Final Year Project WSE

MOBILE CHARGING WITH
APPLICATION OF HYBRID SOLAR
ENERGY
PRESENTED BY
SHUBHRANSHU 091091101143
SUMIT KR. SHEKHAR 091091101152
RAJIV KR. RANJAN 91091101105
Dr.MGR
Educational and Research Institute
University
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
April 2013

EEE – Project Report 2013 – Dr.M.G.R University
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Dr.MGR
Educational and Research Institute
University
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this is a bonafide project work done by Mr.
Shubhranshu, Mr. Sumit Kr. Shekhar & Mr. Rajiv Kr. Ranjan Reg. No.:
091091101143, 091091101152 & 091091101105 respectively of IV year
B.Tech.(Electrical & Electronics Engineering) branch for the project title on
―Mobile Charging with Application Of Hybrid Solar Energy‖ during the
academic year 2012-2013.
Signature of the Internal Guide Signature of the Head of the department
Submitted for the project Viva-voce on _____________
Internal Examiner External Examiner

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ABSTRACT
The main function of Hybrid solar energy is that it obtains energy from both sources-
solar energy with the help of PV panels & wind energy from wind turbines. Solar
panel absorbs the sunrays and converts it into DC current. In addition, a wind turbine
move due to the force of wind & its rotor connects with a generator rotates and gives
DC current. Now both the current works simultaneously and goes to the circuit board
and charge the mobile phones connected with the help of wires. A digital clock with
temperature reader is also connected to this system.
This paper proposes a hybrid energy system, which combines photovoltaic (PV) and
wind power as an alternative source small-scale electric power, where the
conventional production is not practical. The proposed system is attractive because of
its simplicity, ease of control and low costs. Complete descriptions of the proposed
hybrid system with the results of detailed simulations, which determine feasibility, are
given to demonstrate the availability of the proposed system in this paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................iiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………...
Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................2
1.1 Problem..................................................................................................................................4
1.3 Scope and Objectives.............................................................................................................5
Chapter 2 Literature Review............................................................................................................7
2.1 Solar Energy System.............................................................................................................8
2.2 Wind Energy System ..........................................................................................................10
2.3 Hybrid Energy System……………………………………………………………………13
Chapter 3 Methodology and Implementation ................................................................................16
3.1 Methodology.......................................................................................................................16
3.2 Implementation...................................................................................................................17
Chapter 4 Results...........................................................................................................................22
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Future Work.......................................................................................25
5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................25
5.2 Future Work........................................................................................................................26
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................27

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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. Solar Insolation In india………………………………………………………9
Fig. 2. Annual Mean Daily Global Solar Electric Conversion Potential In
India(MW)……………………………………………………………………………10
Fig. 3. WIND MAP OF INDIA……………………………………………………12
Fig. 4. BLOCK DIAGRAM: WIND/SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM………14

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would first like to thank our beloved founder-chancellor
Thiru A.C. Shanmugam and beloved president Er.A.C.S Arun
Kumar for all the encouragement and support extended to us
during the tenure of this project and also our years of studies in
this university.
We express our heartfelt thanks to our Head of the
Department, Prof.L.Ramesh, who has been actively involved and
very influential from the start till the completion of our project.
We thank our project coordinator Dean Dr. Sathya
Moorthy for her espousal and for having instilled in us the
confidence to complete our project on time.
We also thank our guide Mr. S. Balamurugan for his
guidance, assistance and cooperation that facilitated the
successful conclusion of our project.
We would also like to thank all teaching and non-teaching
staff of the Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department for
their constant support and encouragement given to us.
We are also thankful to our parents & all our friends who
have extended their help in various ways during the course of this
project.

