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Data Communication & Computer Networks
Internet Addressing
1
IP Addressing
IP Addressing
• Four types of addresses are used :
1.Physical Addresses
2.Logical (IP) Addresses
3.Port Addresses, and
4.Specific Addresses
2
IP Addressing
IP Addressing
 A Hardware address is used to uniquely identify a host
within a local network. (by data link layer of OSI)
• Ethernet utilizes the 48-bit MAC address as its hardware
address.
• A MAC address is most often represented in hexadecimal,
using one of two accepted formats:
e.g. 00:43:AB:F2:32:13
0043.ABF2.3213
 Logical Addressing
• Logical addressing is a function of the Network layer of the
OSI Model and provides a hierarchical structure.
 Specific Address- are user-friendly addresses
• E.g. www.aau.edu.et , john@yahoo.com
3
IP Addressing
IP Addressing
Port Number is a pre-assigned unique numbers so
that the computer knows how to respond when it is
contacted on a specific port.
It is 16-bit address.
• E.g Web Servers use port 80,
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is delivered to
port 25.
4
IP Addressing
IP addresses-Logical Address
• Internet Protocol moves data between hosts in the form of
datagrams.
• Each datagram delivered to destination address w/c contains
32 – bit IP address.
 IP address
• is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on a
network.
• Allows a host on one network to communicate with a host on
a different network.
5
IP Addressing
IP addresses
• IP address – is a famous layer 3 address
• IPv4 – is the current version of IP .
• IPv6- is the next version of the Internet Protocol
• Each data packet sent along a network contains source and
destination IP addresses
• A router uses the IP address of the destination to forward the
packet to the correct destination
6
IP Addressing
IP addresses
• IP addresses are 32 bits wide.
• To work with this 32 bit wide IP addresses ,it needs to be
divided into four fields
• Each field is 8 bits wide, can be converted to base 10 and
separated by dots.
• Each octet has a decimal value from 0 to 255
• This writing scheme is called dotted decimal format and each
part is called an octet b/c it is made of eight bits.
7
IP Addressing
IP address formats
• Example
– Dotted binary format
00001010.00000100.00001111.00001100
– Dotted decimal format
10.4.15.12
• IP addresses have two portions , such as:
– network portion and
– host portion.
8
IP Addressing
Host and Network portions
• The network portion/ addresses
– uniquely identifies the network in which the computer is
located
– E.g In the IP address 172.16.30.56, 172.16 is the network
address.
• The host portion/ addresses
– identifies the source and destination computer / machine
in the network.
– Also called node address. E.g In the IP address
172.16.30.56, 30.56 is the host/node address.
9
IP Addressing
Host and network portions
10
IP Addressing
• IP addresses are hierarchical
11
IP Addressing
IP address classes
 IP addresses
• Are classified into three main address classes to define
large, medium and small networks.
• Class A IP addresses are used for larger networks.
• Class B for medium networks.
• Class C for small networks.
• Other classes – w/c are used for multicasting and research
purposes are D and E .
• This grouping of addresses is referred to as class full
addressing.
12
IP Addressing
13
IP Address
Class
High Order Bits First Octet
Address Range
Number of Bits in the
Network Address
Class A 0 0 – 127* 8
Class B 10 128 – 191 16
Class C 110 192 – 223 24
Class D 1110 224 – 239 0
Class E 1111 240 - 255 0
IP address classes – Ranges
IP Addressing
IP address classes – network and host
portions
14
IP Addressing
Class A addresses
• Class A IP address
– Use only the first octet to indicate the network address,
the remaining three octets provide host addresses.
– If the first bit of the first octet of IP address is 0, it is the
address of a class A network.
• The lowest number that can be represented is 00000000,
decimal 0.
• The highest number that can be represented is 01111111,
decimal 127.
• The numbers 0 and 127 are reserved and cannot be used as
network addresses.
• Any address that starts with a value between 1 and 126 in the
first octet is a Class A address.
• Example: 98.56.82.30
15
IP Addressing
Class B addresses
• Class B IP address
– Designed to support moderately large sized networks.
– i.e. more than 65 thousand host addresses are available.
– Use the first two octets to indicate the network address,
the remaining two octets provide for host addresses.
• If the first bits of the first octet of an IP address is always 1 and
the second bit of the first octet of an IP address is always 0, it is
a class B network address.
16
IP Addressing
• This first 2 bits are used to identify class; the next 14 bits
identify the network, and the last 16 bits identify the
host.
