Hein, mfeijtift, ßfeifcfJ, rein; eu: neu, "t'rutfdJ.
D. Consonants. -b (r): aüer, 5Baff, 5Bruber, ~rief; (J (2):
J)iibfcfJ, ®cf)reibtifdJ; c: (föfar, ~irrro; rf) (r): 5BudJ, llltdJ,
macf)en; dJ (2): idJ, nidJt, ~1)(äbrfJen, weid); cfJ (3): uadJfen,
~()Or ; cf: 5Bäder, etocf; b (1): ba, (Yeber, ober, brei, abbieren;
b (2): lub, unb, griinbfidJ; g (r): gut, grrn, 63arten, groü;
g (2): ~age, fage; g (3): ~ag, tfug; g (4): merge, ~önige;
g (5): artig, gütig, regnen; g (6): ~tage, ~ourage; 1) (r):
l)art, ~)ut, ,~err, lJier; 1) (2): fa(J, fefJen, lDdJ; j: (r) ja, jung ;
j (2): -3ourna( ; f: foft, Hein ; f: aft, ffug, 5Ba1f ; m:
9Jcann, immer ; n: nein, '.tante, 9)eann ; ng: jung, ~pa3ier"
gang, ~ing, fingen; nf: >::nfef; l.J: ~uppe; l-J{J: ~fJHofo'p(J;
qu: Dueffe, quer ; r: rot, ~}tofe, runb, uer, GJarten, ~err;
f (r): 9loje, böfe, fe(Jr; f (2): af~, ~au~, groü, SJJ(eifer,
Ueifen ; f (3) ®tU(Jf, 5Bfeijtift, 12tocf, fpiefen; fcfJ: fcfJUar3,
fcfJÖU, ecf)Uefter, '.Deutjcf); t (r): rot, '.l'inte, 9Jhttter; f (2):
~fotio'n, ~atie'nt; tl): '.tfJea'ter; ~: ~fo~; u (r): Q3ater,
uiefe; u (2): Q3afe, Q3eroum; ku: uo, uer, ~dJluefter, fdJlUar3;
1-:: ~e~·e, 2(~t ; J: gan3, ,3immer, fiinf3ig, er3ä(Jfen.
E. To be repeated several times in succession : r. 'Vrei
breite 5BadJoHitter, brei breite, 2r. 2. ßifdJerl3 ßrit~ fiidJt
frifcf)e ßifcf)e, ßifdJer~ (Jrit~, 2c. 3. ~er ~ottbuifer ~oft•
futfcf)er pu~t ben ~ottbuifer ~ojtfutfdJfaften, ber ~ottbuffer, 2c.
F. Sc~nfud7t.
2CdJ ! au~ biefeß '..tafeß GJriinben,
'.:Die ber fofte 9(cbef briicft,
Slönnt' idJ bod) ben ~{ul3gang finben,
~cf}! 1uie fülJft' idJ midJ (1egfücft !

28. xxii INfRODUCTION
'.Dort erblief' idJ fdJöne .pügef,
~tuig iung unb emig griin ;
~ätt' icf) ~dJlDingen, {Jätt' icf) (Jfügel,
9lad) ben ~iigefn 3ög' id) lJin.
Use of Capitals.
Capital letters are required in German, contrary to English
usage, in the following cases : -
I. As initial of all nouns and all words used as nouns : bie
l!ieber, 'the pen '; ba~ llZHt~HdJe, 'the useful'; etma~ ~füue~,
'something new' ; ba~ ffieifen, 'travelling ' ; nouns used with
oth,er fun~tions take a small initial: ~([lenb, 'evening,' but
abenb~, 'in the evening' ; ~eib, 'sorrow,' but e~ tut mir feib,
'I am sorry.'
2. As initial of the pronoun ~ie = 'you' (in all forms except
fidJ), and of the corresponding possessives : .pabcn eie .3fJre
6eber? ' Have you your pen? '
3. Similarly, but in correspondence only, b11, if)r = 'you,' and
their possessives: Q.Tiir ertuartcn 't'idJ tmb '1:"cine iEdJlUcfter,
'We expect you and your sister.'
4. Proper adjectives are not written with a capital unless
formed from names of persons or forming part of a proper
name : ba~ beutfdJC 5SudJ, 'the German book'; but, bie
@oetfJefd)en ~d)l'iften, 'Goethe's writings '; ba~ '.Deutfcf)e
9leid), 'the German Empire.'
Punctuation.
The rules of punctuation correspond in general to those of
English, but the following points should be noted :-
1. A dependent sentence (relative, adverbial, etc.) is intro-
duced by a comma.
2. Infinitive clauses with 3u are regularly preceded by a
comma.
3. An exclamatory point is used in beginning letters: ~e~r
gcefJrter ~err !

29. INTRODUCTION xxiii
German Script.
~ Q ~ (J (t c ~ )
a AJV !Z~ JA/ ff ~?
(i e iJ f 6l II () IJ
~ //// ~/ flt/' ?/~ t ~ i fl' f ~ (
eY #
// ä/.P SE~tß
• IDl !.llIII II .0 0 l „
(}3?,,,-/-/// a /fr// V / CY
Pr0. q !ll t' iS f e ~ t
CJ'-? ~ /)(° T/f 6;!//
lt u fll b m.1 tu ~ ~
~~ V /A~ (kJ#2/) X
t
Pi?
.B &
/-?..

30. xx1v INTRODUCTION
ad/
(Transcription of the German letter on page I 72.)

31. INTRODUCTION XXV

32. ':?' " ·~ '----
1 G -~-"" - ·1'ltl f n n.ntzi1t o ~/ r; 1 ( _.)_.j M
>"C
".;j
('.l
t:Tj
:;::1
':?'
>z
:<
Ul
~ 11 50~ ), ~ .-i p„.,,____ lJ··,~'i~r--.(~~-:;;,;?);-?::"h ~'· -·~~i.(. ~olauo~ (_'___
/ 1 ~ 50 1
ro-cn
cn
0
::i
X
~
r-4
'-"
10 o•tl. Lange. H T. Green„lob 18 22

33. LE~80N I
1. Gender and Agreement.
'.l)cr ~)(ann ijt aft. The man is old.
'.l)ic 6rnu ijt ffug. The woman is cleve1.
'.l)a~ ~Ud) ijt neu. The book is new.
'.l)a~ 9)(äbdJen ijt f)übfdj. The girl is pretty.
'.l)cr ,~unb ijt grof3. The dog is large.
'.l)er Q.'ßinter ift faft. The winter is cold.
'.l)ie Xinte ift fdJ11ar3. The ink is black.
ÜBSERVE : 1. The subject of a sentence is always in tht
nominative.
2. Predicate adjectives remain undeclined in German.
3. The definite article agrees with its noun in gender, num-
ber, and case, and has the following form's in the nominative
singnbr:
llftrsc. her B:m. bic .Neut. ba~
4. There are three genders in German : masculine, feminine,
and neuter.
5. Names of males are almost always masculine, and names
of females feminine, but all nouns in -dJen and -:.fein (diminu-
tives) are neuter, regardless of sex.
6. Names of animals and things may be of any gender- to
be learned from the vocabulary or dictionary.
2. Nominative Pronouns.
3 jt ber smann ffug?
ijt ffug.
3ft ber $inter tuarm?
er iit fn{t.
.Sa, er Is the man clever? Yes, he is
clever.
:Hein, Is the winter warm? No, it is
cold.

34. GER:lAN GRAMMAR [§ 2
'.Die Brau ift nicf)t alt; fic ift
jung.
The wornan is not old; she is
young.
'.Die '.:tinte ift nid)t rot; fic ift
fcf}lUtH3.
'.Da~ 5BucfJ ift alt; c~ ift nidJt
neu.
The ink is not red; it is black.
The book is old; it is not new.
'Va~ 9J(äbd)en ift nicf)t ffein; The girl is not small; she is
c~ ift grof3. large.
ÜBSERVE: The personal pronoun of the third singular agrees
in gender with the noun to which it refers, and has the follow·
ing forms in the nominative :
ltfasc. er Fon. fic Neu!. c~
EXERCISE I
N.B. The definite article before nouns shows their gender.
aber, but.
alt, old.
ba~ 5BudJ, the book.
ba, there.
bie Rebcr, the pen.
groü, !arge, tall, big, great.
l)ier, here.
bcr ,)unb, the dog.
ift, is.
jn, yes.
fo(t, cold.
Hein, small, little.
fluß, clever, intelligent.
bcr ~d)tU, the teacher (m.).
bie lel)rerin, the teacher (/.).
ba{ ~JläbdJen, the girl.
ber illfonn, the man.
nein, no (adv.).
neu, new.
nid)t, not.
ober, or.
rot, red.
dJllltH"j, black.
ber 2onnmr, the summer.
bie ~inte, the ink.
mnrm, warm.
iuer? who?
bcr $inter, the winter.
lUO? where?
A. 1. 'Va~ 5BudJ ijt neu. 2. '.Die ~inte ift fd)tuaq.
3. 1:'er $inter ift fa(t. 4. ~er ~ommer ijt ltlann. 5. '.i)al3
9JMbdJcn ijt ffein. 6. '1)nl3 5BudJ ift nid)t aft ~ e~ ift neu.
7. '.i)ie ~inte ijt nidJt rot; fic iit jd)luar3. 8. '.Da'3 9J(äbdJen
1

35. § 3] LESSON I 3
ijt nidJt Hein ; e~ ijt groB. 9. 3 jt bie {Seber f)ier? 10. 3a, fie
ijtf)ier. II. Q.Berijtba? I2. '.tln139JMbdJenijtba. 13.$0
• ijt ber S3ef)l·er? 14. ~r ijt nidJt f)ier; er ijt ba. I5· '.Der
~ef)rer ift f)ier, aber bie ~M)rerin ijt nid)t f)ier. 16. -~Jit ber
eonnner foft? I 7. ':)(ein, er ijt warm; er ift nicf)t fa(t.
I8. 3ft ber ~unb ffug? 19. _Ja, er ift ffug.
B. Answer the following questions in German: I. -S'it ba{
~Ud) grof3? 2. Sft bnl3 :"JJMbdJen Hein? 3. S·ft bie ~inte
fd)lUar3? 4. -3ft ber Sommer fnft? 5. -Sit ber $inter fo(t
ober wann? 6. $0 ijt bie ('5ieber? 7. ~~er ijt f)ier? 8. $er
ijt nidJt f)ier? 9. -Sit ber ~ef)rer nicf)t ba? 10. $0 ijt bnl3
9J(äbdJen? II. .Jit ber ~unb nidJt ffug? I2. Sit bnl3 ~UdJ
aft ober neu?
C. I. The book is !arge. 2. The ink is red. 3. Is the
man clever? 4. He is clever. 5. Where is the pen? 6. lt
is not here. 7. The summer is warm j it is not cold. 8. Is
the winter warm? 9. No, it is cold. 10. Where is the dog?
1 I. lt is here. I 2. Is the ink black? I 3. No, it is red.
I4. Is the teacher here? IS. Yes, she is here. I6. ls the
girl !arge? q. No, she is small. I 8. Is the book old or is
it new? I9· lt is old j it is not new. 20. Where is the
teacher?
D. S2ejejtiicf (extract for reading):
fön~, 31uei, brci,
~Ut ijt nidJt neu,
9reu ijt nid)t ait,
'J.Bnnn ift nid)t fnft,
Sln(t ijt nirfJt luarm,
~HeicfJ ijt nicfJt arm.
No rn. - For vocaLulary of these extracts, see entl of the volume.
3.
LESSON II
Nominative of ein and fein.
()'in etein iit ~art.
fönc ~Hofe ijt rÖt.
A stone is hard.
A rose is red.

36. 4 GER:'IIA~ GRA~DIAR
fön fö ijt runb.
Shin e>ommer ijt fa(t.
5teinc ~~ofe ijt grün.
Slcin fünb ijt aft.
An egg is round.
No summer is cold.
No rase is green.
No child is old.
ÜBSERVE: The indefinite article ein and its negative fein
agree with their nouns, and have the following forms in the
nominative singular :
JJiasc. anil JTeut. ein
Afasc. a11ci 1Vmt. fein
Fem. eine
Fem. feine
4. Nominative of Some Possessives.
~-l)(ein ~~ntcr iit groB.
])eine 9Jhtttcr iit gut.
~ein SHnb iit ffein.
-3 jt bll'3 ifJr ~Ud) ?
Uniere :lJCuttcr iit aft.
lIy father is tall.
Your (thy) mother is good.
His child is small.
Is tbat her (their) book?
Our mother is old.
ÜBSER'E : Possessive adjectives haYe the same endings as
the indefinite article in the nominative singular, and agret.
5. Nominative of tucfd)cr?
®efdJcr ~%rnn ijt ltft?
5illefcf)c ~htme iit rot"!
~13efdJc$ SHnb iit lJüüjdJ:
Vhich man is old ?
'hich ftower is red ?
Which chilcl is pretty?
ÜBSERVE: The interrogati'e luddJer? 'which?' has the fol
lowing forms in the nominative singnlar, and agrees:
Uasc. mddJCr Fem. lllcldJC JTmt. lllefcf}c~
EXERCISE II
ber ~äct'er, the baker.
ber ~nlf, the ball.
brr ~rnber, Lhe brother.
grün, green.
gut, good.
l)llrt, hard.
f)iibfdJ, pretty.
ber ,Put, the hat.
immer, always.
jung, young.