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CHAPTER 1

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INTRODUCTION
Energy has been playing an important role in human and economic development and
world peace. Since the world economic resuscitation and boom. World total energy
annual consumption is increased. While fossil fuel (i.e. coal ,oil, natural gas) provided
three quarters of the total. At current energy consumption rate proven coal reserve
should last for about 200 years . Oil for approximately 40 years and natural gas for
annual 60 years with the contradiction between rapid development.
The main function of Hybrid solar energy is that it obtain energy from both sources-
solar energy with the help of PV panels & wind energy from wind turbines. Solar
panel absorbs the sunrays and convert it into DC current. And wind turbine moves
due to the force of wind & its rotor connects with a generator also rotates and gives
AC current. This AC current converts into DC with the help of AC-DC converter.
Now both the current works simultaneously and goes to the circuit board and charge
the mobile phones connected with the help of wires.
Renewable energy from wind and solar photovoltaic are the most ecological type of
energy to use. They are based on a clean and efficient modern technology, which
offers a glimmer of hope for a future based on sustainable and pollution-free
technology. The importance of using renewable energy system, including solar
photovoltaic (PV) and wind has been attracted much these days, because the
electricity demand is growing rapidly all over the world. Therefore, there is an urgent
need for renewable energy resources, and formulated as a national strategy for the
development of renewable energy applications. For this purpose, uninterrupted efforts
to develop systems more attracting with low costs, a high efficiency and multifunction
are required. Small-scale stand-alone power generation systems are an important
alternative source of electrical energy, finding applications in the places where the
conventional production is not practical. Consider, for example, remote villages in
developing countries or ranches located far away from main power lines. The
certainty of load demands at any time is considerably increased by the hybrid
production systems, which use more than one source of energy. It is possible the high
outputs production factors combine wind turbines and photovoltaic arrays with
storage technology to master the movements of the production facility. An effective

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energy storage is necessary to obtain a constant power, the power delivered by wind
and solar should be easily converted into energy stored.
IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
The global search and the rise in the cost of conventional fossil fuel is making supply-
demand o f electricity product almost impossible especially in some remote areas.
Generator which are often used as an alternative to conventional power supply
systems are known to be run only during hours of the day, and the e cost of fueling
them is increasingly becoming difficult if they are to be used for commercial
purposes. There is a growing awareness that renewable energy such as
photovoltaic system and Wind power have an important role to play in order to
save the situation. Figure 1 is the schematic layout of Solar-Wind Hybrid system that
can supply either dc or ac energy or both.

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DEFINITION OF HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS
Hybrid power systems (HPS) are any autonomous electricity generating systems,
incorporating more than one type of power sources, operated together with associated
supporting equipment (including storage) to provide electric power to the grid or
on site. Hybridization through combining different energy sources in one supply
system offers the best possibility to use the system
APPLICATION OF HPS
HPS are an emerging technology for supplying electric power in remote locations. Off
grid renewable energy, technologies satisfy energy demand directly and avoid the
need for long distribution infrastructures. HPS can provide a steady community-level
electricity service, such as village electrification, offering also the possibility to be
upgraded through grid connection in the future. Due to their high levels of efficiency,
reliability and long term performance, HPS can also be used as an effective backup
solution: to the public grid in case of blackouts or weak grids; for professional energy
solutions, such as telecommunication stations or emergency rooms at hospitals.
ADVANTAGES vs. DISADVANTAGES OF HPS
Advantages:
Shelter consumers from temporary energy price volatilit created by supply and
demand mismatches. Increase the reliability of energy, thereby avoiding significant

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costs with power outages. Provide a cost-effective means to minimize the impact of
intermittent resources. Decrease environmental impacts of energy supply.
Disadvantages:
More complex design, therefore increased design effort and more complexity in
operation. More complex control systems are required for handling:
– power generation
– storage
– transmission
– usage options
higher costs

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1.1 PROBLEMS
There is no operational difficulty as such in a solar (SPV) system and hybrid solar
wind system. Only the solar panels need to be cleaned with water at regular intervals.
In case of a Wind Turbine Generator, the power generation depends on the wind
velocity. Thus restricted to locations where the annual average wind velocity is 4.5
m/s or higher. For the windmills, annual preventive maintenance is required for
optimal efficiency.
WORKING OF HYBRID ENERGY

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1.2 SCOPE & OBJECTIVES
This project determines the use of renewable resources in abundant. This covers the
charging of mobile phones in those areas where scarcity of electricity is the big
problem. The main objective of this project is to use wind & solar energy at the same
time in the form of hybrid energy output.
PROPOSED WORK
Solar panels & windmills are used separately for the generation. But it works together
with the help of Hybrid Solar System theory.
Renewable sources Installed Capacity Estimated Potential
Wind
Biomass Power/ Cogeneration
Biomass Gratifier
Small Hydro
Waste to Energy
Solar PV
2483 MW
613 MW
58 MW
1603 MW
41 MW
151 MW
45000 MW
19500 MW
—
15000 MW
1700 MW
20 MW/sq.km

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CHAPTER 2

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Those days we are using conventional fossil source coal, oil, natural gas and it have recently
entered into a quick decreasing tendency. Alternative and renewable energy sources have
importance more than fossil fuel sources in the human history. The price of fossil fuel is
increases because of the present energy production sources enter quickly into the exhaustion
tendency. It affects human health and environment.Countries tend to energy production
sources like the solar, hydrogen and wind which are not dependent on abroad in sense of
source. Also it is more sensitive to the environment and human health.