• The lowest number that can be represented is 10000000,
decimal 128.
• The highest number that can be represented is
10111111, decimal 191.
• Any address that starts with a value between 128 and 191
in the first octet is a Class B address.
• Example: 167.3.27.30
17
IP Addressing
Class C addresses
• Class C addresses
– Designed to support moderately large sized networks.
– i.e. A maximum of 254 host addresses are available.
– Use the first three octets to indicate the network address,
the remaining octet provides host addresses.
– If the first 3 bits of the address are 1 1 0, it is a class C
network address.
18
IP Addressing
• In a class C address, the first 3 bits are class identifiers;
the next 21 bits are the network address, and the last 8
bits identify the host.
• The lowest number that can be represented is 11000000,
decimal 192.
• The highest number that can be represented is
11011111, decimal 223.
• Any address that starts with a value 192- to - 225 in the
first octet is a Class C address
• Example: 192.168.0.1
19
IP Addressing
Class D addresses
• Class D addresses
– Designed to support multicasting.
– Hence there is no need to allocate octets to separate
network and host addresses.
– If the first 4 bits of the address are 1 1 1 0, it is a
multicast address.
– The lowest number that can be represented is
11100000, decimal 224.
20
IP Addressing
Class D addresses
– The highest number that can be represented is
11101111, decimal 239.
– Any address that starts with a value between 224 and
239 in the first octet is a Class D address.
– Example: 231.100.250.101
21
IP Addressing
Class E addresses
– Class E addresses are reserved for research purposes.
– If the first 4 bits of the address are 1 1 1 1, it is a multicast
address.
– The lowest number that can be represented is 11110000,
decimal 240.
– The highest number that can be represented is 11111111,
decimal 255.
– Any address that starts with a value between 240 and 255
in the first octet is a Class E address.
22
IP Addressing
Reserved IP addresses
• Certain IP addresses are reserved and cannot be used as an
address to a host.
• Some of them are:
– Network addresses – w/c used to identify the network.
– Broadcast addresses – w/c used to broadcast messages.
• Network addresses
– Used to identify the network itself.
– E.g a class C network which starts with 200.150.56.0
23
IP Addressing
Network addresses
• The address 200.150.56.0 is called the network address.
• An addresses can be assigned for hosts from 200.150.56.1 to
200.150.56.254
• The only time when the host portion of the address matters is
when data is on the local area network.
• In general, network addresses have all zeros for the host
portion.
24
IP Addressing
Network addresses (cont...)
25
IP Addressing
Broadcast Addresses
• Is the address that used by applications and hosts to send
information to all hosts / nodes on a network.
• Used for broadcasting packets to all the devices on a network.
• Hosts use broadcast addresses to send data to all hosts on a
network.
• Assume a class C network with a network address 200.150.56.0
• The broadcast address for this network is 200.150.56.255
• In general, broadcast addresses have all ones for the host portion.
26
IP Addressing
Broadcast addresses (cont...)
27
IP Addressing
Loopback IP
• The class A address which starts with 127 is used as a loopback
address.
• Hosts use this address to send packets to themselves.
• It can also be used for testing (eg. use it to test if NIC is working
properly or the driver has been correctly installed).
• Hence addresses which start with 127 are not assigned to hosts
under normal conditions.
• Usually the address 127.0.0.1 is used as a loopback IP.
28
IP Addressing
IP address Allocation
• IP addresses must be uniquely assigned to hosts.
• Originally, an organization known as the Internet Network Information
Center (InterNIC) took over the responsibility of making sure that IP
addresses are unique.
• InterNIC is no longer exists and has been succeeded by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
• IANA manages the remaining supply of IP addresses to ensure that
duplication of publicly used addresses does not occur.
• Duplication would cause instability in the Internet and compromise its
ability to deliver packets to networks.
29
IP Addressing
Public and Private address
• The internet grows rapidly => we are running out of IP
addresses.
• One solution is to have public and private IP addresses.
• Since public networks require public IP addresses we give
hosts in that network a public IP address which is
obtained from IANA.
• This address is called a public address.
30
IP Addressing
Public and private address
• But private networks (like networks in the laboratories of
Jigjiga University) do not require public IP addresses.
• We can assign a host in a private network any address we
like.
• We only make sure that each host in the private network
has a unique IP address.
• This address is called a private address.
31
IP Addressing
Private IP addresses – the problem
• A problem occurs if a private network is connected to the
internet.
• Now suppose a private network is connected to the
internet.