37. § sJ LESSON II
bn~ SHnb, the child.
bie ~l)(utter, the mother.
nie, never.
ber ~ing, the ring.
hie ~Hofe, the rose.
runb, round.
fdJ(edJt, bad.
bie 1~cf)tuefter, the sister.
fefJr, very.
~ ~tu{Jf, the chair.
ber mater, the father.
lllll'3? what?
ueidJ, soft.
uein, white.
5
A. 1. ~in ~ing ift runb. 2 . ~)(ein mater ift nid)t jung.
3. 3it mein mnH runb? 4. 3a, er ift runb. 5. llnfer ~~nter
ijt nft. 6. ~mo ijt ber ~ing? 7. Cfr ift {Jier. 8. 3 ft ein
~JllibdJen immer jung? 9. 3n, ein illCäbcf)en ift nie a(t.
10. 2 eine ~·eber ijt f)tcr. l r. llnfer ~äcrer ift grofi, aber
fein ~rnber ift fleht. l 2. :lJfeine ~Ulutter ift (Jiibfcf). 13· Slein
SHnb ift nft. q. t'er ~iicfer ijt nft. 15. ,~ein ~)ut ift uein.
16. ~)(e ine ß'eber ift gut, nber if)1-e b;eber ift fdJfedJt. 17. ,Sft
il)r 2tufJ( meid)? 18. ~Hein, er ift nidJt ueidJ, er ift felJr lJtHt.
l 9. (iine ~Hofe ijt rot. 20. ~ine ~ofe ift nicf)t griin. 2 r. Slein
2'ommer ift fnft. 2 2. 9J(ein mruber ift grofi, aber HJre
~dJtuefte r ift Hein.
B . Answer in German: 1. 3 jt eine ~Hofe fdJU.lnr3? 2. $efdJe
~)lojl' ijt rneij3 ? 3. ~t.~o ift mein tJnfl? 4. ®efdJe b;ebcr ift
gnt? 5. ~~el dJer 2tttl)f ijt rneidJ ? 6. $efdJe~ ~UdJ ift groß?
7. ~Bcr ijt nie nlt '? 8. ~3er ift immer jung? 9. $11~ ift
immer nmb '-! io. J it ilJre 2dJtuefter groß ober Hein?
l 1. 3jt unjer ~iidcr jnng ober nlt? l 2. Sft jein ,)ut fdJltinq
ober 1t1cij3? l 3. 3jt ilJre /1cber l)nrt? q. m..~o ijt unjcre
~el)rerin ·~ 15. Jft fein 2ommrr fo(t?
C. I. The sumrner is warm. 2 . No 'inter is warm. 3. Is
her pen hard or soft ? ·l· l ly ink is red ; it is not black.
5. H er fa ther is olc..I. G. No child is old. 7. Our sister is not
t::lll, but she is pretty. 8. 11 is brother is tall, but her brother
is small. 9. 'hich chair is hard ? 1 0 . Which ink is black ?
l I. b her chair hard or soft? l 2 . His chair is hard, but my

38. 6 GERMAN GRAl11lAR [§ 6
chair is soft. 13. Vhich child is pretty? 14. His pen is not
good; it is very soft. 15. Is our dog not here? 16. No rose
is green. q. A rose is red or white.
D. ~efejtücf:
mnl5, 31uei, brei,
~m ift nidJt neu,
mrm ift nid)t reid),
~art ijt nid)t tueidJ,
ß=rifd) iit nidJt fauf,
DdJf' iit fein @auf.
LESSON III
6. Present lndicative of fein, to be.
Singular.
idJ bin, I am.
bu bijt, thou art, you are.
er (fie, e~) ift, he (she, it) is.
Plural.
tuir finb, we are.
ifJr feib, ye (you) are.
fie finb, they are.
Formal: eie ;inb, you are (siug. or plur.).
Interrogatively: bin id)? 6ift bu? 2c.
7. Pronouns of Address.
mift bu ba, mein ~inb?
@)eib H1r bn, .Qinber?
-0inb eic franf, ,)err ~(.?
Sinb 6ic ~ier, meine ,~jenen?
3it ba~ ~f)r t3udJ, ~)err ~.?
Are you there, my child?
Are you there, children ?
Are yon ill, ?[r. A. ?
Are you here, gentlemen ?
Is that your book, ll r. B.?
ÜBSERVE: I. 'J)u, 'thou,' 'you,' is familiar, am! its plural is
ilJr, 'ye,' 'you'; the correspon<ling possessi'es are ·bcin, euer,
respectively, declined like mein.
2. eie, 'you,' is formal, is always written with a capital, an<l
reqnires the verb in the third plural, whether one person is
addressed or more than one.
3. 'Your' in formal address = ~~r, declined like ifJr = 'her,'
and always written with a capital.

39. LESSO~ lll§ 9]
8. The Demonstrative bll~·
l... ---> ~a~ ift ber mater.
~a~ ift bie ilJlutter.
'.3)n~ finb meine ~dJiifer.
That is the father.
That is the mother.
Those are rny pupils.
7
ÜBSERVE : ba~. remains unchanged here ; the verb agrees
with the real subject, which follows.
9. Wotd Order. The predicate adjective comes at the end
of a principal sentence in simple tenses :
'.tla~ Wetter ift l)eute fcf)ön. The weather is fine to-day.
EXERCISE III
artig, well-behaved, good.
aUdJ, also, too.
böfe, bad, cross, angry.
bie ~rau, the woman, wife, :Mrs.
gan3, quite.
ber G)arten, the garden.
giitig, kind.
ber ~err, the gentlernan, 1fr.
in, in.
bie Siinber, the children.
franf, ill, sick.
bie ~el)rer, the teachers.
ba) 9Jleffer, the knife.
bie 9JCeffer, the knives.
ber Dnfef, the uncle.
fd)arf, sharp.
fd)ön, beautiful, handsorne,
fine.
bie ~d)ufe, the school.
ber SdJiHer, the pupil, scholar.
bie ~dJiifer, the pupils, schol-
ars.
bie Tante, the aunt.
u'nartig, naughty, bad.
unb, and.
lueffen? whose?
lUOf)f, well.
2c., etc.
Io1o:i.1: .jerr 2e~rer, teacher (voc.); bcr- ~err 2e~rer, the teacher
(forms of respect).
A. Continue the following throughout the tense: I. SdJ
bin franf, bu bift, 2c. 2. ~in idJ artig? bift bu? 2c. 3. SdJ
bin nid)t Hein, bu, 2C. 4· min icfJ nid)t grou? bift bu? 2C.
B. r. ~ie ~dJiifer finb nidJt f)ier ; fie finb nidJt luofJL
2. '.:Die ~el)rer finb gier unb hie ~d)Ufer finb aud) gier.

40. 8 GERlIAN GRAllMAR (§ 9
3. llnfere 6dJule ift grofi unb fd)ön. 4. -S'd) bin Hein, aber
~ic iinb nrot. 5. ®inb eie frnnt, Brau mraun? 6. :nein,
id) bin gan3 niof)f. 7. ®ie finb felJr gütig, ,Pcrr 2dJäfer.
8. .J·it bn~ -S'lJre Uieber? 9. t)u bijt unnrtig, mein ~inb.
10. ~db ifJr artig, Slinber? r r. .Jn, ,)err S!e~rer, wir finb
ctrti13. 12. llnfer G;arten ijt fdJön unb er ift mtdJ nroi'
r 3. T'er .'lunb ijt grot, aücr er ift nidJt [iöfe. 14. 1:'ic
~lJlcijer finb nirf)t fdJarf. 15. m..~cr ijt ba~? r6. 'Va~ ijt
meine -SdJlUejter. q. '.:t'n~ finb bie ~dJitfcr. 18. T'n~
ift unferc 1
cfJrcrin. 19. ltnfer ~nfd ijt in 'fülu 2)orf.
20• .J fJrc '.:tnntc ijt in ~erfin.
C. Answer in German : 1. Sit ba~ .~inb artio? 2. ®inb
bic 5linber nid)t artin? 3· mijt bu lUO{Jf, mein SHnb?
4. ®inb eie nid)t lUO(Jf, ,Pcrr ~dJäfcr? 5· $effen ß=eber
ift boö? 6. $efien mnff ijt ba~? 7. $er ift ba? 8. $a~
ift bal3? 9. .Jft .J'fJr ,)junb nid)t böfe? 1 o. .J'ft mein @nrten
nidJt fdJön? rr. Wo ijt .J'lJre '.rnnte? 12. Jit .J'(Jr Dnfe(
nidJt aud) in ~er1in?
D. r. My aunt is in New York. 2. Where is your uncle?
3. He is also in New York. 4. Are you quite well, :[[r.
Schäfer? 5. No, I am not very well. 6. Are yon m, my
child ? 7. No, I am quite weil. 8. Are you there, father?
9. Yes, I am here. ro. Is that your school? r r. Yes, that is
my school. 12. lt is not large, but it is handsome. 13. Chil-
dren, you are naughty. 14. No, we are quite good. 15. My
brother and rny sister are in Berlin. 16. Whose knives are
those? 17. What is that? 18. Who is that? 19. That is rny
mother. 20. Who are you? 21. I am Mrs. Braun.
E. ~rfeftiicr :
[)er Winter ijt faft, bcr ~ommer ift tuarm ;
'.Die (füern finb reidJ, bie ~inber finb arm;
'.Die Uieber ijt feid)t, baö ~ifcn iit fdJlUer;
'.:Die ®d)üffef ift uoff, ber :teffer ijt leer.

41. § 13] LESSON IV 9
LESSON IV
10. Present lndicative of f)aben, to have.
I ha·e, etc. Have I? etc.
ich ht1be lllir lJetbrn {Jetbe id)? fJetben luir?
bu (jtl jt ifJr f)tl bt ~ajt bn? lJet(1t ifJr?
er l)Ctt fic l)etbrn l)ett rr? lJet(1cn fie?
Formal: ~ic fJabcn. Formal: lJet(1en ?ie?
11. Accusative Forms. r. The direct object is put in the
accusative, which has the same form as the nominative, except
in the masculine singular.
2. Observe the following forms of the masculine singular
accusative, and of the norninative and accusative plural of all
genders:
Sing. be n
Plur. bi e
einen feinen
feine
12. Repetition.
meinen, ~c.
meine, 2c.
'.Der mfonn unb bie lJrCIU. The man and woman.
:Die ßeber unb bie ~intc. The pen and ink.
~mein Q)ater unb meine i'JJiutter. My father and mother.
ÜRSERVE: The article, possessive adjective, etc., rnust be re-
peated before each noun in the singular.
13. The Comparative Degree.
'!;u Oijt ffeiner af~ id). You are smaller than I.
(fr nefJt fo id)neff uie icfJ. He walks as quickly as I.
~r ijt iHter et(~ fein Rreunb. He is okler than his friend.
Or.sERVE : 1. Most a<ljectives and adverbs form the com-
parative by adding -er to the stem of the positive.
2. 'Than' after comparatives = aCG; 'as' ... 'as' or 'so'
... 'as' = fo ••• 1uic.
3. llany monosyllabic adjectives and adverbs with stern vowel
11, o, 11, have umlaut (ä, ö, it, respectively) in the comparat:Cve.