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2.1 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM:
In India the annual global solar radiation is about 5 KWh/ sq m per day with about
2300-3200 sun-shine hours per year. Solar radiations represent the earth’s most
abundant energy source. The perennial source of solar energy provides unlimited
supply, has no negative impact on the environment. The solar photovoltaic (PV)
modules convert solar radiation from the sun into electrical energy in the form of
direct current (DC). Converting solar energy into electricity is the answer to the
mounting power problems in the rural areas. Its suitability for decentralized
applications and its environment-friendly nature make it an attractive option to
supplement the energy supply from other sources. 1 KWp of SPV generates 3.5-4.5
units (Kwhr) per day.
2.1.2 If we could install Solar Photovoltaic Cells much of the rural exchange power
needs could be met, adequately cutting down harmful greenhouse gases.
There are two types of solar systems;
those that convert solar energy to D.C power, and those that convert solar energy
to heat.
Solar-generated Electricity – Photovoltaic
The Solar-generated electricity is called Photovoltaic (or PV). Photovoltaic are solar
cells that convert sunlight to D.C electricity. These solar cells in PV module are made
from semiconductor materials. When light energy strikes the cell, electrons are
emitted. The electrical conductor attached to the positive and negative scales of the
material allow the electrons to be captured in the form of a D.C current. The
generated electricity can be used to power a load or can be stored in a battery.
Photovoltaic system is classified into two major types: the off-grid (stand alone)
systems and inter-tied system. The off-grid (stand alone) system are mostly used
where there is no utility grid service. It is very economical in providing electricity at
remote locations especially rural banking, hospital and ICT in rural environments.
PV systems generally can be much cheaper than installing power lines and step-down
transformers especially to remote areas. Solar modules produce electricity devoid of
pollution, without odour, combustion, noise and vibration. Hence, unwanted nuisance

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is completely eliminated. Also, unlike the other power supply systems which require
professional training for installation expertise, there are no moving parts or special
repairs that require such expertise .
Basic Components of Solar Power
The major components include P.V modules, battery and inverter. The most efficient
way to determine the capacities of these components is to estimate the load to be
supplied. The size of the battery bank required will depend on the storage required,
the maximum discharge rate, and the minimum temperature at which the batteries will
be used [4]. When designing a solar power system, all of these factors are to be taken
into consideration when battery size is to be chosen.Lead-acid batteries are the most
common in P.V systems because their initial cost is lower and also they are readily
available nearly everywhere in the world.Deep cycle batteries are designed to be
repeatedly discharged as much as 80 per cent of their capacity and so they are a good
choice for power systems. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a typical Photovoltaic
System.
Photovoltaic (P.V) Solar Modules
The photovoltaic cell is also referred to as photocell or solar cell. The common
photocell is made of silicon, which is one of the most abundant elements on earth,
being a primary constituent of sand. A Solar Module is made up of several solar cells
designed in weather proof unit. The solar cell is a diode that allows incident light to
be absorbed and consequently converted to electricity. The assembling of several
modules will give rise to arrays of solar panels whose forms are electrically and
physically connected together. To determine the size of PV modules, the required
energy consumption must be estimated. Therefore, the PV module size in Wept is
calculated as Daily energy Consumption Isolation x efficiency Where Isolation is in

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KWh/m2/day and the energy consumption is in watts or kilowatts. Figure 2 is a
schematic diagram of a typical Photovoltaic System.
WORKING OF PV PANEL:
Batteries and Batteries Sizes of the Solar System
As mentioned above, the batteries in use for solar systems are the storage batteries,
otherwise deep cycle motive type. Various storage are available for use in
photovoltaic power system, The batteries are meant to provide backups and when the
radiance are low especially in the night hours and cloudy weather. The battery to be
used:
(a) Must be able to withstand several charge and discharge cycle
(b) Must be low self-discharge rate

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(c) Must be able to operate with the specified limits.
The battery capacities are dependent on several factors which includes age and
temperature. Batteries are rated in Ampere-hour (Ah) and the sizing depends on the
required energy consumption. If the average value of the battery is known, and the
average energy consumption per hour is determined. The battery capacity is
determined by the equations 2a and 2b.
BC = 2*f*W/Vbatt (2a)
Where BC – Battery Capacity
f – Factor for reserve
W – Daily energy
Vbatt – System DC voltage
The Ah rating of the battery is calculated as:
Daily energy Consumption (KW) (2b)
Battery rating in (Amp-hr) at a specified voltage
2.6 Ch.
Proposed Power System.

