IoT in Smart Cities Development with Data Privacy

REVIEW OF INTERNET OF THINGS IN DEVELOPEMENT OF SMART
CITIES WITH DATA MANAGEMENT & PRIVACY
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, EWIT Page 1
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
The field of the Internet of Things is based on the standard supporting of the Internet protocol to all
limits of the Internet and on the fact that at the edge of the network, many small devices are still
unable to support IP protocol stacks. This means that solutions based on minimum Internet of Things
devices are measured as an additional Internet of Things archetype without IP to all access
boundaries, due to their significance for the development. The Internet of Things will generate a self-
motivated network of Billions or Trillions of wireless identifiable “things” communicating with one
another and integrating the developments from concepts like persistent Computing, Omnipresent
Computing and Ambient Intelligence. Internet of Things hosts the visualization of ubiquitous
computing and ambient intelligence enhancing them by requiring a full communication and a
complete computing potential among things and integrating the elements of continuous hand-
shaking, recognition and interaction .The Internet of Things priming the digital world and the
physical world by bringing different innovations and technical components together trimness of
devices, portable communication, and new models for business management .The Internet of Things
permit people and goods to be connected Anytime, Anywhere, with anything and anyone ,ideally
using any media and any service. Result implies addressing elements such as Union, Content,
Anthology, Computing, Communication, and Connectivity in the context where there is faultless
interconnection between people and things as well as between things so the P and R elements are
present and addressed. In this context the new concept of Internet of Energy requires web based
architectures to willingly guarantee information liberation on demand and to change the conventional
power system into a networked Smart web that is largely automated, by applying superior
intelligence to operate, make obligatory policies, monitor and self-heal when necessary. This
requires the amalgamation and interfacing of the power grid to the network of data represented by
the Internet, implementation energy generation, diffusion, liberation, substations, distribution be in
command of, metering and billing, diagnostics, and information systems to work impeccably and
consistently. By 2020 we will see the development of Mega city corridors networked, integrated and
branded cities with more than 60 percent of the world population expected to live in urban cities by
2025. Rapid development of city borders, obsessed by increase in population and infrastructure
development, would power city borders to expand outward and overwhelm the surrounding daughter
cities to form extra-large cities, each with a population of more than 10 million .

This will direct to the progression of smart cities with eight smart features, including Smart
Economic growth, Smart Building planning, Smart Mobility (ability to move freely), Smart Energy,
Smart Information Communication Technology, elegant Planning, Smart Citizen and Smart
domination. The objective of this paper is to elaborate the framework needed for the smart cities in
reference with the different perspectives.
Fig 1. Internet of Things

1.2 Features of Smart Cities
Smart Parking : Parking spaces monitoring available in the city.
Structural health : Monitoring of fabric conditions as well as Sensation in building bridges and
chronological monuments
.
Noise Urban Maps : Bar areas Sound monitoring and centric zones in authentic time.
Traffic overcrowding : Controlling of vehicles to apply optimize driving.
Smart Illumination : Intellectual and climate adaptive lighting in street lights
Squander Management : Recognition of refuse levels in containers to optimize the garbage
collection routes.
Intelligent Transportation Systems: Elegant Roads and intellectual Highways with warn
messages and diversions according to climate conditions and unanticipated events like accidents or
traffic jams
.
A. Energy Smart Smart Grid Grid, Smart Metering, Smart Grid
Tank level: Water Monitoring, Analysis of oil and gas levels in storage tanks
.
Water Flow: Water pressure management of water transportation systems .
B. Environment
Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of anticipatory fire conditions to describe alert zones as well
as combustion gases.
Air Pollution: Pollution created by cars, management of CO2 emissions of factories, and
poisonous gases generated in farms.

Earthquake and flood Prevention: Monitoring of vibrations and earth density for detectioning
dangerous patterns in land conditions, soil humidity.
Underground eruption Detection: Disseminated control over specific places of tremors (an
involuntary vibration
C.Industrial Control
M2M Applications: Control over, not only material goods but also resources and identifying the
nature or cause of some Machine phenomenon.
Indoor Air Quality: For the benefit of the workers and commodities safety, monitoring of
harmful gases and maintaining oxygen levels inside chemical plants ensures the efficiency of indoor
air quality
Temperature Analysis: Temperature observation (act of controlling) of inside industrial and
medical fridges with sensitive commodities.
Ozone Presence: During the drying meat process in food factories, ozone levels are analysed .