• Host X with an IP address of 198.150.11.16 wants to
communicate with host Y with an address 198.150.11.16.
• Is host Y on the same private network as host X or is it a
host somewhere in the internet?
• The router on the next slide will not be able to forward
the data packets correctly.
32
IP Addressing
Which host?
33
IP Addressing
Private IP addresses –solution
• To resolve this confusion, three blocks of IP addresses have
been reserved for use in private networks (specified by RFC
1918).
• These three blocks consist of a range of Class A, Class B and
Class C addresses.
• These addresses are recommended for private addresses.
34
IP Addressing
Private IP addresses –solution (contd.)
• Addresses that fall within these ranges are not routed on the
Internet backbone.
• Internet routers immediately discard private addresses.
• If addressing a nonpublic intranet, a test lab, or a home
network, these private addresses can be used instead of
globally unique, public addresses.
35
IP Addressing
Subnetting
• Suppose we have a class A address.
• How to assign these addresses to hosts. (over 16
million)?
• Sub netting is a process which divides a network into
smaller, more manageable parts.
• Smaller parts of the network are called subnets.
36
IP Addressing
IP address assignment
• Every host should obtain an IP address in order to exchage
data OR function on the internet.
• There are two ways of assigning IP addresses to hosts.
– Static assignment
– Dynamic assignment
37
IP Addressing
Static IP address assignment
• Static assignment works best on small, in frequently changing
networks.
• IP addresses are manually assigned for each computer,
printer, or server on the intranet.
• Servers should be assigned a static IP address so workstations
and other devices will always know how to access needed
services.
38
IP Addressing
Dynamic IP address assignment
• Two types of dynamic IP address assignments:
– RARP
– DHCP
 RARP
• Stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
• Every host knows its own MAC address.
• i.e. RARP server keeps a list of MAC addresses and
corresponding IP addresses.
• When a host boots up, it broadcasts a RARP request and the
RARP server responds, telling the host’s IP address.
39
IP Addressing
DHCP
• Stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
• A range of IP addresses which can be assigned to hosts are
defined on a DHCP server.
• As hosts come online (when they boot up or when they are
connected to the network), they contact the DHCP server
and request for addresses.
• The DHCP server chooses an address and leases it to that
host.
• An IP address can be leased to a host for a week, a month,
three months, etc.
40
IP Addressing
DHCP (contd.)
• When the lease time interval expires, the host requests for an
IP address again.
• Beside requesting for an address, hosts can also tell the DHCP
server that they no longer need the address they are using.
• This is also called releasing an IP address.
• After an address is released, it can be leased to another host.
41
IP Addressing
Name Resolution – the problem
• In TCP/IP communications
– a datagram on a local-area network must contain both a
destination MAC address and a destination IP address.
– These addresses must be correct and match the
destination MAC and IP addresses of the host device.
– If it does not match, the datagram will be discarded by the
destination host.
– There needs to be a way to automatically map IP to MAC
addresses.
– It would be too time consuming for the user to create the
maps manually.
42
IP Addressing
Solution - ARP
• The TCP/IP suite has a protocol, called Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP), which can automatically obtain MAC
addresses for local transmission.
• Hosts find MAC addresses by:
– Broadcasting an ARP request, for which the destination
host replies
• Once a host finds out the MAC address of a host, it adds it on
its own ARP table.
• ARP tables contain a list of MAC addresses and IP addresses.
• To make the work more efficient, hosts consult their ARP table
before sending out an ARP request. 43
IP Addressing
IPv4 – drawbacks
• Class A and B addresses make up 75 percent of the IPv4
address space, however fewer than 17,000 organizations can
be assigned a Class A or B network number.
• Class C network addresses are far more numerous than Class
A and Class B addresses, although they account for only 12.5
percent of the possible IP addresses
• Unfortunately, Class C addresses are limited to 254 usable
hosts.
44
IP Addressing
IPv4 – drawbacks
• This does not meet the needs of larger organizations that
cannot acquire a Class A or B address.
• Even if there were more Class A, B, and C addresses, too many
network addresses would cause Internet routers to come to a
stop under the burden of the enormous size of the
information they will need to store and process.
45
IP Addressing
With Class A and B addresses virtually exhausted, class C addresses
are (only 12.5 percent) left to be assigned to new networks.
46
IPv4 – Drawbacks
IP Addressing
IPv6
• Among the efforts made to solve this problem (private
and public IP addresses being one), a more scalable
version of IP, called IPv6 has been developed.
• IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than 32 bits.