42. 10 GERIlAN GRAMIIA R [§ 13
4. The noun after o(~ has the same case as that which pre-
cedes.
NOTE. -Adjectives with umlaut in comparative are marked by (!') in
the vocabularies; see also vocabularies and Lesson XXXIX for irregular
comparison.
EXERCISE IV
am, than.
ou'fmerfjam, attentive.
ber $(eiftift, the pencil.
bie $(ume, the flower.
bie miidJer, the books.
brei, three.
baß IJenfter, the window.
bie ßenfter, the windows.
baß {S'feifdJ, the meat.
fünf3ig, fifty.
baß @e(b, the money.
ber -Sunge, the boy.
bie ~re ibe, the chalk.
mcarie', Mary.
nur, only.
bie '.ßuµpe, the doll.
bie 'l.~uppen, the dolls.
rein, clean.
ber t0dJreibtifdJ, the writing-
desk, writing-table.
baß t0dJUHJaUl3, the school-
house.
bie t0dJufftuue, the school-
roorn.
ber CS:tocf, the cane, stick.
bie 'l'afe(, the blackboard.
bie '.titr, the door.
uie(e, many.
luie? how?
bal3 ,ßimmer, the room.
bie ßimmer, the rooms.
3u, too.
A. Continue the following (see Exercise III) : 1. füdcf)en
maff fJOUe tdJ? luefcf}en $off (Jaft bU? 2C. 2. 3dJ (JaUe feinen
mfeiftift. 3· $efd)e miidJel' l)abe icf}? 4· ,pabe idJ nicf}t i~re
mndJer? 5. SdJ qabe feine i1JCeffer. 6. SdJ qabe ben e:tocf.
B. Supply the proper form of ber, ein, fein, or of a pos-
sessive adjective in the following: I • .Pat 9)(arte ... mfUlllC?
2. Wer lJat ... ill(effer (sing.)? 3. 3)abe idJ ... mudJ?
4. .poft bu ... ßeber? 5. ,Paben luir ... @arten? 6. .)aut
HJr ... @eib? 7. ,paben ~ie ... 'l'inte? 8.... .)unb
fJat UifeifdJ. 9. . . . -Sunge fJat . . . $0lf. 10. • • • 9J1äb~
dJen lJat ... '.ßuppe. 1 r. f)at e~ ... '.ßuppe?

43. § 13] LESSON l' II
C. 1. llnfl'r ~d)HffJl1Ul3 ift nrof; unb fd)ön. 2. Ci~ fJat
lliefe ,3immer nnb b;enfter. 3. ''.Die .3immer finb grof;.
4. ®ie fJaben (Jenfter. 5. llttfer ,3immer lJllt nur ein l}enfter.
6. '.Dal) l}enfter ift nron, aüer e{' ift nid)t immer rein. 7. ,)irr
ift unfer ~eIJt-er. 8. füa~ fJllt er? 9. G:r lJllt einen ~dJrei(1~
tifdJ. 10. G:r f)at attd) eine (5;eber unb '.tinte. 11. ~emc
~d)ii1er lJaÜen audJ 6eber nnb iintc. 12. Hufere ~dJn(ftube
IJllt eine '.tafef. 1 3. 3::'iie :tafel ift fdJtuaq. q. Wie lliefe
®d)iifer f)at -S~re ~dJU(e r TS· e ie ~at fünf3io ~d}iifer.
16. ®inb bie ~d)iifer aufmerffam? 17. 2ie finb nidJt immer
aufmerffam. 18. llnfere S!efJrer l)lllH'll .Qreibe. 19. 'Va{'
Üiettfter ift fleiner afo bic '.tür. 20. '1)cr S!ef)t-er ift äfter nk~
feine ®dJiifer. 21. '.tlie ®djfüer finb nicf)t fo ffttg tuie ifJr
'efJrer.
D. Oral exercise on the above.
E. 1. Our teacher has a chair and writing-desk. 2. Has
he also a cane? 3. No, he has no cane. 4. The pupils have
their books. 5. Have you your books? 6. Yes, but I have
no pencil. 7. lfary has my pe11cil a11d pen. 8. Which doll
have the girls? 9. They have 110 doll. 19. How many
teachers has your school? 11. lt has three teachers.
r2. Have they many pupils? 13. Yes, they have fifty pupils.
1:1-. Are their pupils atte11tive? 15. No, not always. 16. Has
your teacher her pe11 or pe11cil? 1 7. No, but she has her
chalk. 18. Has your sister a doll? 19. No, she has 110 doll ;
she is too big. 2?· She is taller than h-er brother.
F. S2efeftücf:
G:in Slinbe{~er3 foff fein:
5ffiie bie ~Hie fo rein,
5!ßie ber '.tau fo ffar,
5ffiie ber eµiegef f0 tuaf)r,
$ie ber Duelf fo frifd),
l}rol) tuie bie 5fügfein im ~k~
üitfd).
G. ~µridJlUörter (proverbs) : 1. ~eifer fpät afö nie. 2. G:t~
llla~ ift oeffer af~ gar nid)t~. 3· ,Beit ift {S)e(b. 4· G:nbe gut,
aUe~ gut.

44. 12 GER.MAN CRA.M).IAR
LESSON V
14. Present Indicative of modJcn, to rnake.
I make, am making, do rnake, etc. Am I rnaking? do I make? etc.
ictJ rnnd) c luir mnd1 cn llHlOJC lO) ? mad)en luir?
bu mndJ ft ifJr mnd1 t mnd1it litt? mnd1t ihr?
er mnd) t fic l1lCl OJ Clt mnrl)t er? mndJcn fie?
Formal: €ie mnrf1en. Formal: mad)en ~ie?
ExAr.IPLES.
-3dJ macf)e eine ~uppc.
eµiefen fie ~foff?
Sffiir lieücn unferen ~ntcr.
'.Du arüeitcft.
~egnct cl3?
I am making a doll.
Do they play ball?
Ve love our father.
You are working.
Is it raining?
ÜBSERVE : 1. There are no auxiliary forms in German cor-
responding to the English 'I am making,' 'Does he play?' etc.
2. lIost verbs form the present indicati,·e like mnd)en, but
when the infinitive stem ends in -t or -b, or consonants after
which t cannot be pronounced, the second singular ends in -eft,
and the third singular and the second plural in -et.
15. Imperative of macf)cn.
Singular.
mnd)C (bu), make (thou).
Plural.
mnd) t (il)r), make (ye).
Formal: macl)cn 1~ic, make.
16. Adjective as Adverb.
adverbs without change:
gut, good, well.
ffeifiig, diligent(-ly).
lfost adjectives may be used as
fd)ön, beautiful(-ly).
nngenel)m, agreeable(-ly).

45. § 16] LESS0 N V 13
EXERCISE V
oruciten, to work. macfJen, to make, do.
bie ~(ufgabe, the exercise.
bitte, please.
bal3 9)(iircfJcn, the fairy- tale,
ber ~rief, the letter.
bie .t)riibcr, the brothers.
'DcutidJ, German.
cqii(Jfen, to tell (narrate).
ffeinig, diligent, industrious.
uern, willingly, gladly.
~ad, Charles.
ba~ SHat)ie'r, the piano.
fef)ren, to teach.
fernen, to learn, study.
ba'3 ~ieb, the song.
louen, to praise.
story.
bic 9)(iird)Cll, the fairy-tales,
stories.
oft, often.
rennen, to rain.
fdJncH, quick, fast.
fdJrcibcn, to write.
jingcn, to sing.
ber ~pa3ie'rgnng, the walk.
fpiefen, to play.
lucn? whorn?
lucnig, little (not much).
JD10:11~. ~dJ fpiclc gcr.u., I am fu11Ll of playing, like to play.
2. (fotcn .Cpn5icr!lOll!111IOd)C1t1 to take (go for) a walk.
3. füouicr fpiclcn, to play the piano.
A. Continue the following, giYing also the imperative: 1. -3cf)
fdJreioe einen mrief, btt, ZC. 2. 3'cf) ntacfJe einen ~pa)ier"
gang. 3. ~ dJ jinne ein lieb. 4. JdJ jµicfe nidJt ~nlf.
5. 9(rbeite icfJ fcfJneU? 6. S'cfJ ferne fcfJneffer a(l3 ~arf.
B. 1. llnjcre S!efJrer fouen if)re ~cfJHfcr. 2. ':Die ~cf)rerin
fefJrt if)re ~rfJiifer. 3. ~ie ~cfJiifer fernen gern. 4..Hnbcr,
lernt if)r gern ~euticfJ? 5. -3n, luir fernen fef1r gern 't'cutfdJ.
6..~inber fernen nicfJt immer nern. 7. '{Sir fcfJrciucn eine
9(ufgabe. 8. Sfnr( fcfJrci6t einen mrief. 9· 9)forie, fcfJreibc
eine ~(ufgabc. 10. ~(rbeitet ffcif,iner, Siinbcr. 1 r. 9)forie
arbeitet fd)r ffeif,ig. 12. mnbcr fpiefcn immer nern. 13. starf,
fpicfit bu nern ~a((? 14. 3a, ,)crr ~1
efJrer, idJ ipicfc fefJl'
nern ~nff. 15. mitte, eqii~fen 2ie ein 9Jlärcf)en, ,pen·
S?efJrer. 16. llnfere 9)cutter cqiifJ(t oft 9JfürcfJen. 17. 9Jeeine

46. GEKM AS GKA.1lMAR [§ 16
2dJlnefter fingt fefJr fcfJön ; fit' fingt ein lieb. 18. ·Zpielen
Zic SHnt1ier, (Yrau ·ZcfJäfer? r9. 3dJ fpide ein tuenig, aber
nicf)t fcfJr gut. 20. ~))(eine ~rüber madJen oft einen epa3ier;
nang. 21. 'J)eadJen ®ie gern einen ~µa3iergang? 22. Sa,
id) madJC fefJr gern einen ®µa3iergang.
C. Answer in Gerrnan: 1. Wer foot bie ed)Hfer? 2. S!crnft
bu nern, S1nrf? 3. 9(roeitet ifJr ffeitig, SHnber? 4. $er
idJreibt? 5. $a~ fdJreibt er? 6. ~..~er fµieft? 7. $a~
fpiefen fie ? 8. '8µiefen ~ie .~fat1ier? 9. ~ernen 2ie gern
't'eutidJ ? rn. $a~ cr3äl)ft bie ~efJrerin? 11. $er fingt?
1 2. $a~ finnt fie ? 13. ~egnet e~, ober rennet e~ nidJt?
.D. 1. We are learning German. 2. I like to learn°Gerrnan.
3. Do you like to learn German? 4. Ch.arles likes to learn
Gennan. 5. lfary works diligently. 6. Her brother learns
very quickly. 7. He learns rnore quickly than I. 8. Our
teacher is telling a story. 9. The teacher teaches and the
pupils learn. 10. Do pupils always like to learn? 11. Charles
is not so clever as llary. 12. What are you writing, Mary?
1 3. I am writing a letter. 14. Please sing a song, Mrs. Schäfer.
15. Do not play, rny child; write an exercise. 16. lIy father
and rnother are taking a walk. 1 7. Do they often take a walk?
18. Our house is !arger than their house. 19. Our garden is
srnaller than their garden.
LESSON VI
Review Lessons I-V.
EXERCISE VI
angenef)m, pleasant, agreeable.
braucf)en, to use, want, need.
bunfef, dark.
ba~ ~euer, fire.
ba~ G)ra~, grass.
fJcftig, violent.
fJeiß, hot.
l)eff, bright.
ber ,~immef, heaven, sky.
fJören, to hear.
je~t, now.
fur3, !!er, short.

47. § 16]
fang, uer, long.
fegen, to lay.
bie ~nft, air.
mnnd)tnal, frequently.
meqr, more.
bie ~(ad)t, night.
naB, uer, wet.
nicf)t mef)r, no longer.
ber ,[lfen, sto'e.
LESSON VI
ber ffiegen, rain.
fdJeinen, shine.
bcr ~dJnee, snow.
bie ~onne, sun.
ber Staub, dust.
ber '.lag, day.
trocfen, dry.
luieber, again.
A. i. $ir fJaben jet2t ~ommer. 2. '.Der '.tag iit länner
unb bie 9tadJt iit für3er. 3. '.Die ?uft iit oft fclJr lJeiu.
4. Wir fJaben mancfJtnnf 9tegen. 5. '.:t)er 9tegen ijt felJr
angenef)lll. 6. ~r tnlld)t ba0 G)rn0 llCIB unb fegt bcn ~taU{l.
7. ~0 regnet jet~t fJeftig ; idJ ()Öt'C e~. 8. vie '2onne fd)etnt
nid)t mefJr. 9. ~er ,Pimmel iit bunfef. 10. ':Die ~onne
idJeint je~t mieber fJeff unb madJt bal3 G)ra~ trocfen. 1 r. ~'ßir
qauen jet2t feinen ~cf)nee. 12. 9JfodJcn ~ie fein ß'ener.
13. $ir uraud1en j_e~t fein ß'cuer. 14. ~Bir urnudJen unfcren
Dfen nic!Jt me~r.
B. Oral : 1. ~Jit e~ jet2t ~Binter? 2. S it ber '.lag für3er
af~ bie 9ladJt? 3. 3it bie ~.HadJt fo fnng uie ber 'tag?
4. ffiegnet c~? 5. ,Pört ilJr nidJt ben 9kgen, SHnber?
6. ffiegnet e'3 lJier oft? 7..pabcn uir 2dJttCc? 8. Sit ba~
())ra~ nau? 9· .')aben 2ie einen .Cfrn? 10. ~raUd)Ctl uir
je~t (}euer?
C. Continue: 1. 3d) l)llbe feinen 0frn, bu, 2r. 2 •. SdJ
11öre uidJt ben 9egen. 3. SdJ üitt uidJt uofJL 4. ~nmdJe idJ
fein (5euer?
D. 1. lt is now "·inter. 2. The <lay is shorter than the
night. 3. The air is colder. 4. We neecl a sto'e. 5. 'e
need also a fire. 6. 'e ha'e no fire. 7. Our room is quite
cold. 8. Ve have snow. 9. The snow is white and clean.
10. The air is often very cold, but it is pleasant and bright.