1.3 Smart Energy and Smart grid
This is an important to increasing public attentiveness about the changing standard of our policy in
energy supply, utilization and infrastructure (transportation). Our future energy supply should no
longer be based either on fossil resources or nuclear energy as future proof option. Future energy
supply needs to be based mainly on various renewable resources. Increasingly focus future energy
grids are characterized by a large number of disseminated small as well as medium sized energy
sources and power plants which may be combined virtually ad hoc to virtual power plants. In the
case of energy outages certain areas may be isolated from the web and supplied from within by
internal energy sources such as photo-voltaic on the roofs, block heat and energy storages of a
residential area. The development of smart grid is predictable to implement a new concept of
transmission network which is able to proficiently route the energy which is produced from both
intense and distributed plants to the destination with high protection and quality of supply principles.
Smart grid is likely to be the accomplishment of a kind of “Internet” in which the energy packet is
managed in the same way to the data packet, diagonally routers and gateways which separately can
decide the best pathway for the packet transmission, so that it reach to its destination . The concept
“Internet of Energy” is defined as a network transportation based on standard and interoperable
communication transceivers, protocols and getaway that will agree to a real time balance between
the confined and the universal invention, storage capacity with the energy demand. This will also
allow a high level of consumer awareness and involvement

1.4 Smart buildings smart home and infrastructure
The increase of Wi-Fi’s role in home computerization has primarily come about due to the
networked nature of deployed electronics where electronic devices (TVs and AV receivers,mobile
devices, etc.) becoming part of the
Fig 2. Smart home concept
IoT applications using sensors to gather information about operating environment combined with
cloud hosted analytics software that examine disparate data points will help skillmanagersbecome
more proactive . In the environment of the future Internet of Things, Intelligent Building
Management Systems can be consider as part of a much superior information system. This system is
used by service providers in buildings to administrate energy use and energy procurement as well as
for maintenance purpose. Infrastructure of the existing Intranets taken into consideration and
therefore utilizes the same standards as other Internet Things devices. Reductions in the expenditure
and reliability of WSNs are changing building automation, by Appling energy maintenance effective,
strong productive work spaces in buildings increasingly cost effectual. Within this field of research
the development of the potential of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to facilitate intelligent energy
management in buildings, which increases occupant comfort while reducing energy demand which is
highly relevant. Economic, social and environmental gains from the introduction of such intelligent
energy management in buildings some other positive effects will be achieved . Intelligent Building
Management Systems can be considered as a part of a large volume of information system.Service

managers use this system in buildings to deal with energy utilization to maintain buildings systems.
It is depend on the infrastructure of the existing Intranet and therefore utilizes the same standards
similar to other IT devices. Cost and reliability of WSNs are changing building computerization, by
making the maintenance of power, efficient, productive work spaces in buildings increasingly cost
effective
1.5 Smart Health
The market for health monitoring devices is currently characterized by application-specific solutions
that are reciprocally non-interoperable and are made up of miscellaneous architectures. Individual
products are designed to rate targets, the long-term goal of achieving lower technology costs across
current and future sectors and it will be very challenging unless a more coherent approach is used.
The links between the many applications in health monitoring are:
• Assembling of data from sensors
• Support of user interfaces and displays
Fig.3 Communication platform in smart health
Electronic health services and telecommunication industry these are future market potential for
internet of things. Telecommunications can promote the progression (evaluation) of ecosystems in
different application are Communication

technologies, Convergence of bio parameter sensing and engineering is turning health care into a
new type of information industry. Investigation progress beyond state of the art for Internet of Things
applications of healthcare is as follows:
• Standardization of interface for an open platform to create a wide and open market for bio-
chemical innovators .
• Providing a High degree of automation for taking and processing information
• Real-time data processing over networks to be available to clinicians (psychology) or
practitioner everywhere on the web with suitable software and privileges for data travelling
over trusted web
• Recycle between low-cost smooth developement between “home healths” devices and higher
cost “professional” devices.
1.6 Data management , security & Privacy
Data management is a important attribute in the Internet of Things. When considering a world of
objects organized and constant exchange of information, the size of the generated data and the
processes required to handle that data become significant.
Many methodologies and factors involved in the “data management” within the IoT environment.
Some of the most important concepts which enable us to recognize the challenges and opportunities
of data management are:
• Data Collection and Analysis
• Big Data
• Semantic Sensor Networking
• Virtual Sensors