• IPv6 is slowly being implemented in selected networks.
• Eventually IPv6 is expected to replace IPv4.
47
IP Addressing
Thank you!!!
48
IP Addressing

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chapter 5 (1).ppt

  • 1. Data Communication & Computer Networks Internet Addressing 1 IP Addressing
  • 2. IP Addressing • Four types of addresses are used : 1.Physical Addresses 2.Logical (IP) Addresses 3.Port Addresses, and 4.Specific Addresses 2 IP Addressing
  • 3. IP Addressing  A Hardware address is used to uniquely identify a host within a local network. (by data link layer of OSI) • Ethernet utilizes the 48-bit MAC address as its hardware address. • A MAC address is most often represented in hexadecimal, using one of two accepted formats: e.g. 00:43:AB:F2:32:13 0043.ABF2.3213  Logical Addressing • Logical addressing is a function of the Network layer of the OSI Model and provides a hierarchical structure.  Specific Address- are user-friendly addresses • E.g. www.aau.edu.et , john@yahoo.com 3 IP Addressing
  • 4. IP Addressing Port Number is a pre-assigned unique numbers so that the computer knows how to respond when it is contacted on a specific port. It is 16-bit address. • E.g Web Servers use port 80, • SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is delivered to port 25. 4 IP Addressing
  • 5. IP addresses-Logical Address • Internet Protocol moves data between hosts in the form of datagrams. • Each datagram delivered to destination address w/c contains 32 – bit IP address.  IP address • is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on a network. • Allows a host on one network to communicate with a host on a different network. 5 IP Addressing
  • 6. IP addresses • IP address – is a famous layer 3 address • IPv4 – is the current version of IP . • IPv6- is the next version of the Internet Protocol • Each data packet sent along a network contains source and destination IP addresses • A router uses the IP address of the destination to forward the packet to the correct destination 6 IP Addressing
  • 7. IP addresses • IP addresses are 32 bits wide. • To work with this 32 bit wide IP addresses ,it needs to be divided into four fields • Each field is 8 bits wide, can be converted to base 10 and separated by dots. • Each octet has a decimal value from 0 to 255 • This writing scheme is called dotted decimal format and each part is called an octet b/c it is made of eight bits. 7 IP Addressing
  • 8. IP address formats • Example – Dotted binary format 00001010.00000100.00001111.00001100 – Dotted decimal format 10.4.15.12 • IP addresses have two portions , such as: – network portion and – host portion. 8 IP Addressing
  • 9. Host and Network portions • The network portion/ addresses – uniquely identifies the network in which the computer is located – E.g In the IP address 172.16.30.56, 172.16 is the network address. • The host portion/ addresses – identifies the source and destination computer / machine in the network. – Also called node address. E.g In the IP address 172.16.30.56, 30.56 is the host/node address. 9 IP Addressing
  • 10. Host and network portions 10 IP Addressing
  • 11. • IP addresses are hierarchical 11 IP Addressing
  • 12. IP address classes  IP addresses • Are classified into three main address classes to define large, medium and small networks. • Class A IP addresses are used for larger networks. • Class B for medium networks. • Class C for small networks. • Other classes – w/c are used for multicasting and research purposes are D and E . • This grouping of addresses is referred to as class full addressing. 12 IP Addressing
  • 13. 13 IP Address Class High Order Bits First Octet Address Range Number of Bits in the Network Address Class A 0 0 – 127* 8 Class B 10 128 – 191 16 Class C 110 192 – 223 24 Class D 1110 224 – 239 0 Class E 1111 240 - 255 0 IP address classes – Ranges IP Addressing
  • 14. IP address classes – network and host portions 14 IP Addressing
  • 15. Class A addresses • Class A IP address – Use only the first octet to indicate the network address, the remaining three octets provide host addresses. – If the first bit of the first octet of IP address is 0, it is the address of a class A network. • The lowest number that can be represented is 00000000, decimal 0. • The highest number that can be represented is 01111111, decimal 127. • The numbers 0 and 127 are reserved and cannot be used as network addresses. • Any address that starts with a value between 1 and 126 in the first octet is a Class A address. • Example: 98.56.82.30 15 IP Addressing
  • 16. Class B addresses • Class B IP address – Designed to support moderately large sized networks. – i.e. more than 65 thousand host addresses are available. – Use the first two octets to indicate the network address, the remaining two octets provide for host addresses. • If the first bits of the first octet of an IP address is always 1 and the second bit of the first octet of an IP address is always 0, it is a class B network address. 16 IP Addressing
  • 17. • This first 2 bits are used to identify class; the next 14 bits identify the network, and the last 16 bits identify the host. • The lowest number that can be represented is 10000000, decimal 128. • The highest number that can be represented is 10111111, decimal 191. • Any address that starts with a value between 128 and 191 in the first octet is a Class B address. • Example: 167.3.27.30 17 IP Addressing