48. 16 GERMAN GRAMMAR [§ 17
r 1. My room has a stove. r 2. I use the stove very often.
13. Charles and Mary need a stove. 14. Their room is not
very warm. 15. Please make a fire.
E. lefejtiicf:
17.
}Tom.
Gen.
Dc1t.
Ace.
18.
SdJ fie(le bie ~fumen, idJ fie(le ba~ ®pief,
SdJ fie(le bie ~ögef, idJ fü(1e gar t1ief,
'.t'ie G:rbe, ben .f)hnme{, bie eonne, ben ~tern,
3cfJ fiebe ba~ affe~, ob nafJ' ober fern.
LESSON VII
Declension of Definite Article.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Afasc. Ft•m. l1
eut. All Gotders.
ber bir bll~ bie, the
br~ ber be~ ber, of the
bem ber bcm ben, (to, for) the
ben bie bn~ bie, the
Use of the Cases.
sil~er ijt ba? '!'er i'Olann ijt bll. Who is there? The man is
there.
~e fien ~UdJ {Jnt er? 'hose Look has he?
G:r fJnt ba~ ~UdJ br~ ~dJüfer~. He has the pupil's book.
t3em fdJilft er ba~ ~lldJ? To whom does he send the
book?
G:r fd1ilft brm ~dJn'r bn~ ~ttdJ. He sends the teacher the book.
~Brn fobt fie? Sie fobt bell Whom does she praise? She
2d1iifer. praises the pupil.
'll.~a~ hnbrn 2ie? 3d1 f10Cie 'hat have you? l have the
bir '(Seber. pen.
V.u::>t-:RVE: 1. The nominative is the subject, and answers the
question 'who?' (rner ?) or ' what?' (llla~ ?).

49. § 20] LESSON VII
„ The gemt1ve corresponds to the English possessive or
objecti,·e with of, an<l answers the question 'whose?' 'of
whom?' 'of what?' (tueifen ?).
3. The dative is the indirect object, and answers the ques-
tion 'to whom?' (luem ?).
4. The accusative is the direct object, and answers the
question 'whom?' (luen ?) or 'what?' (lua3 ?).
NOTES. - I. Any of these cases, excepl the nominative, may be gov-
crned by a preposition.
2. lt is imp'Atant to remember that some verbs which are transitive in
English govern a dative only in German, as indicated in the vocabularies.
19. Contraction. The prepositions an, 'on,' 'at,' in, 'in,' uon,
'of,' 'from,' 511, 'to,' are contracted with the unemphasized
definite article as follows :
an bem = am in bem = im uon bem = uom
)U bem = 5um 311 ber = 5ur
20. Case Forms of Nouns. r. lIost masculine and neuter
nouns have the genitive singular in -~ or -c~; the dative singu-
lar is often, and the accusative usually, the same as the nomi-
native; but masculine and neuter monosyllables usually add -e
in the dative singular.
2. Feminines remain unchanged in the singular, and most
of them have -11 or -cn throughout the plural.
3. The norninative, genitive, and accusative plural are always
alike, and the dative ends in -11.
EXERCISE VII
auf (dat.), on, upon.
ber .t3nm11, tree.
betommeu, to get, recei'e.
bie ~lumen, ftowers.
ber ~fumenfo{Jl, cauliftower.
bringen, to bring.
hanfen (dat), to thank.
fiir (arc.), for.
ber ~iirtnrr, gardener.
bnie 05emiife (sing. only),
vegetables.
nern f)nben, to be fon<l of, like.
in (dat.), in.
ber ~lo{J{, cabbat?e.

50. 18 GER~IAX GRAJlMAR [§ 20
bie SHid)e, kitchen.
mit (da!.), with.
bcr '.)fodJlinr, neighbour.
nndJ .paufc, home.
µffo113en, to plant.
pffiidcn, to pick, pluck.
bic ~)lojrn, roses.
fdJenfen, to giYe (as a present).
fd)icfen, to send.
bie iStabt, town, city.
ftef)cn, to stand.
ber '.tifd), table.
unter (dat.), under.
uftu. (unb fo lueiter), etc., and
so forth.
ba~ ~eifdJen, the violet.
bie ~eildJen, the violets.
uerfoufen, to sell.
tiieI, much.
wem ? (to, for) whom?
wof)nen, to dwell, live.
3u (dat.), to.
A. Continue the following: 1. SdJ fdJenfe bem ~dJrer ba~
mucf), bu, 2r. 2. SdJ fJnbe ben $feiitift ber ~eIJrerin. 3. 3dJ
bin ber SdJii(er bc~ lel)rer~. 4. SdJ er3äfJ(c bcn Rinbern ba~
~1JfördJen. 5. 3cfJ arbeite im 05nrten.
B. i. :t'n~ ijt ber G;nrten be~ :1(adJbnr~. 2. ~ir fpiden
oft im G;arteübei' ~(ndJbar~. 3. ~~ir fJ11l1en nudJ cjill_11 G;arten.
4. 9füin ~3aterar{1citet mit bem G;iirtner im G;nrtcn. 5. 9Jeein
~atcr pffan5t jct~t mrumcn. 6. 'l::'er G;iirtner pf(an,t btl~
@emiife. 7. 2ic pffnn5e11 nudJ ben S~o!Jl unb ben $fumenfo(JL
~. 9Jkin ~~atcr pflatt3t tiiele $fumcn: ~)lojen, ~~eifdJen, ujlll.
~ :t'n0 5Cinb be~ G;iirtner~ ijt nmfJ im G;nrten. 10. ~~ fpieft
"Inter brm ~numc. 11. ~ir pflfüfen oft ~(umen für meine
mutt;:r. [2. 2ie l)nt ~lmnen fd)r gern. 13. 2ie brnudJt
bfr ~lmnen für brn lifdJ nnb ba~ ~krniije fiir bie StiidJe.
q. ~Jlrinc Ionte rno!11tt in ber 2t11bt. 15. Sie {Jat feinen
G5nrten. 16. :lJhttter fdJicft meiner (dat.) „Tonte oft ~lumen.
1 i· ~ater bringt bn~ (~emiije ~ur 2tnbt. 18. lir tierfouft
uid G,emüfr in ber 2tabt 1111b brin~it bn~ ~klb nadJ .Daufe.
19. lfr befommt tiiel ~ell:l fiir fein G;emüfe. 20. füir fdJenfen
bem ~e~rer unb ber ~e!Jrcritt oft t3(umcn. 21. ~ie ~fumen
jte~en auf bem ~dJreibtiidJ ber l?efJrerin. 2 2. 't'ie .lelJrerin
banft ben 8dJiHern.

51. § 20] LESSON VII
C. Answer in German: l. ~eifen G;arten ift bal5? 2. 5iller
ijt im G;arten? 3. 9)(it wem arbeitet er? 4. WefdJel5
G;emüfe pffnn5t ber ~ärtner? 5. Wer pf(an3t bie $fumen?
6. Q."ßefdJe mfumen pffan3t er? 7. füeifen SHnb ift im G;arten?
8. ~0 fµief t eJ '? 9· füet pffiicft mtunten? IO. ßitt lUelt
finb fie? l I. mrnudJt fie mrumen für bie Sfücf)e? l 2. ~o
luo~nt SfJre '.tunte? 13. Wem fdJicft -JfJre ~Ulutter bie
mrumen? 14· 'l~o t1erfauft SfJr ~ater bl1l5 G;emttje?
15· ~"ßo jtd)cn bie mfumcn?
D. Supply an article in the blank spaces: i. ••• maH
•.. €dJHfer~ iit fJHbjdJ. 2. ~n(1en 2ie ... mndJ ...
ßrnu? 3. -SdJ fJabc nidJt . . . -i.~uppe ... 9J(äbdJen~.
4· 8dJenfen '2ie ... i:nfe{ ... mud). 5· ®tef)t .
~ifcfJ in . . . ßimmer? 6. . . . 'iScber Hegt auf .
'2dJreibtifdJ ... S2cf11-er~. 7. Wo ijt .•. mfeijtift .
~e~rerin?
E. r. That is our garden. 2. We work often in the garden.
3. The children like to play in the garden. 4. They play with
the neighbour's children. 5. The gardener is working in the
garden. 6. He is planting the flowers. 7. Father is planting
the vegetables. ~- Which vegetables is he planting? 9. He
is planting the cabbage and cauliflower. 1<;>. Are you fond of
flowers? l I. Yes, 1 am very fond of flowers. 1 ?· To whom
does your mother send flowers? 13. She sends flowers to my
(meiner) aunt. 14. lIy aunt lives ·in the city, but si1e has no
garden. 15. We need the flowers for the table and the vege-
tables for the kitchen. 16. The flowers on the teacher's table
are very pretty. q . .My mother sends the teacher (/) violets.
r8. Send the teacher the violets.
F. ~efeftiicf :
~~ regnet. · 6hHt fegnet O
~en f)Of)Cl! maum, bett ffeil1en e:trnUdJ
ltnb aff bie tlmfenb 5!3fumen llltdJ.
D _frifdJer 9~enen ! 'T'n ();otte~ ~enen !

52. 10 GERiIAN GRA.MiIAR
LESSON VIII
21. Present lndicative of tun, to do.
22.
1 do, I an.1 doing, etc.
idJ tue
bu tuit
er tut
luir tun
ifJr tut
fie tun
Formal : ~ie tun.
Infinitive after Verbs.
3dJ lllilnfd)e, -~Mf öU fVicfcn. 1 wish to play ball.
[§ 21
~d) l)nbe luft, einen ~µa3ier:: I have a mind (want, wish) to
gang 3u mndJen. take a walk.
Ü BSERVE: 1. Many verbs and nouns take an infinitive with
3n to complete their meaning.
2. This infinitive comes at the end of its clause, which is
preceded by a comma in German.
23. Accusative Personal Prcnouns.
"?ersonal pronouns have the following forms in the accusa·
tive, and agree in gender and number with the antecedent:
ist Pers.
zd Pt'rs.
3d Pers.
Singular.
midJ, me.
bidJ, thee, you.
i~n, him, it; fie, her, it; e~, it.
Formal: 'Sing. and Plur. ~ie, you.
E XA!IPLES.
Plural.
lttt~, US.
eudJ, you.
fie, them.
:1obt er micfJ (un~) ?
fü fobt Eie.
Does he praise me (us)?
He praises you.
.')nt iic ben ~nfl?
,pot er bic 9tofe?
~ie f)at i~n. Has she the balI? She has it.
~r ~at fic. Has he the rose? He has it.