• Complex Event Processing.
A. Security for Internet of Things
Internet of Things becomes a key component of the Future Internet and a significant
national/international infrastructure, the need to provide enough security for the IoT infrastructure
becomes even more important . Large-scale applications and services based on the IoT are
increasingly defenseless to interference from attack or information theft. Advances are playing an
important role in several areas to make the IoT secure from those with malicious objective.
• DoS/DDOS attacks are well understood for the current web, but the Internet of Things is also
vulnerable to such attacks and will involve particular techniques and mechanisms to guarantee that
transport, energy, city infrastructures cannot be disabled or subverted.
• Common attack detection and recovery/flexibility to manage with IoT specific threats, such as
compromised nodes, malicious code hacking attacks .
• Cyber condition awareness tools/techniques will need to be developed to enable IoT-based
infrastructures to be monitored. Advances are required to enable operators to adjust the safeguard of
the IoT during the lifecycle of the system and assist operators to take the most proper protective
action during attacks.
• The IoT requires a variety of access control and related schemes to support the various
authorization and procedure models that are required by users. The heterogeneity and diversity of the
devices/gateways that require access control will require new lightweight schemes to be developed.
• The IoT needs to handle practically all modes of operation by itself without relying on human
control. New techniques and approaches like machine learning, is required to lead to a self-managed
IoT.
B. Privacy for Internet of Things
As much of the information in an IoT system may be personal data, there is a prerequisite to support
uncertainty and preventive handling of private information

. • Cryptographic techniques that enable protected data to be stored processed and shared, without the
data content being available to other parties [14]. Potential candidates like technologies and
searchable encryption used for developing such approaches.
• Techniques used to maintain privacy by design concepts, including data minimization,
identification, authentication and ambiguity.
• Fine-grain and self-configuring access control mechanism emulating the real world. There are a
number of privacy implications arising from the ubiquity and frequency of IoT
Research scope areas are:
• Preserving location isolation, where location can be inferred from things associated with people.
• Prevention of personal information assumption, those individuals would wish to keep private,
through the observation of IoT-related exchanges.
• Maintaining information as limited as possible using decentralized computing process and key
management.
• Use of flexible identities or the real identity of the user can be used to generate various soft
identities for specific applications.
1.7 Proposed work
Every day the volume of the databases used in today’s organization has been increasing at
exponential rates. At the same time the need to process and evaluate the huge amount of data for
business purpose has also increased . Also increasing number of organizations is facing the problem
of sudden increase and the size of the databases used in today’S technical world has been growing at
exponential rates .

Fig.4 Architecture to sustain data management & privacy
Big Data is a concept defining data that has three main distinctiveness. First, great volume of data.
Second, the data cannot be arranged beforehand into usual database tables and third, the data is
created with large velocity and must be captured and rapidly processed. Data minimization has great
concern over the extensive collection and processing of personal data in federal, stand-alone,
legislative computer databases . The idea was to limit the collection and storage of private data in
order to prevent powerful organizations from building huge dossiers of innocent people which could
be used for purposes such as development, management, profiling and inequity . Meaning is,
minimizing data set and storage times, would help protect the individual against privacy intrusions
by the State or other puissant organizations Data mining can support decisions in many areas such as
retail, developing, telecommunications, health-care, assurance of and shipping. It is used to
determine new purchasing trends, identify illegal expenditures, detect card frauds, etc.

Fig. 5 Data is distributed across nodes at load time
Data processing can include various operations based on usage like culling (Remove something that
has been rejected), classification, highlighting, indexing, searching etc operations. It is impossible for
few machines to store or process this large quantity of data in a fixed time period. We are using Map
Reduce programming to process large data sets . Map Reduce is a programming representation for
processing and generating huge data sets. Users identify a map function that processes a input/value
pair to produce a set of intermediate output/value pairs and a reduce function that merges all
intermediate values related with the same intermediate input/output values .