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PV Array constraints
Ep(t) is the sum of the energy supplied by the PV array to the loads and to the battery
bank, in hour t,
QP,B(t)+{∑i
QP,i
(t)}+QP,R
(t)=EP
(t)
where,
QP,i (t) is the energy supplied by PV array to the
loads
QP,B (t) is the energy supplied by PV array to the
battery bank
QP,R (t) is the energy dumped by PV array
Since energy generated by the system varies with
insolation, therefore the available array energy
Ep(t) at any particular time is given by
where,
Ep(t)=VS(t)
V is the capacity of PV array
S(t) is the insolation index.

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Fig. 1. Solar Insolation In india

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Fig. 2. Annual Mean Daily Global Solar Electric Conversion Potential In
India(MW)

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2.2 WIND ENERGY SYSTEM:
Wind energy is another viable option. The Wind Turbine Generator is designed for
optimal operation at wind speed of 10-14 m/s. The Turbine Generator starts at a cut-in
speed of 3-3.5 m/s and generates power at speeds 4.5 m/s and above. In India, the best
wind speed is available during monsoon from May to September and low wind speed
during November to March. The annual national average wind speed considered is 5-
6 m/s. Wherever average wind speed of 4.5 m/s. and above is available it is also an
attractive option to supplement the energy supply. Wind generators can even be
installed on telecom tower at a height of 15-20 mt. with suitable modification in tower
design, taking into account tower strength.
Wind Power is energy extracted from the wind, passing through a machine known as
the windmill. Electrical energy can be generated from the wind energy. This is done
by using the energy from wind to run a windmill, which in turn drives a generator to
produce electricity. The windmill in this case is usually called a wind turbine. This
turbine transforms the wind energy to mechanical energy, which in a generator is
converted to electrical power. An integration of wind generator, wind turbine, aero
generators is known as a wind energy conversion system (WECS ).
Component of a wind energy
Modern wind energy systems consist of the following components:
A tower on which the wind turbine is mounted;
A rotor that is turned by the wind;
The nacelle which houses the equipment, including the generator that converts the
mechanical energy in the spinning rotor into electricity. The tower supporting the
rotor and generator must be strong. Rotor blades need to be light and strong in order
to be aerodynamically efficient and to withstand prolonged used in high winds.In

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addition to these, the wind speed data, air density, air temperature need to be known
amongst others.
Wind Turbine
A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical
energy. Wind turbines can be separated into two basic types based on the axis about
which the turbine rotates. Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are more
common. Vertical-axis turbines are less frequently used. Wind turbines can also be
classified by the location in which they are used as Onshore, Offshore, and aerial
wind turbines.

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Turbine Components
Wind Turbine Subsystems and Components
Rotor
Drive Train
Yaw System
Main Frame
Tower
Control System

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Rotor: Hub
Hub connects the blades to the main shaft
Usually made of steel
Types
Rigid
Teetered
Hinged
Hub of 2 blade turbine
Fig:structure of ROTOR HUB
Blades

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Fig: structure of blade
Drive Train: Main Shaft
Main Shaft is principal rotating element, transfers torque from the rotor to the rest of
the drive train. Usually supports weight of hub. Made of steel.
Drive Train
Generator
Converts mechanical power to electricity
Couplings
Used to Connect Shafts, e.g. Gearbox High Speed Shaft to Generator Shaft.

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Drive Train: Gearbox
Gearbox increases the speed of generator input shaft
Main components: Case, Gears, Bearings
Types: i) Parallel Shaft, ii) Planetary
Typical Planetary Gearbox (exploded view)
Drive Train: Mechanical Brake
Mechanical Brake used to stop (or park) rotor
Usually redundant with aerodynamic brakes
Types:
Disc
Clutch
Location:
Main Shaft
High Speed Shaft

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Design considerations:
Maximum torque
Length of time required to apply
Energy absorption
Fig:disk brake
Main frame:
The main frame is the plateform to which the other principal components are attached.
Provides for proper alignment among those components. Provides for yaw bearing
and ultimately tower top attachment .usually made of cast or welded steel.
Nacelle Cover
The nacelle cover is the wind turbine housing.Protects turbine components from
weather.Reduces emitted mechanical sound.Often made of fiberglass.

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Fig: structure of Nacelle cover
Tower
Raises turbine into the air
Ensures blade clearance
Types
Free standing lattice (truss)
Cantilevered pipe (tubular tower)
Guyed lattice or pole.