53. § 24] LESSON VIII
24. Dative Personal Pronouns.
Personal pronouns have the following forms in the dative2
and agree:
Singular. Plural.
ist Pers. mir, (to, for) me. un~, (to, for) us.
2d Pers. bir,.(to, for) thee, you. eud), (to, for) you.
3d Pers. iq_m,(to,for) him. iqr,(to, for) ~er. i9nen,(to,for) them.
Formal: Sing. and Plur. SIJnen, (to, for) you.
NOTE. -The neut. dat. i~m is used only of persons or animals.
EXAMPLES.
@eben ®ie mir (unö) G)efb.
SdJ gebe bir (eudJ) mrot.
®ie fd)enft i~r ein mud).
fü bnut"i~ncn·ein ~nuö.
~r bnut ~~ncn· ein ~au'3.
Give me (us) money.
I give bread to you.
She gives her a book.
He builds them a house.
He builds a house for you.
ÜBSERVE : The German dative fonns are rendered into Eng·
lish by a pronoun simply before the direct object, and by a
pronoun with 'to ' or ' for' after the direct object.
EXERCISE VIII
bcfUd)ett, to visit, call 011.
ber 'Jreunb, friend.
bie Oireunbe, friends.
jaltlofJ(, yes (indeed), 0 yes.
ber ~ärm, noise.
Heben, to love.
bnl) i~nµie'r, paper.
tun, to do.
luarum ? why?
luiinfd)ett, to wish.
lD10Ms: ~cfucl)c macl)cn, to make calls, pay visits.
i!uft ~abcu (3u + infin.), to have a mind tu, want to.
A. 1. '!obt ber ~ef)rer eud) oft, .~Hnber? 2. Sa, er fobt 1111~
oft. 3. '.t'ie 2d)iifer finb aufmertfam unb her ~eqrer fobt fic.
4. Wir Heben unfere '.tante unb bringen if)r oft ~fumen.
5. llnfer matcr ift fe~r giiti~ unb 1uir Heben i9n. 6. ~r
eqiifJft un~ oft ~)(ärdJen unb lnir lJören fie gern. 7. S:iefaft btt
midJ, mein SHnb? 8. .SalllOl)f, idJ Hebe bidJ, matcr. 9· '.t)ic

54. 22 GERMAN GRAl11lAR
~Huberbe~ mad)bar~ finb artig unb Dir fpiefen gern mit i~nen.
10. Q."ßir fpiefen nicf)t gern mit bir; bu bijt unartig. l i. [;er
G;ärtner bringt bll~ G;emiiie 3ur ~tabt unb berfauft e~ ba.
1 2. fü berfauft mir llie[ G;emiije. 13. ~erfauft er eucfJ aud)
G;emÜfe? 14· füaß fcf)enfen eie betn i)}(äbcf)en? l 5. füir
fcfJenfen ifJtn eine ~~uppe. 16. SdJ fJabe ~ujt, einen ~pa3ier"
gann mit SfJnen .~u mncfJcn. l 7. S cf) lJöre einen ~iirm; fJören
8ie i1Jn aUdJ? 18. mefUcfJl'll 8ie s(Jre {S;reunbe oft? 19. Sa,
Dir befUdJen fie oft. 20. ScfJ l)a6e feine ~uft, mefud)e 3tt
macfJen. 2 I. ScfJ UÜnfdJe einen mrief 3u fcfJrei(1en; uer l)at
meine ßieber? 22. Sforf fJat fie. 23. 5illo ijt mein ~apier?
24. S'cfJ 1Jabe eß fJier.
B. Answer in German: i. $er {Jat meinen mfeiftift?
2. ~at er aUdJ meine ßeber? 3· ~ören eie ben füirm?
4. 5illen fiebjt bu, mein SHnb? 5. epicft ifJr gern mit mir?
6. füer pffan~t bal) G;emüfe? 7. ~Tio t1erfauft er bie -~Humen?
8. ,pa(1en eie ~Ujt, einen (?pa3iergann mit Ullß 3U macf)Cn?
9. $a'3 fcfJenfjt bu bem 9~llcf)Ünr? 10. ~l.~n~ jd)cnfjt bu mir?
l I. 8cfJicfrn eie ber 15iraU mfltlllell? I 2. 'Obt ber 'ef)l'{'l'
feine ~dJiifer? i3. ~ai' er3iihlt endJ bie Vel)rerin '! q. ~a(
fdJenft bic ~))Cutter ben ~cinbcrn? 15. 'füa~ fdJenft 3fJUCU
SfJre ~Jhttter? 16. $em fdJenft ;tc bett ~nff? 17. ~"Sai3 tut
ber G;ärtner? 18. ~a~ tut ifJr, SHnber? 19. ~Tia~ tun 2ie,
.~err mraun?
C. I. Vhat do you wish to do? 2. I wish to visit my
friend. 3. I like to visit him. 4. The gardener's children
wish to play with us. 5. We do not want to play with them.
6. We like to play with you, Charles. 7. Our neighbour gives
us ftowers. 8. His gardener brings them to us. 9. Ve thank
him for bis flowers. lO. Does he bring you also flowers?
11. The gardener sells.his vegetables; he sells them in the city.
12. We do not praise you; you are not attentive. 13. Why
do you not learn your lesson? 14. I am learning it now.
15. Do you neecl your book? 16. Yes, I need it; please

55. § 25] LESSO)l" IX 23
bring it to me. q. Do you hear me? 18. Yes, I hear you
quite well.
D. ?efeftiicf:
~Cm ,Pau~ ift ein (förten,
'Va bin idJ fo gern!
'Da ruf' idJ unb fing' icf),
So fnut e~ nur gefJt :
't'a Qiipf' icf) unb fµring' idJ
Um 5Baum unb um 5Beet;
Sm G;arten, im @arten,
~a bin id) fo gern!
LESSON IX
25. 9Jlein Model and Possessive Adjectives.
Jlfasc.
N. mein
G. meine~
D. meinem
A. meinen
SINGULAR.
Fon.
meine
meiner
meiner
meine
PLURAL.
Neut. All Genders.
mein meine, my
meine~ meiner, of my
meinem meinen, (to, for) my
mein meine, my
-RnrARKS: 1. Thus are declined the possessive adjectives :
mein, my. fein, his, its. unfer, our. -S'Qr, your.
bein, thy. ifJr, her, its, their. euer, your.
Also, ein, a, one (sing. only) ; fein, no, not any.
NOTE. -ltnfer usually drops c before final-m or -n (nnferm, unfern).
2. Observe the correspondence between the pronoun of ad-
dress and the possessive :
':l;u fernft bcine 2Cufgnbe.
SfJr lernt eure ~{ufgabe.
eie fernen <J~re ~ufgabe.
Vou learn your lesson.
You learn your lesson.
You learn your lesson.
3. Observe also the correspondence for the third person,
especially for fein and if)r, of inanimate objects:
'.t)iemhnne tlerfierti~re O:arCie. The flower loses its colour.
~a~ G;ra~ berfiert fcine O:arbe. The grass loses its colour.
~ie fJat i~ren .~ut. She has her hat.

56. GER:'lAN GRAM~lAR
4. The termination of the possessive adjective depends on
the gender, number, and case of the noun it qualifies (the
thing possessed); the stem depends on the gender and num-
ber of the noun or pronoun to which it refers (the possessor),
as in the examples above..
NoTE. - The neut. diminutive ba~ ~läbd)rn, 'the girl,' takes the pers.
pron. and poss. adj. referring to it in the fem., unless a child is meant:
'.Vatl iJJläbd)t'll liebt i~re 9Jluttt'r; fie fübt fit', 'The girl loves her
mother; she loves her.'
EXERCISE IX
baß mabe3immer, bath-room.
baß ~ett, bed.
brennen, to burn.
ber miid)erfd)ranf, book-case.
effen, to eat.
fiinf, five.
baß @efd)enf, gift, present.
geluölJnlid), usually, generally.
baß ~au6, house.
~inter (dat.), behind.
liegen, to lie, be situated, be.
neben (dat.), near, beside.
fdJlafen, to sleep.
ba6 ®d)fof3immer, bed-room.
fi~en, to sit.
fonft, else, or else, otherwise.
ba~ epeife3immer, dining-
room.
bcr ~picgd, mirror.
ba~ ~tubicqbnmcr, study
(room).
bie etfüJ{e, the chairs.
fUdJen, to look for, seek.
t1ier, four.
ba6 5ffio{Jn3immer, sitting-
room.
3e~n, ten.
A. Continue the following, inclnding all forms of the third
person: I. -3dJ fUd)e meinen mfeiftift, bU ... beit1en ... 2C.
2. -3d) fd)tcfe meinem mruber etll @efd)enf, 2C. 3· -3dJ fd)enfe
meiner ~d)IUefter eine '.ßuppe. 4. -3dJ braUd)e mein mud)
(meine mnd)er) nid)t. 5· -3dJ {1efltd)e bcn ßireunb meine~
mruberß (meiner ®d)lllefter). 6. -3dJ fUd)e ba~ ,)au~ meiner
(Sreunbe. 7. -3dJ liebe meine ~.mutter.
B. i. ~ier fte~t unfer ~auß. 2. -3it e6 nid)t ~übfd)?
3. -3d) nrn~ne im ~aufe mit meinen mrHbern unb meiner

57. § 25 ] LESSON IX
®d)h.lefter. 4. llnfer Q3ater unb unfere ffilutter rool)nen aud)
im ~aufe? 5. llnfer ~au~ l)at nur 3el)n ßimmer unb eine
srnd)e. 6. Wir fi~en getuölJnfidJ im WofJn3immer. 7. '!ßir
effen im ®peife3immer unb fdJfafen in unfern ®d)faf3immern.
8. 'Daß 8tubier3immer meine~ ~ater~ ift grofi ttnb fd)ön.
9· (h arbeitet je~t llt feinem 8tUbteqintmer. IO. eeine
mHdJer ftet1en im ~iid)erfd)ranf ober liegen auf feinem 0d)reib ~
t.ifd). 11. Sm ®inter brennt immer ein O:ener im .ßimmer.
12. 'Va~ ~attß lJat fünf 8dJfaf3immer. 13. Sm 8'dJlaf"
3immer meiner ~mutter ftel)en il)r mett unb uier ~tül)fe.
14. '.Die 1Jenfter HJre~ ßimmer~ finb grof3 unb mad)en e~ l)eU.
15. 31Jr epiegel ftel)t nd1en bem ?ienfter. 16. 't'a~ mnbe"
3itmner ift ne6en brm edJfnf3in11ner meine~ ~nter~. 11..Din"
ter bem .paufe ift ein @arten. 18. ~a[len 8ie aum einen
G;arten lJinter SlJrcm .)aufe?
C. Answer in German, introducing possessive fonns where
possible: 1. 5ffia6 fud)t ~arl? 2. 5ffiem fd)icfen 8ie ein
@efd)enf? 3· 5ffieffen mnct)er braud)en ®ie? 4. ®en be:::
fud)en Sie? 5..~Jft ba~ Sf)r .pau~? 6. Wer luol)nt in
SfJrem ,Paufe? 7. 5ffiie uiefe ßimmer lJat 31Jr ~au~?
8. 5ffio arbeitet 3fJr ~err Q3ater? 9. 5ffio ift fein ®tubier"
3immer? 10. Wo finb feine mud)er getuöl)nfidJ? 11. 5ffia~
fügt fonft auf feinem ®d)reibtifd)? 12. $u~ fügt auf
3~rem ~ifd)e? 13. 5ffio ftel)t ber ®piege{ 3fJreß mruber~?
14. 5ffie!d)e6 ßimmer ift grof3 unb fJeff? 15. 5ffieffen @arten
ift baß? 16. 5ffio ift ber @arten beß 9Cad)barß?
D. 1. That is my house. 2. Your house is quite pretty.
3. I live here with my wife and our two children. 4. The
sister of my wife lives here also (also here). 5. She is the
aunt of my children. 6. My house has only ten rooms.
7. The children sleep in a room beside my wife's bedroom.
8. Our children are small and they sleep in one bed. 9. In
their room [there] are also two chairs and a table. 1 o. Their

58. 26 GERllAN GRAl11lAR
table stands near the window. l i. I work usually in my study.
l 2. My wife likes to sit there beside me. l 3. Our c~ildren
pl~y in the garden behind the house. 14. My neighbour's
children are playing with them. 15. What is the girl doing?
l 6. She is playing with her dog. q. Is the boy playing with
the dog? 18. No, he is playing with bis ball. 19. My chil-
dren like to play with our neighbour's children.
E. ?efeftilcf:
'.Die ®onne gefJt 3ur ffiufJ',
mom ~elbe fommt bie SlttfJ
llnb aUd) bie ed)lif(cin aH3uma{,
e;ie freu'n ftd) fd)Oll llttf ifJrcn etaff.
-3m ~attm bn finßt fein ~~oßcf mclJr,
~ie bunffe ')fodJt 3icfJt fcfJncl! ba{Jcr,
.~falb wirb bcr '))(onb am ~immei ftefJn,
-3dJ benf, '~ ift ßcit 3u ~ett 3u gefJn !
@ut' llfod)t ! G;ut' 9(ad)t ! ~!uf füieberfelJn !
LESSON X
26. Imperfect Indicative of fcin and {)abctt.
I was, etc. I bad, etc.
idJ luar lnir luaren idJ fJntte wir 9ntten
bu wnrft il)l" luart bu 9attcft il)l' lJattet
er luar fie luaren er fJlltte fic {Jatten
Formal : ®ie luaren. Formal: ®ie {Jnttcn.
27. Imperfect Indicative of mod)cn, to make.
I made, was making, did make, Was I rnaking? did I make?
id) mad) tc
bu madJ tcft
er madJ tc
Formal:
etc.
luir madJ tcn
ilJr madJ tct
fie mndJ tcn
®ie madJtcn.
etc.
mndJtC idJ? ntlldJten luir?
madJtcft bu? madJtet ilJr?
mad)te er? madJten fie?
Formal : madJten ®ie?