Fig. 6: Distributed Map and Reduce processes
B. Authentication, authorization, and accounting:
Client: The client is the user who needs to access the network. Inline Security Getaway
(Authenticator): Responsible for conveying the terms of a client's access. This agreement to varies
the capabilities of the Authenticator.
Database Server: It is storage of information that will help to make the access judgment. It validates
the user’s credentials from the database of user/device data.
AAA Server: It collects the client request from the Inline Security Getaway . It is the final decision
maker, who has make decision about the finalizes network access for the client.
Accounting System: It tracks the network access which is given to user. This system is controlled
access which can find particular user to gather information about network access within a allocated
time period. AAA architecture is playing important role in today’s network technologies.
Technologies such as Network Access Control (NAC) expand AAA even into commercial Ethernet
access . Wireless hotspots need AAA for protection, partitioned networks require AAA to implement
cleavage, and AAA is used by remote access of every kind to authorize remote users

Fig. 7 Client connects to a AAA-protected network
C. Job throughput speedup verses map stage performance speedup

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concept of smart city
A smart city is an urban development vision to integrate multiple information and communication
technology (ICT) solutions in a secure fashion to manage a city’s assets – the city’s assets include,
but not limited to, local departments information systems, schools, hospitals, power plants, law
enforcement, and other community services. The goal of building a smart city is to improve quality
of life by using technology to improve the efficiency of services and meet residents’ needs. ICT
allows city officials to interact directly with the community and the city infrastructure and to tell
what is happening in the city, how the city is evolving, and how to enable a better quality of life.
Through the use of real time systems and sensors, data are collected from citizens and objects - then
processed in real-time. The information and knowledge gathered are keys to tackling In efficiency.
Fig.8 Smart City by Sam Musa
ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services to reduce
cost and resource consumptions and to improve contact between citizens and government. Smart city
applications are developed with the goal of improving the management of urban flows and allowing

for real time responses to challenges. A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to
challenges than one with a simple 'transactional' relationship with its citizens. Yet, the term itself
remains unclear to its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations and subject
Other terms that have been used for similar concepts include cyber village, digital city, electronic
communities, information city, intelligent city, knowledge-based city, MESH city, Ubiquitous
city, wired city
Sectors that have been developing smart city technology include government services, transport
and traffic management, energy, health care, water, innovative urban agriculture and waste
management.
Major technological, economic and environmental changes have generated interest in smart cities,
including climate change ,economic restructuring , the move to online retails and , ageing
populations, and pressures on public finances. The European Union (EU) has devoted constant
efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart' urban growth for its metro city-regions. The EU
has developed a range of programmes under ‘Europe’s Digital Agenda ".In 2010, it highlighted its
focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving
public services and quality of life . ARUP estimates that the global market for smart urban services
will be $400 billion per annum by 2020. Examples of Smart City technologies and programs have
been implemented in Stockholm, Barcelona
2.2 Data Management
The official definition provided by DAMA International, the professional organization for those in
the data management profession, is: "Data Resource Management is the development and execution
of architectures, policies, practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs
of an enterprise." This definition is fairly broad and encompasses a number of professions which
may not have direct technical contact with lower-level aspects of data management, such
as relational data base management
Corporate Data Quality Management (CDQM) is, according to the Europian foundation for quality
management and the Competence Center Corporate Data Quality (CC CDQ, University of St.
Gallen), the whole set of activities intended to improve corporate data quality (both reactive and

preventive). Main premise of CDQM is the business relevance of high-quality corporate data.
CDQM comprises with following activity areas:
∑ Strategy for Corporate Data Quality: As CDQM is affected by various business drivers and
requires involvement of multiple divisions in an organization; it must be considered a company-
wide endeavor.
∑ Corporate Data Quality Controlling: Effective CDQM requires compliance with standards,
policies, and procedures. Compliance is monitored according to previously defined metrics and
performance indicators and reported to stakeholders.
∑ Corporate Data Quality Organization: CDQM requires clear roles and responsibilities for the
use of corporate data. The CDQM organization defines tasks and privileges for decision making
for CDQM.
∑ Corporate Data Quality Processes and Methods: In order to handle corporate data properly
and in a standardized way across the entire organization and to ensure corporate data quality,
standard procedures and guidelines must be embedded in company’s daily processes.
∑ Data Architecture for Corporate Data Quality: The data architecture consists of the data
object model - which comprises the unambiguous definition and the conceptual model of
corporate data - and the data storage and distribution architecture.
∑ Applications for Corporate Data Quality: Software applications support the activities of
Corporate Data Quality Management. Their use must be planned, monitored, managed and
continuously improved.
2.3 Privacy
Information privacy, or data privacy (or data protection), is the relationship between collection
and dissemination of data quality , the public expectation of privacy, and the legal and political
issues surrounding them.
Privacy concerns exist wherever personal information or other sensitive information is collected,
stored, used, and finally destroyed or deleted – in digital form or otherwise. Improper or non-existent
disclosure control can be the root cause for privacy issues. Data privacy issues can arise in response
to information from a wide range of sources, such as:
∑ Healthcare records