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Fig: structure of tower
Cost of Energy
Cost of energy (COE), $/kWh
COE = (C*FCR+O&M)/E
Depends on:
Installed costs, C
Fixed charge rate, FCR – fraction of installed costs paid each year (including
financing)
O & M (operation & maintenance)
Annual energy production, E.
Typical Costs
Wind
Size range: 500 W- 2,000 kW
Installed system: $900-1500/kW
COE: $0.04 – 0.15/kWh

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Typical Energy Production
Use ‘Capacity Factor’ (CF)
CF = Actual Energy/Maximum Energy
E = CF x Rated Power x 8760 (kWh/yr)
Typical Range:
CF = 0.15 - 0.45
CF ideally > 0.25
Improvements to Economics
Increase efficiency
Some increase possible
Increase production
Use high wind sites, higher towers
Lower total costs
Design improvements, larger turbines
Increase value
RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standard), etc.
Wind Power Modeling
The block diagram in figure 3 shows the conversion process of wind energy to
electrical energy. Various mathematical models have been developed to assist in the
predictions of the output power production of wind turbine generators (WTG), A
statistical function known as Woefully distribution function has been found to be
more appropriate for this purpose. The function is used to determine the wind
distribution in the selected site of the case study and the annual/monthly mean wind
speed of the site. The woefully distribution function has been proposed as a more

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generally accepted model for this purpose. The two-parameter woefully distribution
function is expressed mathematically in equation 3 as.
F(v)=k/c(v/c)k-1 exp[-(v/c)k]……………………………..(3)
It has a cumulative distribution function as expressed in equation 4,and is given as:
M(v)=1-exp[-(v/c)k]……………………………………………..(4)
where v is the wind speed, K is the shape parameter and C, the scale parameter of the
distribution. The parameters K (dimensionless) and C (m/s) therefore characterized
the Wiebull distribution. To determine K and C, the approximations widely accepted
are given in equations 5 and 6 respectively.
K=(sigma/v’)-1.09 ……………………………………..(5)
C=v’*k2.6674/(0.184+0.186k2.73859) ………….(6)
Where sigma = standard deviation of the wind speed for the site (ms-1) .
V´ = mean speed (ms-1).

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Fig. 3. WIND MAP OF INDIA

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2.3 HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM:
2.3.1 Hybrid Wind-Solar System for the rural exchanges can make an ideal alternative
in areas where wind velocity of 5-6 m/s is available. Solar-wind power generations
are clear and non-polluting. Also they complement each other. During the period of
bright sun-light the solar energy is utilized for charging the batteries, creating enough
energy reserve to be drawn during night, while the wind turbine produce most of the
energy during monsoon when solar-power generation is minimum. Thus the hybrid
combination uses the best of both means and can provide quality, stable power supply
for sustainable development in rural areas.
2.3.2 These systems are specifically designed to draw 48 volts DC power output from
the solar cells/ wind turbines and combine them to charge the storage batteries. The
system does require availability of diesel generator, though for much reduced number
of hour’s operation. It is also designed to give priority to solar and wind power so that
operations of generators can be minimized to the extent possible.
Hybrid power systems (HPS) are any autonomous electricity generating systems,
incorporating more than one type of power sources, operated together with associated
supporting equipment (including storage) to provide electric power to the grid or
on site. Hybridization through combining different energy sources in one supply
system offers the best possibility to use the system. Hybrid energy system isincluding
several (two or more) energy sources with appropriate energy conversion technology
connected together to feed power to local load/grid. Figure gives the general pictorial
representation of Hybrid energy system. Since, it is coming under distributed
generation umbrella, there is no unified standard or structure. It receives benefits in
terms of reduced line and transformer losses, reduced environmental

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Renewable sources Installed Capacity Estimated Potential
Wind
Biomass Power/ Cogeneration
Biomass Gratifier
Small Hydro
Waste to Energy
Solar PV
2483 MW
613 MW
58 MW
1603 MW
41 MW
151 MW
45000 MW
19500 MW
—
15000 MW
1700 MW
20 MW/sq.km
Table1:power generation from renewable source
impacts, relived transmission and distribution congestion, increased system reliability,
improved power quality, peak shaving, and increased overall efficiency.
Fig: power generation from hybrid energy system