59. LESSON X
ÜBSERVE : A !arge number of 'erbs (called 'weak ') form the
imperfect indicative like mad)ell, but infinitive s·tems ending in
-t, -ll, or consonants after which t cannot be pronounced, in-
sert e between stem and ending (ad1eitcte, regnete, ~c.).
28. Strong Imperfects.
'9ingen, to sing. 5.ßleiben, to remain. '.tun, to do.
I sang, etc. I remained, etc. I did, etc.
id) fang id) bfieb icf) tat
bu fang ft bu bfiebft bu tnt ft
er fang er bfieb er tat
luir fangen luir bfieb en tuir taten
i~r fangt if)r bfübt il)r tntct
fie fangen fie ufieben fie tntcn
ÜBSERVE: 1. lIany verbs (called 'strong ') form the imper-
fect indicative by changing the stem vowel, without aclding a
tense ending.
2. The person endings are the same as in other verbs.
NOTE. -The impf. indic. of such strong and irregular verbs as are used
in the exercises will be given, for the present, in the vocabularies.
29. Adverbial Accusative.
~r ltlar biefen ®ommer fJier. He was here this summer.
6'.r tuar einen 9Jlonat fJier. He was here a month.
'.Va-3 ~Ucf) foftete einen ~offar. The book cost a dollar.
ÜBSERVE : Time and price are usually expressed by the
accusati'e.
30. Word Order.
.SdJ fJa(1e fJeute fein G3efb.
[)(ein metter ift f)ettte f)ier.
~eute ift baß Wetter fdJön.
.Sm ~arten ftel)t ein mmtm.
I have no money to-day.
lIy cousin is here to-day.
The weather is fine to-day.
A tree stands in the garden.
ÜBSERVE: 1. Adverbial expressions of time precede noun
objects and other adverbs.

60. GERllAN GRA~lMAR [§ 3c
2. When any rnernber of a principal sentence other than
the subject precedes the verb the subject cornes after the verb,
which is the second idea in a principal assertive sentence.
EXERCISE X
n'ntluorten, to answer, reply.
balb, comp. elJer, soon.
beginnen, begann, to begin,
commence.
bleiben, bfieb, to rernain, stay.
bann, then.
ber '.tloffar, dollar. ·
crrcid)en, to reach.
frifdJ, fresh, cool.
friif)er, earlier, forrnerly.
neben, gafl, to give.
nef)en, ging, to walk, go.
ncftern, yesterday.
ber G;ott, God.
bie ,Panb, hand.
ber 51ned)t, rnan-servant, la-
bourer.
bie 51ned)te, labourers.
foften, to cost.
lange (adv.), long, a long
time.
bie lieber, songs.
nadJ (dat.), after.
neulidJ, lately, the other day.
O(Jne (acc.), without.
ber ~HegenfdJirm, urnbrella.
fagen, to say, teil.
fclJen, faf), to see.
fingen, fang, to sing.
bie 2tunbc, hour.
ber $nlb, forest, wood(s).
luamt? when?
uciter (adv.), further, along,
on.
baß $etter, weather.
UOI)in? where (to)? whither?
uunberfdJön, very beautiful.
3u ,Pauie, at horne.
A. 1. 9Ceu1id) mad)te icf) einen epa3iergang mit einem
11reunbe. 2. fü IJatte einen ~tod in feiner ,Panb unb idJ
f)atte meinen 9legenfd)inn. 3. 'l)a6 füetter Uar fdJön unb bie
~uft frifdJ. 4. „-3it eß nid)t fdJön unter @otteß 3)immel ?"
fagte id). 5. „Saluof)l !" antluortete mein l}ireunb, „e~ iit
luunberfd)ön." 6. Wir gingen ueiter unb faf)en lia(b einen
~1arten. 7. -3m @arten n:iaren SlnedJte. 8. ®ie arbeiteten
fe~r fleiüig. 9. ®ie µffan3ten ~lumen unb @emiije. rn. Wir
fnl)en aud) ein .f)au~ neben bem G3arten. i 1. ,')inter bem
3)aufe ltJar ein füalb. 12. -3n bem ,Paufe uo(Jnte ber @ärt::

61. § 30] LESSON X
ner mit feiner ~rau unb feinen SHnbern. 13. '.Die ~rau be~
@ärtner~ fdJenfte un~ mrumen unb wir banften il)r. 14. ®ir
bfieben eine ®tunbe im ®afbe {)inter bem @arten unb mein
~reunb fang ein füeb. 15· '.Dann gingen luir nadj ~aufe.
16. ~~ begann 3u regnen unb luir braudJten ben ~Hegenfcflirm.
17. ~fodJ einer etunbe erreidJten ll1ir unfer ~au~ in ber
®tabt.
B. Continue: 1. @eitern lUllr hfJ nidJt fJier, ... bu, 2c.
2. SdJ fJlltte meinen ®tocf, bu ..• Deinen, 2c. 3. U:riifJer
lt10fJnte id) in ber ~tllbt. 4· .JdJ arbeitete eine etunbe.
5. SdJ bfieb eine ~tunbe im ~1.Mbe. 6. .J'dJ fano t1iefe t'ieber.
7. SdJ ging geitern 3ur etabt. s. '„mein 9egenfdJirm foitete
einen 1)offor, bein, ~c.
C. Answer: 1. Wa~ tat idJ neufidJ? 2. ~~er ging mit mir?
3. Wie Uar ba~ Wetter? 4. $er ar6eitcte? 5. Wo?
6. $effen .~au3 fa~en luir? 7. $er luof)nte mit ifJm? 8. Q.~o
luar fein .~au~? 9. $ai fdJenfte un~ bie (-rau? 10. Wll~
luar {)inter bem @arten? l 1. Wie fange waren wir ba?
l 2. Wa~ tat mein ~reunb? 13. m3a~ taten lnir bann?
q. mraudJten lUir ben ~fügenfdJirtll? 15. $of)in gingen lUir?
l 6. füann erreidJten luir unfer {)au~?
D. 1. I visited rny friend Schäfer yesterday. 2. I said to
him: "Do you want to take a walk with rne ?" 3. "No," re-
plied he, "I do not want to take a walk to-day, I am not quite
-..vell." 4. Then I went without hirn. 5. He remaine<l at home.
6. The weather was not ,·ery fine, but it was not raining. 7. I
wished to visit a friend. 8. My friend lived in a house near
the wood. 9. His house had a garden. 10. His gardener was
working in the garden with the man-servant. l 1. He was
planting cabbage and cauliftower. l 2. The gardener's wife
was picking ftowers. i:3. My friend gave me the ftowers.
14. I remained an hour in his house. 15· His wife played
an the (auf bem) piano, and sang rne a song. 16. I thanked

62. GERl1AN GRAMMAR [§ 31
her for the song. 1 7. Then we took a walk in the woods
behind his house. 18. After an hour I went home again.
19. lt began to rain, and I needed my umbrella.
LESSON XI
31. '!'iefer Model.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
.Alasc. Fem. Neu/. All Genders.
N biefer ·biefc bief e~, this bief e, these
G. biefe~ biefer bief e~, of this biefer, of these
D. biefcm bief er • biefem,(to, for) this bief cn, (to, for) these
A. biefett biefe birfe~, this birfc, these
RElIARKS: 1. In the same way decline jener, 'that' (yonder);
jeber, ' each,' 'every ' ; 1ucfd1er? ' which?'
NOTES.- I. ~iefer is commonly used for that,' as well as for 'this.'
2. The unchanged bie~ (also jme{l and uddje{I ?) is used, like ·ba~
(§ 8), before fein:. ~ie~ ift 1i1d11e ~d)tieftcr, 'This is my sister ';
Wcfd)e~ finb meine ~iid)rr? 'Which are my books? '.
2. Thus also the short forms of the po~sessive pronouns :
meiner, mine. feiner, his, its. unf(e)rer, ours.
beiner, thine. , ifJrer, hers, its, theirs. eurer, yours.
.3f)l'er, yours.
Further, einer, one; feiner, none.
NoTE. -The contracted forms mein~, bein~, feint, ein~, fein{I, are
often used in the nom. and acc. neue. sing.
32. Use of Possessive Pronouns.
.ScfJ qabe meinen 4'ut; er qat
feinen; fie qnt ifJ~en.
5ffiir qnben unfere mncf)d unb
eie f)nben zrfJrC.
'.Diefer ~ut ift mein(er).
I have my hat; he has his;
· she has hers.
'Ve have our books, and you
have .yours.
This hat is mine.

63. LESSON XI 31
ÜBSERVE : 1. The possessive pronouns correspond with their
antecedent like the possessive adjectives (§ 25, 4), but their
case depends on their relation in the sentence.
2. When used as predicates, they may also have the unin-
flected forms mein, bein, fein, 2c.
EXERCISE XI
ber ~(benb, evening.
an (dat.), on, by, at.
auf ~ejud), on a visit.
auf bem ~anbe, in the country.
bie ~(u~jid)t, view, prospect.
bei (dat.), at, near, by.
bei uni?>, at our house.
be1uunbern, to admire.
fal)ren, fttf)r, to go (in a
vehicle), drive, etc.
bie (Ye'rien (pl. only), holidays.
{Jeute, to-day.
bie Snfd, island.
ber Sfo{)lt, row-boat, canoe, skiff.
bal3 1anbf)attl3, country-house.
ber :1J(o'nat, month.
bn~ :))(otoruoot, motor-boat.
ber :2'ee, lake.
fi~en, faf3, sit.
fo, as, thus.
bal3 llfer, shore, bank.
bie mernnbn, veranda.
t1erbringen, tierbradJte, to
spend, pass (time).
tion (dat.), of, from.
bal3 Waifer, water.
bie ,Beit, time.
A. 1. iBo t1crbrndJtcn 2k biefrn Zom11H'l' bie (Yerirn?
2. ®ir t1rrbrndJtcn unfcre nuf bem Vnnbe ; 1110 uerlJracfJtcn 8ic
S fJre? 3. ~qr uerbrndJtcn unfere nn einem i0ee. 4. llnfer
S!anbfJau~ ftefJt auf einer Snfcf in biefem ~ee. 5. ~in !}ireunb
meine~ materl3, .perr 9J(iiffer, fJat audJ einl?>, aber feinl?> ijt nidJt
auf ber Snjef, e~ ftd)t nm llfer be~ e:ee~. 6. Wie t1er6racfJten
eie bie ,geit? 7. ~Tiir t1er6rnd)trn fie ne1uöl}nfidJ auf bettt
Waifer. 8. SdJ lJatte ein :l)(otorl1oot unb meine ß-reunbe
l)atten aucf) einl3. 9. J'lJrel3 111ar gröf,er af~ meiM. lo. ilJCein
~reunb fübert war bei un~ auf ~efttd). 1 r. Seber IJon ttn13
fJatte einen stnf)n. 12. 8einer 1unr nidJt fo grou 1uie meiner.
13. Wir ful)ren jeben '.rng auf bem $nffer. 14. fü fufJr in
feinem SlalJne ttnb idJ in meinen• 15. Seben ~((ienb fof;en

64. 32 GERllAN GRA~IMAR [§ 32
luir auf unjmr Q.3ernnba unb beluunberten bie ~{ußfid)t.
i 6. 2o nerbradJten wir einen 9Jlonat fefJr angenefJm.
B. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or words of the
biefer model: I. 9JCein 9egenfdJirm fojtete einen 1no1far; luie
tiief fojtete ... ? 2 • .Jit -3fJre U:eber fo gut wie ... ?
3. '.Dieje~ -fütd) ijt ... ; luefdJe~ ift ... ? 4. SJRein 5Bater
iit ii{ter af~ . . . 5· 3dJ f)abe fein ilJCeifer; (Jaben eie ... ?
6. ,Paben :Sie einen mreijtift? .JdJ (Jabe . . . 7. ill(ein
~feijtift ijt ffeiner am . . . 8. _Jf)r mreiftift iit ffeiner
af~ . . . 9. $efdJer ~ut ijt gröfier, ... ober ... ?
10. ~'ßo iit ein ®tocf? .)ier ift ...
C. Answer, using pronominal forms: 1. ,f)at ,~err 9J(iiffer
ein .lanbfJaU~? 2. ~lMdJe~ s:ianbl)ntt~ ijt fdJöner, biefe~ ober
jene~'? 3. $eifen 9Jfotorboot ijt gröf,er? 4. $effen ijt
ffeiner? 5. ~'ßefdJe~ ilJ(otor6oot bewnnbern eie? 6. ßu~r
fein ~a1Jn fdJneHer am beiner? 7. $eifen SfofJn brnud)ten
fie geftern? 8. 'ffiefdJen SfofJn brmtd)en wir fJeute, biefen
ober jenen? 9. ~(uf luefdJer 5Beranbn fnf,en ~ie? ro. 'illeifen
ßrcunb iit fübcrt? 1 r. einb biefe mHdJer mein? 12. $eifen
mfeijtift ift bie~?
D. r. Has your father a country-house? 2. Yes, he has
one. 3. 'here is his country-house? 4. lt is (stands) on
(an) the shore of a lake. 5. lIy father's friend, l1r. Müller,
has also one. 6. His is beside ours. 7. His honse is larger
than ours, but ours is prettier than his. 8. Here we passed
our holidays this summer. 9. Vhere did you pass yours?
ro. I passed mine on an island in the lake. i 1. My friend
:l!Jert Schäfer visited me there. 12. Each of us had a canoe.
1 3. Which canoe went (fafJren) faster, yours or his? r4. His
Vent faster than mine. I 5. Ve went on the water every day,
or took a walk on the shore. 16. The view from our veranda
was very fine. 17. Ve often sat there and admired it.
18. Thns we passed the sumrner very pleasantly. 19. After a
month we went (fa{Jren) to the city with my father and mother.