  • 18. Class C addresses • Class C addresses – Designed to support moderately large sized networks. – i.e. A maximum of 254 host addresses are available. – Use the first three octets to indicate the network address, the remaining octet provides host addresses. – If the first 3 bits of the address are 1 1 0, it is a class C network address. 18 IP Addressing
  • 19. • In a class C address, the first 3 bits are class identifiers; the next 21 bits are the network address, and the last 8 bits identify the host. • The lowest number that can be represented is 11000000, decimal 192. • The highest number that can be represented is 11011111, decimal 223. • Any address that starts with a value 192- to - 225 in the first octet is a Class C address • Example: 192.168.0.1 19 IP Addressing
  • 20. Class D addresses • Class D addresses – Designed to support multicasting. – Hence there is no need to allocate octets to separate network and host addresses. – If the first 4 bits of the address are 1 1 1 0, it is a multicast address. – The lowest number that can be represented is 11100000, decimal 224. 20 IP Addressing
  • 21. Class D addresses – The highest number that can be represented is 11101111, decimal 239. – Any address that starts with a value between 224 and 239 in the first octet is a Class D address. – Example: 231.100.250.101 21 IP Addressing
  • 22. Class E addresses – Class E addresses are reserved for research purposes. – If the first 4 bits of the address are 1 1 1 1, it is a multicast address. – The lowest number that can be represented is 11110000, decimal 240. – The highest number that can be represented is 11111111, decimal 255. – Any address that starts with a value between 240 and 255 in the first octet is a Class E address. 22 IP Addressing
  • 23. Reserved IP addresses • Certain IP addresses are reserved and cannot be used as an address to a host. • Some of them are: – Network addresses – w/c used to identify the network. – Broadcast addresses – w/c used to broadcast messages. • Network addresses – Used to identify the network itself. – E.g a class C network which starts with 200.150.56.0 23 IP Addressing
  • 24. Network addresses • The address 200.150.56.0 is called the network address. • An addresses can be assigned for hosts from 200.150.56.1 to 200.150.56.254 • The only time when the host portion of the address matters is when data is on the local area network. • In general, network addresses have all zeros for the host portion. 24 IP Addressing
  • 26. Broadcast Addresses • Is the address that used by applications and hosts to send information to all hosts / nodes on a network. • Used for broadcasting packets to all the devices on a network. • Hosts use broadcast addresses to send data to all hosts on a network. • Assume a class C network with a network address 200.150.56.0 • The broadcast address for this network is 200.150.56.255 • In general, broadcast addresses have all ones for the host portion. 26 IP Addressing
  • 28. Loopback IP • The class A address which starts with 127 is used as a loopback address. • Hosts use this address to send packets to themselves. • It can also be used for testing (eg. use it to test if NIC is working properly or the driver has been correctly installed). • Hence addresses which start with 127 are not assigned to hosts under normal conditions. • Usually the address 127.0.0.1 is used as a loopback IP. 28 IP Addressing
  • 29. IP address Allocation • IP addresses must be uniquely assigned to hosts. • Originally, an organization known as the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) took over the responsibility of making sure that IP addresses are unique. • InterNIC is no longer exists and has been succeeded by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). • IANA manages the remaining supply of IP addresses to ensure that duplication of publicly used addresses does not occur. • Duplication would cause instability in the Internet and compromise its ability to deliver packets to networks. 29 IP Addressing
  • 30. Public and Private address • The internet grows rapidly => we are running out of IP addresses. • One solution is to have public and private IP addresses. • Since public networks require public IP addresses we give hosts in that network a public IP address which is obtained from IANA. • This address is called a public address. 30 IP Addressing
  • 31. Public and private address • But private networks (like networks in the laboratories of Jigjiga University) do not require public IP addresses. • We can assign a host in a private network any address we like. • We only make sure that each host in the private network has a unique IP address. • This address is called a private address. 31 IP Addressing
  • 32. Private IP addresses – the problem • A problem occurs if a private network is connected to the internet. • Now suppose a private network is connected to the internet. • Host X with an IP address of 198.150.11.16 wants to communicate with host Y with an address 198.150.11.16. • Is host Y on the same private network as host X or is it a host somewhere in the internet? • The router on the next slide will not be able to forward the data packets correctly. 32 IP Addressing