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Fig. 4. BLOCK DIAGRAM: WIND/SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM
Fig:busbar structure
Major features of Hybrid energy system:
HES allow wide variety of primary energy sources, frequently renewable sources
Generation as the stand alone system for rural electrification where grid extension is
not possible or uneconomic. Design and development of various HES components
Has more flexibility for future extension and growth. Device can be added as the need
Arises and assure the promising operation with existing system. If there is excess

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Generation than demand, it can be feed in to grid which leads new revenue. The
―whole ―is worth more than the ―parts‖. Since many sources are involving in power
generation, its stability, reliability and efficiency will be high. Running cost of
thermal plant and atomic plant is high. Majority of the renewable source based
electricity generation has minimum running cost also abundant in nature .We have
developed a hybrid energy system, which is consisting of consisting of biomass, wind,
solar photovoltaic (SPV) and battery. Figure 2 shows the proposed hybrid energy
system model. The sources are operated to deliver energy at optimum efficiency. An
optimization model is developed to supply the available energy to the loads according
to the priority. It is also proposed to maintain fair level of energy storage to meet
thepeak load demand together with biomass, wind, solar photovoltaic, during low or
no solar radiation periods or during low wind Periods.
Barriers:
Maximum power extraction: When different V-I characteristics voltages are
connected
together, one will be superior to other. In this circumstance, extracting maximum
power is difficult for a constant load. Stochastic Nature of sources: These
Distributed sources are site specific and diluted. So, the design of power converters
and controllers has to design to meet the requirement. Complexities in matching
Voltage and frequency level of both inverted DC sources like PV system, fuel cell, etc
Controlled AC sources like wind, hydro, etc. Because, these sources V-I
characteristics
Depends on atmospheric condition, which is varying time to time. Forecasting of
these
Sources are not accurate.
Coordination: In order to get reliable power, these HES connected to utility grid.
Often
Frequency mismatch arises between both systems. Hence it leads instability of the
Overall system.
Energy Conversion Technology: Sun is the primary sources of all energies. It is
available in many ways like oil, coal, wind, hydel, sunlight. We are generating
electrical
energy from these sources directly or indirectly. So far, there is no unique viable
method is used for conversion and utilization.
Power Quality: Variety of power electronics converters are involved in the power
conditioning of hybrid energy system between sources to load. These power
converters generate many harmonic components to the load which cause various
disturbances to the load/power distribution system.
MODEL DEVELOPMENT
The objective of the proposed optimization model is to optimize the availability of
energy to the loads according to their levels of priority. It is also proposed to maintain
a fair level of energy storage in battery to meet peak load demand (together with
the gasifier, wind and PV array), during low or noradiation periods and wind speed is
very less. Theloads are classified as primary and deferrable loads.It is desired to
minimize, dumped energy, Qdump(t). The dumped energy is the excess energy, or
energy which cannot be utilized by the loads.The objective function is to maximize

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24
∑{∑pl(t)-Qdump(t)}
withIi(t)≥0
where,t is hour of a particular day t = 1,2, …24
i is load type primary and deferrable loads
Qp,i(t)+Qw,i(t)+Qg,i(t)+QB,i(t)=Ii(t).Pi……..(2)
Pi is Demand of load i at time t in KW
Ii (t) is the fraction of time t that the load i is supplied energy
Load constraints
The energy distribution from the energy sources
at period t to each load i is given as Where QP, Qw,
QG, QB are the energy supplied by the PV, Wind,
Gasifier and Battery respectively.
PV Array constraints
Ep(t) is the sum of the energy supplied by the PV array to the loads and to the battery
bank, in hour t,
QP,B(t)+{∑i
QP,i
(t)}+QP,R
(t)=EP
(t)
where,
loads
battery bank
where,
Ep(t)=VS(t)
S(t) is the insolation index.
where,
loads
battery bank
where,
(4)

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S(t) is the insolation index
Wind energy system constraints
EW(t) is the sum of the energy supplied by the wind
energy system to the loads and battery bank at hour
t,
where,
Qw,i(t) is the energy supplied by the wind energy
system
Qw,B(t) is the energy supplied by the wind energy
system to the battery bank
Qw,R(t) is the dumped energy by the wind energy
System.
Battery bank constraints
The battery bank serves as an energy source entity when discharging and a load when
charging. The net energy balance to the battery determines it’s state-of-charge, (SOC)
The state of charge is expressed as follows
Where QB is the capacity of the battery bank The battery has to be protected against
overcharging; therefore, the charge level at (t-1) plus the influx of energy from the
PV, wind and gasifier at period (t-l), (t) should not exceed the capacity of the battery.
Mathematically
It is also necessary to guard the batteryagainst excessive discharge. Therefore the
SOC at any period t should be greater than a specified minimum SOC, SOCmin
Dumped energy
From the above equations the total dumped energy in each hour t as follows
Maximum power point tracking of PV array and wind system are developed in our campus to
harvest maximum energy form the source.