65. LESSON XII
E. ~efeftücf:
'X)u oift uie eine 5Slume
0o ~ofb unb fd)ön unb rein;
-3dJ fd)au' bidJ an, unb We~mut
~d)feidJt mir in~ ~eq {Jinein.
9Jfü ift, af~ oo idJ bie ~änbe
~(uf~ ,Pnuµt bir (egen foHt',
metenb, bafi G;ott bid) er~afte
®o rein unb fd)ön unb lJolb.
LESSON XII
Review Lessons VII-XI.
EXERCISE XII
-~eine.
33
bitten, bat, to request; ask for
(um, acc.).
ber 0urft, thirst.
burftig, thirsty.
ba~ ill(iitterd)en, mother dea;..
oben, at the top, above.
reidJen, to pass, hand.
entfdinlbinen, to excuse.
bie (Sinmi'lic, family.
ba~ 6riinlein, young lady, lIiss.
bie (~nl.Jd, fork.
bie <~nl.Jeln, forb.
bie Sfortoffef, potato.
bie .Qartoffefn, potatoes.
fommcn, fam, to come.
lcib tun (dat. of pers.), to be
sorry.
lieoer, rather.
ber löffef, spoon.
bie 'öffef, spoons.
bie ~lJlnnb, rnaid.
bic ~l)füdJ, milk.
rid)tig, right, correct.
fdJeinen, idJien, to seem.
fdJmecfen, to taste.
fdJneibrn, fdJnitt, to cut.
ber 2'µarge1, asparagus.
fµät, late.
ber <teffer, plate.
bie 'reffer, plates.
bie llfJr, clock, watch.
um (aff.), around, for.
unten, at the bottom, below.
Wil~elm, William.
,;ur ~d)ufe, to school.
3uei, two.
3uifdJen (dat.), between.

66. 34 GERMAN GRA:D1AR [§ 32
ImoMs: r. ~d) ~nbc ~urjt (bin bnrftig), I am thirsty.
2. ~~fdJmecft mir, I like (the taste of) tbat.
3. :JdJ cife lieber, ~C., I would rather eat, I prefer, etc.
4. ~icfc lt~r ge~t rtdJtig, This watch is right.
5. :JdJ bnufc, No, thank you.
A. i. '.Uie l5amifie fi~t am ~ifdJe. 2. D(1eu fit2t ber mater,
unten bie 9Jhtttrr, .)luifdJrn ifJnen fit3en bie Slinber. 3. llnfer
~~nter fd)neibct utt~ bn~ ~·(eifdJ. 4. Cfr fdJneibet el3 mit einem
9Jfrifer. 5. ~Jir eijrn t1on ttnferrn lclfern. 6. -S'eber t1on
un~ fJnt einrn leffer, ein 9)(cjjer, eine ()h1Lief nnb einen S!öffeL
7. 9Jeein 9füjjer ijt frfJnrf. 8. 5[~iffJdm fJat ancfJ eht13, aber
fein~ ijt nid)t fo fc~t1rf wie meinl3. 9. 9füilt13 ijt fd)ärfer afl3
fein~. 10. '.t'ie :1J(ngb rcictJt ben fünbern bal3 @emiife.
II. $ir fJaÜen f1eute Sfortoffefn uub eparnef. 12. $finfd)eft
bu epar13cf, mein -Sttnge? 13. _Jcf) banfe, 9föitterd)en; er
fdJmecrt mir nidJt. 14. -S'lfJ effe fir6er startoffdn. 15. Wa~
iuiinfdJe jt bu, mcrtfJa? 16. -S cf) üitte um 9JWdJ ; icfJ fJabe
'.Unrft. 17. 6'.13 ift jet~t ,8eit, 3ur 2dJufe 3u gef)en. 18. @eftern
fomcn luir fpiit. 19. ~ie 1
dJrerin fdJicn böfe 3u fein. 20. $ir
fankn: „Ci~ tut tlll~ kiti, l=rliu(ci11 ~rnun; unfcre llfJr ge~t
11ir1Jt ridJtin." 2 1. ~trnn rntfrlJulbinte fie un~.
.H. Oral exercise on the abo·e.
C. Continue the following : r. -SdJ fi~e (fnü) am '.!ifcfJe, bu,
~ c. 2. -S cfJ frfJncibe 6feifcf) mit einem 9füifer. 3. -S'dJ f)a be
(fJatte) feincu 'reifer. 4. -SdJ fom fpät 3ur 8dJufe. 5. .J'dJ
reidJe (reidJte) ben .Qinbern bic Rnrtoffdn. 6. -S'dJ fJaoe (f)lltte)
'Vurjt. 7. -SdJ cntfdJufbi13e (cntfdJufbi13te) bie srinber. 8. 6'.13
tnt (tat) mir feib, e~ .•. bir, ~r.
D. 1. The chil<lren were sitting at the table with their father
and mother. 2. Their father cut the meat. 3. He cut it with
a knife. 4. Each of them had two knives, two forks, and two
spoons. 5. Charles' knife was sharp; it was sharper than
Villiam's. 6. William's knife was not so sharp as his. 7. The

67. § 33J LESSON Xlll 35
maid handed each child the vegetables. 8. They had potatoes
and asparagns. 9. They like potatoes and asparagus. 10. lIary
was thirsty, and her mother gave her milk. r 1. Yesterday the
children were (came) late to (the) school. 12. Their clock was
wrang. 13. Ours is always right. 14. 'Their father and mother
asked the teacher to excuse them.
E. tiefeftiicf:
33.
<Li jd7gcbet.
(0peife, mater, beine ~inber,
~röitc bie betrübten ®Hnber,
®prid) ben ®egen 3u ben ~aben,
~efd)C uir jct~t 1.1or uul3 fJaben,
'.Dafi fie unl3 3u biefcm ?eben
®tärfe, ~raft unb 9ealJrung Aeben.
- SolJaHn ~emnan.
LESSON XIII
Strong Declension of Nouns.
I. ber ~unb, <log. II. ber So~u, son.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
N. ber ~)unb bie .puttb c ber ®olJr~ bie ®öf)ne
rr. bel3 .f)unb(c)~ ber fmnbc
D. bem f)ttnb(c) ben ,)unbcn
4. ben 4/unb hie ~)unb c
bel3 ~of)n(e)§ brr e;MJnc
bem ®olJn(c) ben ®öl)ncn
ben 8olJn bie ®ö~n e
III. bie .panb, band.
Sing.
bie .1lltlb
bn .)nnb
ber .)anb
bie .)attb
Plur.
bic f)iinb c
ber .')iinb c
ben .)iinb l'tt
bie ,')iittb c
Non:. - For classes of nouns so cleclined, see Lesson XIX.
R E.lIARKS : 1. These three moclels are rnerely variations of
the same type of noun cleclension (called the prinnry form of
the ' strong declension ').

68. GERMAN GRA:IMAR [§ 34
2. Feminines are invariable in the singular; masculines and
neuters take -c~ in the genitive and -c in the dative singular.
NoTES. - I. The C of the gen. and dat. sing'. is usual in monosyllables,
ess so in polysyllables, but Cof the gen. is always retainecl after final~ sound.
2. The c of the dat. sing. is omitted when a prep. immediately precedes:
an~ .l)ot,, 'of wood '; but exceptionally, 311 .l)anfc, naci, .l)aufc.
3. Nouns in -ni~ double the last consonant before an encling: 5Scjorg~
ni~, 'anxiety,' gen. sing. ~eforgniffctl, nom. plur. 5Scforgniffe; so also
t =ff after short stem vowel: ß=fn~, 'river,' ~htffctl, ß=tiiffc.
3. All a<ld -c in the plural with additional -tt in the dative.
4. liany mascnlines with stem-vowel a, o, u, 1111, and all femi-
nine monosyllables of this moclel, take umlaut in the plural.
34. Essential Parts. By observing the case forms which
are identical, the full declension of any noun may be inferred
from the nominative singular, genitive singular, and nominative
plural, which are given in the dictionary for this purpose.
35. Compound Nouns. In compoun<l nouns the last com-
ponent only is <leclined; they usually follow the gender of the
last component:
Nom. Sing. Gen. Sing.
ber ,~lrnbjdJUf), glove. be'3 ,~anbfdJttf) (c)~
ber Dflftbaum, fruit-tree. be{ Dbftflaum (c)~
Nom. Plur.
bie .panbfd)ufJe
bie Dbftbäumc
NOTE. - Compounds with -mann have as plur. -männcr (indivicluals or
occupations), or -tcntc (collectively): etaatilmänncr, 'statesmen ';
fönbtcntc, 'country-people.'
36. Rule of Gender. lIost nouns in -id), -ig, -ing, -fing, and
foreign nouns in -111, -1111, -11r, -icr, -or are masculine.
EXERCISE XIII
1V.B. The gen. sing. fern. is not gi·en, being the same as the nom.
ber ~(rm, -(e)i, -e, arm.
ber %·3t, -e~, ue, physician,
doctor.
{1efommen, befom, to get, re-
ceive.
bringen, brndJte, to bring.

69. § 36] LESSON XIII 37
ber ~lni3, -c{I, "e, river.
ber ßufi, -ei3, "e, foot.
ber.~anbfdJHlJ,-(c)i3,-e, glove.
baö .~cu, -(e){5, hay.
baö SnlJr, -(c)i3, -c, year.
ber ~opf, -(c)i3, "e, head.
bie .QulJ, !!c, cow.
nitt~licf), useful.
ber Dbft6amn, -(c)i3, !!e, fruit-
tree.
ber ,Cffi3ic'r, -(c)i3, -c, officer
(military).
ba{I i.~ferb, -e{I, -e, horse.
prlidJtig, splendid, magnifi-
cent.
bni3 ~cf)nf, -(e){I, -e, sheep.
bn{I ~d)iff, -(cH, -e, ship.
jicflen, seven.
baö '.tier, -(e)~, -e, animal,
beast.
bic ~od)e, -n, week.
3uöff, twelve.
KOTE. - The sign !!. indicates umlaut.
A. 1. Decline in füll without umlaut: ber ~rief, mein ~(rm,
uefdJer '.tag, biefcö Sal)r, fein 5lnedJt. 2. With umlaut: bcr
.~ut, mein etulJ(, biefer ~aum, Udc~er €ol)n, biefe .Quf), ber
Dbjtflnum. 3. Supply the remaining cases of the following,
explaining how they may be inferred from the forms given:
Nolll. Si'ng. 6efdJenf (n.), Gm. -(c){I, P!11r. -c; ~ifdJ (m.),
-ci3, -e; ~opf (lll.), -(c)i3, !!c; Brennb (lll.), -cö, -c; €tabt
(f), -, !!e; ect)nf (n.), -(c){l,-e; ßui3 (m.),-e~,!!e; ~ffi3icr
(m.). -(c){I, -e; 9J(onat (m.), -(c){I, -c.
B. 1. 'Die '2öl)nl' bc{I ~lr3tc~ befttdJcn ifJre {Sreunbe in bcr
etabt. 2. fütf bicfclll etttl)ll' fügrn )Uct ,piitc : meiner ttllb
SlJn'r. 3. ~fücinc ~)nnbfdJHIJC licgrn auf bcm 'J:ifdJt'. 4. ·~a{I
~nn~ mcinc{I ~rcunbc{I jtrlJt nm Ufer be~ ~foffe~. 5. Sn
fcincm (hirtl'll jtcl)t'll 3mci 0bjtliii1lllll'. 6. T'ic ectJiffc fnlJrCll
auf bcn /1liiffe11. 7. t"ic SfocdJtl' brinnrn bcn i-~fnbcn .~cn.
s. ~Iir gclirn bcn 'flcrbcn, brn .1 ii!Jcn nnb bcn 8'tfJnfen ,)rn.
9. T'irjc 'rim jinb tm~ fd1r niit~licfJ. 10. 't"k 'l.~fcrbe bl'r
Dffi3icrc jinb präcfitin. Ir. ~~ir {Jnben 3uci ,piinl:lc, ~llci
ö·üf)c, ,wri fü'mc, aller nnr einen .~opf. 12. Sn jcbem Snl)re
finb 3mölf ~))(onntc. 13. 2icben :tnge mad)ett eine Wocf)e.