  • 34. Private IP addresses –solution • To resolve this confusion, three blocks of IP addresses have been reserved for use in private networks (specified by RFC 1918). • These three blocks consist of a range of Class A, Class B and Class C addresses. • These addresses are recommended for private addresses. 34 IP Addressing
  • 35. Private IP addresses –solution (contd.) • Addresses that fall within these ranges are not routed on the Internet backbone. • Internet routers immediately discard private addresses. • If addressing a nonpublic intranet, a test lab, or a home network, these private addresses can be used instead of globally unique, public addresses. 35 IP Addressing
  • 36. Subnetting • Suppose we have a class A address. • How to assign these addresses to hosts. (over 16 million)? • Sub netting is a process which divides a network into smaller, more manageable parts. • Smaller parts of the network are called subnets. 36 IP Addressing
  • 37. IP address assignment • Every host should obtain an IP address in order to exchage data OR function on the internet. • There are two ways of assigning IP addresses to hosts. – Static assignment – Dynamic assignment 37 IP Addressing
  • 38. Static IP address assignment • Static assignment works best on small, in frequently changing networks. • IP addresses are manually assigned for each computer, printer, or server on the intranet. • Servers should be assigned a static IP address so workstations and other devices will always know how to access needed services. 38 IP Addressing
  • 39. Dynamic IP address assignment • Two types of dynamic IP address assignments: – RARP – DHCP  RARP • Stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. • Every host knows its own MAC address. • i.e. RARP server keeps a list of MAC addresses and corresponding IP addresses. • When a host boots up, it broadcasts a RARP request and the RARP server responds, telling the host’s IP address. 39 IP Addressing
  • 40. DHCP • Stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. • A range of IP addresses which can be assigned to hosts are defined on a DHCP server. • As hosts come online (when they boot up or when they are connected to the network), they contact the DHCP server and request for addresses. • The DHCP server chooses an address and leases it to that host. • An IP address can be leased to a host for a week, a month, three months, etc. 40 IP Addressing
  • 41. DHCP (contd.) • When the lease time interval expires, the host requests for an IP address again. • Beside requesting for an address, hosts can also tell the DHCP server that they no longer need the address they are using. • This is also called releasing an IP address. • After an address is released, it can be leased to another host. 41 IP Addressing
  • 42. Name Resolution – the problem • In TCP/IP communications – a datagram on a local-area network must contain both a destination MAC address and a destination IP address. – These addresses must be correct and match the destination MAC and IP addresses of the host device. – If it does not match, the datagram will be discarded by the destination host. – There needs to be a way to automatically map IP to MAC addresses. – It would be too time consuming for the user to create the maps manually. 42 IP Addressing
  • 43. Solution - ARP • The TCP/IP suite has a protocol, called Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which can automatically obtain MAC addresses for local transmission. • Hosts find MAC addresses by: – Broadcasting an ARP request, for which the destination host replies • Once a host finds out the MAC address of a host, it adds it on its own ARP table. • ARP tables contain a list of MAC addresses and IP addresses. • To make the work more efficient, hosts consult their ARP table before sending out an ARP request. 43 IP Addressing
  • 44. IPv4 – drawbacks • Class A and B addresses make up 75 percent of the IPv4 address space, however fewer than 17,000 organizations can be assigned a Class A or B network number. • Class C network addresses are far more numerous than Class A and Class B addresses, although they account for only 12.5 percent of the possible IP addresses • Unfortunately, Class C addresses are limited to 254 usable hosts. 44 IP Addressing
  • 45. IPv4 – drawbacks • This does not meet the needs of larger organizations that cannot acquire a Class A or B address. • Even if there were more Class A, B, and C addresses, too many network addresses would cause Internet routers to come to a stop under the burden of the enormous size of the information they will need to store and process. 45 IP Addressing
  • 46. With Class A and B addresses virtually exhausted, class C addresses are (only 12.5 percent) left to be assigned to new networks. 46 IPv4 – Drawbacks IP Addressing
  • 47. IPv6 • Among the efforts made to solve this problem (private and public IP addresses being one), a more scalable version of IP, called IPv6 has been developed. • IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than 32 bits. • IPv6 is slowly being implemented in selected networks. • Eventually IPv6 is expected to replace IPv4. 47 IP Addressing