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Peak power point tracking of pv array:
Peak power point tracking of PV array fed induction motor drive is developed in our campus.
This system shown in figure 3 consists of PV array, DC chopper, inverter, microcontroller unit
andsingle-phase capacitor run induction motor drive. PV array is providing electricity to the load
through the power conditioning circuits respectively chopper and inverter. Microcontroller is
incorporated with the proposed system in closed loop operation to generate firing pulses for both
chopper and inverter in order to track peak power point. Dedicated software is developed for the firing
pulse generation in MPLAB platform and tested successfully in PROTEUS software, whichFigure 3
DECEMBER 2009 7 is made especially for microcontroller-based applications. The proposed system is
simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform and the performances are computed. Figure 3 shows the
simulated model of the proposed system. The fabrication work is carried out for the proposed system
and tested successfully in Electrical lab.

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Fig: Available Photovoltaic power
Figure: Response of Drive system during for different solar insulation and
atmospheric temperature
Peak power Point Tracking of Wind Generator:
Wind energy is transformed into mechanical energy by means of a wind turbine that has one or several
blades. The turbine coupled to the generator by means of a mechanical drive train. The speed and
direction of the wind impinging upon a wind turbine is constantly changing. Over any given time
interval, the wind speed will fluctuate about some mean value. The power obtained by the turbine is
a function of wind speed. This function may have a shape such as shown in Figure.

- 37 -
Peak power point tracking of wind generator isdeveloped in our campus. This system
consists of wind generator, DC chopper, microcontroller unit.Wind generator is
providing electricity to the load through the power conditioning circuit (chopper).
Microcontroller is incorporated with the proposed system in closed loop operation to
generate firing pulses for chopper in order to track peak power point.
.
Fig: Hourly wind speed and wind power at the site

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Fig: Hourly solar radiation and solar power at the site
Fig.22 Load Demand for a typical day
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
With the data collected from the site, a detailed economic analysis has been carried
out using micro power optimization software homer. The results are presented in this
section. Fig.7 shows the monthly average contributions of the different sources and
the utility grid. It shows that the variation is not only in the demand but also the
availability of sources. The utility compensates the shortage.

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Fig. Monthly average power from hybrid energy system
Fig. shows the annual contribution of the sources in hybrid energy system and utility
grid. The total energy from the PV system is 307,089kWh. It is about 22 % of the
total energy supplied to the load by the hybrid energy system. It is found that the total
energy from the wind is 398,514kWh. It is about 29 % of the total energy supplied to
the load by the hybrid energy system. The biomass gasifier supplies the remaining
energy, which is 516,750kWh. It is about 37 % of the total energy supplied to the load
by the hybrid energy system. The grid contributes about 12% of the demand.
Fig.9 shows the total monthly purchase and saleof energy with the utility grid. The
total annual energy drawn from the grid is 163,344 kWh and fed into the grid is
90,679 kWh.
Fig.8 Annual Contribution of different sources and grid

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Fig: Monthly feeding and drawing of energy from the utility grid

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CHAPTER 3

- 42 -
METHODOLOGY & IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 METHODOLOGY:
In order to address the shortcomings Of existing instructional techniques For
electrical power systems, a Hybrid wind-turbine and solar cell System has been
implemented at the University of Northern Iowa. The System was designed and
implemented with the following goals: To be completely different from Traditional
electricity labs and toBe fresh and interesting. To be intimately related to real world
Industrial power issues such as power quality. To show a complex, interrelated system
that is closer to the ―real world‖ than the usual simple.

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3.2 IMPLEMENTATION
APPROPRIATE GEOGRAPHICAL REGION:
Solar
In India, the annual average solar radiation of 5 KW h/sq m per day with about 2300-
3200 sunshine hours per year is available in most parts of the country except some
pockets in north-east. As such solar power (SPV) decentralized system can be
considered for the telecommunication network in rural areas in most parts of the
country.
Wind
The southern and western coastal areas are the ideal location for wind generators. For
the telecommunication network in rural areas in states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Gujarat, Maharashtra and parts of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh where the
annual average wind speed of 5-6 m/s is available, installation of hybrid solar-wind
power system can be an attractive option to supplement the energy supply.
MODEL OF SOLAR/WIND HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM
In the controller unit, we implement one mobile charging cable & one digital clock
with temperature measurement features.