70. GE}{lIAN GRA;llIAR
q. ~Jrf) frf)icfte {JeUte meinem (S·t'CUnbc einen mrief. r 5. J n
biejetn mriefc er3iil)lte idJ if)lll tlOll meinen }ltll'i ,)nnbrn.
16. '.Dicie waren ein Gkfd)enf tion meinem Q..~ntcr. 17. ,,eben
~ag mnrf)e irf) einen 2'pn)icrnang mit meinen .i)nnben. 18. JdJ
befom geitcrn GJefcfJcnfc t1011 meinen f·re1mben. 19. li13 iit
jcl)l' nngendJm, {Yreunbe 3u IJaben 1111b (}kjdJenfe 3u bcfomrnen.
C. Oral exercise on the a!Jove.
D. 1. I received a present yesterday frorn my father.
2. He sent me two dogs. 3. These were quite young and
very handsome. 4. l am very fand of these a11imals. 5. They
take a walk every <lay with me. 6. I get presents often
frorn my father and rny friends. 7. Th::it is very pleasant for
me. 8. l received two letters frorn my frieml Albert to-day.
9. lly brother brought them home. 10. In the::;e letters Albert
told (cr3iHJfcn) rne about (tiott) his holidays. 11. He spent
them in the country. 1 2. His uncle has a house there.
13. His uncle has ma11y animals - horses, cows, sheep, etc.
14. He has also rnany fruit-trees behind his house. 15. They
are large an<l very fine. 16. The house is 011 (nn) the shore
of a river. 17. His uncle has also a ship. 18. lIy friend
used to sail (fufJr) every d ay in this ship. 19. Albert is the
so11 of a physicia11 in this city. 20. His father lives near
(neben) us. 21. lly father and his are friends.
E. Vefcftiicr:
Wu11~rL'l':3 rlud1tfüt>.
ÜJJer nllrn l~Hpfrf11
~Ht ~u l)',
~111 ll llen 'b_qpfd 11
2piirejt b11
förnm einen ~lllld);
'Die ~önl'lriu fc1Jlllei13rn im ~t~nfbe.
~rnnrte nnr, bnl'Dr
~fütfJeit bu nnd).
-G;oetl)e.

71. § 39] LESSON XIV 39
LESSON XIV
37 Perfect Indicative of f)nbcn, fVicfctt.
I have had (played, been playing), etc.
id) f)afic gcI)abt (gefpidt)
bu fJait 11cIJnbt (gcfpidt)
er IJat gcIJnbt (gcfpicft)
lltr f)ll{Jen lcf)CT{lt (gcfpicft)
ifJr fJnbt gl'l)nbt (gejpieft)
fie fJnben gcIJaüt (gejpicft)
Formal: ~ic f)nbcn ne9nM (gefpieft).
ÜBSERVE: r. Verbs conjugated with ~abcu form this tense by
adding tiie past participle to the present of ~abcn, as auxiliary.
2. The past participle of weak verbs is usually formed by pre-
fixing gc- and adding -t (or -et after b, t, etc.; see § 27) to the
stem, e.g. fpief:::en, gc:::fµief:::t; arueit:::en, gc:::arucit:::ct.
NOTE. -The past part. of all strong verbs will be given for the present •
in the vocabularies.
38. Use of Perfect Tense.
The German perfect corresponcls to the English perfect, but
also often replaces the English past, especially when referring
to a period recently cornpleted, or to an independent fact:
SdJ {Jnbe el3 gef1ört. I have heard it.
.JdJ fJnbe e'3 gejtern gefJört. I heard it yesterday.
39. Pluperfect Indicative of {Jo6cn, !oben.
I had had (praised, been praising), etc.
idJ f)ntte gcf)abt (gefobt) uir fJntten ge{Jabt (gefoM)
bu lJntteft nefJaM (gefoM) ifJr fJattct gef1abt (gefout)
er fJattc gef)nbt (ßcfobt) fie fJnttcn gefJnM (gefout)
ÜRSERVE: Verbs conjugated with lJabcn form this tense by
aclding the past participle to the imperfect of lJabcn, as auxiliary.

72. GER;lAN GRA;llLR
40 Word Order in Principal Sentences.
Verb.
(fr iit
'.Ver ~Bater beö ~d)iiferß
S)ier
)Dar
iit
finb
f)tlt
l)eutc nid)t franf.
l)ier.
~er ~~ater bel3 ~dJü(er0.
bic ~1iimne fd)ön.Sm eommer
'.Daö SHnb l)eutc ttid)t t1ief gefpie(t.
ÜBSERVE: I. In principal sentences making a statement,
the verb is the second idea (not necessarily the second word).
2. Any member, except the verb, may occupy the first place.
3. Vhen any member other than the subject precedes the
verb, the subject, with its attributes and enlargements, is
thrown after the verb, and occupies the third place.
4. The auxiliary is the verb in compound tenses, and the
past participle comes last in the perfect and pluperfect.
I
{ NoTEs.- 1. The connectives nnb, aber, ober, benn, do not affect the
word order. 2. The rules of word order are often disregarded in verse.
41. Cardinal Numerals.
1. ein.S II. eff 2I. einunb 3lUan3ig
2. 3iuei I2. 3wöff 22. 3iuei unb 3iuan3ig
3. brei I3. brei3efJn 30. breiüig
4. llicr I4. t1ier3ef)n 40. t1ier3ig
5. fiinf I 5. fünf3clJn 50. fitnf3ig
6. fedJö I6. fed)3efJtt 60. fed)3ig
7. ficben q. fieb(en)3cf)n 70. fieb(en)3ig
8. ad)t 18. ad)t3ef)n So. ad)t3ig
9. neun 19. ne1m3el)n 90. neun3ig
lo. 3el)n 20. 3wan3ig 100. l)ttnbert
IoI. f)unbert(unb)einö I23. f)Unbert(ttnb)breiunb3lUan3ig
200. 3weil)ttnbert 1001. taufenb unb einö
1000. taufenb J ,000,000. eine mwfio'n
I897. ad)t3ef)tt f)ttnbert fieben unb neun3ig, or
taufenb adJt f)unbert fieben unb neun3ig.
ÜBSERVE : 1. The form ein~ is used in counting.

73. LESSON XIV 41
2. In compound numbers from 21 upwards, the units precede
the tens,and arejoined tothem byunb: 25=fitnf unb 3uan3ig
(Eng. 'five and twenty'); 156=QUnbert fedJI} unb fiinf3ig.
3. ,~unbert and taufcnb generally omit ein before and may
ornit unb after them.
42. Multiplicative Adverbs. They are formed by adding
-mal, 'time,' to the cardinals.
fönmaf; 3weimof; 3e~nmof. Once; twice; ten times.
EXERCISE XIV
bei} ~(benM, in the evening. fojien, fief,, gefojjen, to Ieave,
nbbieren, to ad<l (arith.). let.
'tleutfd)fonb, 11., -1}, Germany. ber ~morgen,-~,-, morning.
ber '1)e3ember, December. he.S 9J(orgen~, in the morning.
hiuibieren, to divi<le (arith.). muftipfi3ieren, to multiply.
burcf) (acc.), through, by. ba~ ~dJaftjafJr, -(e)~, -e, leap-
~nglanb, 11., -~, England. year.
~ngfifd), English (language). bie ®dJfittenfafJrt, -en, sleigh-
fajt, almost, nearly. ride (drive).
finbcn, fanb, gefunbcn, to find. fcf)reiben, fcf)rieb, gefd)rieben,
geben, gab, gegeben, to give. to write.
gefirnt morgen, yesterday fubtrafJieren, to subtract.
morning. tan3en, to dance.
~eute morgen, this morning. tun, tat, getan, to do.
ba~ mergnügen, -~, pleasure.
}DlOlIS: I. föue ed)fütenfa~rt mad)cn, to take (go for) a sleigh-ride
(driYe).
2. ~dJ ~nbe tiicl ~~ergnügen ge~nbt, 1 ha,·e enjoyed myself
very much.
A. Continue: 1. -ScfJ {Jabe ({Jatte) einen ~unh gef)abt, bu
~ait (fJattejt), 2c. 2. SdJ {Jabe(lJatte) meinem ßireunbe einen
mrief gefc{Jrieben, bu .•. beinem, 2C. 3· ~a~ (Jabe icf) geftern
morgen getan? 4. 9(eufidJ lJllbe (f)atte) idJ einen eµa3iergang
gemadJt. 5. ~eute morgen QUbe id) meiner ~.mutter mfumen
gefdJenH. 6. SdJ l)abe ({Jntte) biefe Ql~odJe im G5arten gefpieft.
7. fön~ unh ein~ macf)t 3wei, 3uei unb ein~ macf)t brei (cm.-

74. 42 GERMAN GRAZ! ;L R [§ 42
tinue up to thirty) . 8. ßlueimaf rinl3 ijt 3luei, 3weimaL 3wei
ijt uier (continue up to thirty).
B. Read in German: 2 ma( 11 ijt 2~, 3 ma( 12 ijt 3G, 4
maf 8 ift 32, 5 maf 9 iit 45, 6 ma( 7 iit 42, 7x (mn1) 10 ijt 70,
8Xl1ijt8~, DX12ijt108, lOX JG ijt 100, 11X11ijt121,
12XI:! ijt 1±4. ~föbirren ·~ic 2,;{.!J, :!.5,8!11 unb ~l89,3Jti.
~ubtrnl)iercu eie 27 '763 t1on 31 ,55l. ~l)lu(ti~1fi,)iercn eic
591mit 478. '1)it1ibiercn eie 2,581,f,i-10 burd) 61.
C. r. -3m 1t'c3ember l)aben Wir t1ie( ed)llCC gef)aM.
.z. @ejtern f)al1en wir uief Q.~ergniigcn gelJabt. 3. 'De~ 9J(or„
genl3 fJatten luir eine ed)fittenfafJrt gemad)t unb bel3 ~{(1enbl3
l)atten luir getan3t. 4. ~füin mruber f)at '.Deutjd) gefernt.
5. fü fJat uier -Saf1re in '.UeutfdJfonb grn1ofJnt. 6. ßriifJer fJntte
·er in 6:ngfoub grn1ofJ11t. 7. fö fJat in unferer ed)ufe 0eutfdJ
gefef)rt. 8. rua f)atte er 25 e ·dJiHer. 9· -Sn ~eutfdJflmb
fJatte er (fogfijdj gefefJrt. lo. ®eine '0dJfifer fJaflen t1id t1on
i1)m gefernt. l 1. ~ie finb faft immer ffeifiig unb aufmerfjnm.
12. ~ aben eie meinen mfeijtift gef)abt? 13. mein, td) lJll(lC
if)n fJeute morgen nidJt gef)abt. 14. .JdJ fJatte ifJn in meinem
®tubieqimmer gefoifen. 15. fö' lunr auf bem 'rifdJc, aber jef2t
fügt er nid)t tnef)r bn. 16. ,ScfJ fJabe ifJn ba gefud)t, aber nid)t
gefunben.
D. 1. Ve often went for a sleigh-ride in (the) January.
2 . Yesterday we enjoyed ourselves very much. 3. In the
morning we went for a walk. 4. In the evening we played and
danced. 5. I have been looking for my pencil, b11t I have not
found it. 6. Have you had it? 7. No, bnt it was in your
study this rnorning. 8. lt was on your table. 9. Here it is j I
have found it now. 10. lIy sister is living in Germany now.
l 1. She had lived five years in England. i 2. She hacl been
~eaching German in a school. 13. She had more than thirty
pupils. 14. A year has twelve months. 15. They are called
(fJeifien) January, etc. (see below). 16. Four of (t1on) these
months have thirty days. l 7. Seven have thirty-one days.