- 44 -

- 45 -
CHARGING ELECTRONICS (CONTROLLERS)
The need for Charging Controllers is very important so that overcharging of the
batteries can be prevented and controlled. The controllers to be used required the
following features:
Prevent feedback from the batteries to PV modules. It should have also a connector
for DC loads. It should have a work mode indicator.

- 46 -
CHAPTER 4

- 47 -
RESULTS
Choice of components for Solar Energy Power Supply For 10 Watt Load: The choice
of 10W is a sample case and this can be extended to any required capacity. To achieve
a solar power capacity of 10watts the capacities of Solar panel, Charging Controller,
bank of battery and Inverter are determined. The values cannot be picked abstractly
and hence, their ratings and specification have to be determined through calculations
in other for the system to perform to required specifications.

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OUTPUT
WIND
Current=2A
Voltage=12V
SOLAR
Current=2*1.5A=3A
Power=2*5W=10W
Voltage=12V
HYBRID OUTPUT
Current=4.8A (approx. 5A)
Voltage=12V.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORKS

- 50 -
5.1 CONCLUSIONS:
Obviously, a complete hybrid power system of this nature may be too expensive &
too labour intensive for many industrial technology departments. However, many of
the same benefits could be gleaned from having some subset of the system. For
example, a PV panel, batteries & an inverter, or just a PV panel & a DC motor. The
enhancement to instruction, especially in making electrical power management. More
physical intuitive & real world are substantial & the costs & labour involved in some
adaptation of the ideas in in this paper to a smaller scale setup are reasonable.The use
of Solar & Wind hybrid power generation is an especially vivid & relevant choice for
students of electrical technology as these are power source of technological, political
& economic importance in a country.
5.2 FUTURE WORK:
A computer measurement and control bus will be added to the system. Computer
controlled relays will be added to allow all the major elements of the system to be
switched in and out of the system through computer programs. The measurement bus
will be connected to all the major signals in the system and will allow for

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computerizes data acquisition simultaneously of all the major signals in the system.
These improvements will allow for the study of more complex issues like power
faults caused by sudden over voltages like lightning. These improvements will also
allow the same benefits to instruction realized in electricity and electronics classes to
be extended to control and instrumentation classes.
REFERENCES
[1] N. Kodama, T. Matzuzaka, and N. Inomita, ―Power Variation Control of a Wind
Turbine Using Probabilistic Optimal Control, Including Feed-forward Control for
Wind Speed,‖ Wind Eng., Vol. 24, No. 1, 13 – 23, Jan 2000.

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[2] L. L. Freris, Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall, 182 – 184, 1990.
[3] E. Koutroulis and K. Klaitzakis, ― Design of a Maximum Power Tracking System
for Wind-Energy-Conversion Applications,‖ IEEE Trans. on Indust. Elect., Vol. 53,
No. 2, 2006, 486 – 494, April.
[4] E. Muljadi and C. P. Butterfield, ―Pitch-controlled Variable- speed Wind Turbine
Generation,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 37, No. 1, 2001, 240 – 246.
[5] W. Lin, H. Matsuo, and Y. Ishizuka, ―Performance Characteristics of Buck-Boost
Type Two-input DC-DC Converter With an Active Voltage Clamp,‖ IEICE Tech.
Rep., Vol. 102, No. 567, 2003, 7 – 13.
[6] J. A. Baroudi, V. D. Dinavahi, and A. M. Knight, “A review of Power Converter
Topologies for Wind Generators,” Renewable Energy 32, Science Direct, January,
2007, 229 – 2385.
[7] Z. Chen and E. Spooner, ―Current Source Thyristor Inverter and its Active
Compensation System,‖ Proceedings of IEE Generation, Transmission, and
Distribution, Vol. 150 , 2003, 447 – 454.
[8] K. Tan and S. Islam, ―Optimum Control Strategies in Energy Conversion of
PSMG Wind Turbine System Without Mechanical Sensors,‖ IEEE Trans Energy
Convers, Vol. 10, 2004, 392 – 399.
[9] Z. Chen and E. Spooner, ―Grid Power Quality with Variable Speed Wind
Turbines,‖ IEEE Trans Energy Convers, Vol. 16, 2001, 148 – 154.
[10] Z. Chen and E. Spooner, ―Wind Turbine Power Converters: A comparative
Study,‖ Proceedings of IEE Seventh International Conference on Power Electronics
and Variable Speed Drives, 1998, 471 – 476

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