∑ Criminal justice investigations and proceedings
∑ Financial institutions and transactions
∑ Biological traits, such as genetic materials
∑ Residential and geographic records
∑ Ethnicity
∑ Web surfing or user preferences using persistent cookieS
2.4 Challenges in privacy
The challenge of data privacy is to utilize data while protecting individual's privacy preferences
and their personally identifiable information. The fields of data management and enforcements
design and utilize software, hardware and human resources to address this issue. As the laws and
regulations related to Privacy and Data Protection are constantly changing, it is important to keep
abreast of any changes in the law and continually reassess compliance with data privacy and
security regulations.
2.5 Research of Columbia University
Data Management
Research sponsors, scholarly journals, and the general public are demanding greater access to
research data, especially if the data has been collected with public funds. This new focus on data
accessibility means that effective data management-which has always been a crucial aspect of the
research process-has new urgency for researchers and research institutions .Careful planning for data
management can help researchers fulfill the requirements of their sponsors, and increase the
accessibility, usability, and impact of their work.
Resources are available to assist researchers in fulfilling data management and sharing requirements.
The University Libraries' Scholarly Communications Program website has pages on Data
Management and Open Access. The site contains valuable information on policies and resources for
researchers, including the data management and sharing requirements of federal agencies, an
overview slide presentation on Data Management and Sharing, FAQs and links to outside resources,
including the NSF and NIH requirements.

Data Security
Some research data are highly sensitive, such as Protected Health Information (PHI) including
names or addresses associated with clinical information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
such as Social Security numbers, credit card numbers, or personal financial data. The release of such
data can lead to harm such as privacy violations, identify theft, financial liability for the University,
and in some cases, individual liability for the person who released the data.
All researchers should be aware that sensitive information is highly regulated by federal laws, such
as HIPAA and HITECH, and by University policy, such as the Electronic Information Resources
Security Policy. As the Policy states: "Individuals who access or control University electronic
information resources must take appropriate and necessary measures to ensure the security, integrity,
and protection of these resources, using appropriate physical and logical security
Breaches and even suspected breaches must be reported to the Information Technology Security and
Policy Office and to the local system administrator. At CUMC, breaches must be reported to the
CUMC Privacy and Information Security Officers at hipaa@columbia.edu. Anyone with questions
concerning Protected Health Information privacy or security requirements and HIPAA policies
should visit the CUMC HIPAA webpage.
2.6 Research of Cisco
Smarter Cities Are Built On The Internet of Things By all accounts, the Internet of Things
represents a huge opportunity for cost savings and new revenue generation across a broad range of
industries. Lopez Research provided a primer on Internet of things and described how Internet of
things impacts the manufacturing industry in the first two briefs in the Internet of things series. This
brief will highlight several examples of how Internet of things is being used to create smarter cites.
In its most basic definition, the Internet of Things describes a system where items in the physical
world, and sensors within or attached to these items, are connected to the Internet via wireless and
wired network connections. The Internet of Things will connect inanimate objects as well as living
things. Internet of things will connect everything from industrial equipment to everyday objects that

range from medical devices to automobiles to utility meters. Cisco offers a slightly broader definition
that it calls the “Internet of Everything” , which brings together people, process, data, and things to
make networked connections more relevant and valuable than ever before by turning information
into action. Cities globally have the potential to claim $1.9 Trillion in value from Internet of
everything over the next decade, according to Cisco’s study. General Electric defines a subset of this
as the “Industrial Internet”, which focuses on combining industrial equipment with intelligent
decision systems. GE and the World Bank predict that roughly 46 percent of the global economy or
$32.3 trillion in global output can benefit from the Industrial Internet. Meanwhile, IBM has defined
sensor-enable devices and their associated systems as “Smarter Planet”. Regardless of what we call
it, it’s clear that these new connected devices will provide new data sources, new challenges in
collecting and analyzing this data and new opportunities to improve products and services. Smarter
cities are based on smarter infrastructure. There are many ways that Internet of Thing can help
governments build smarter cities. One method is through optimizing services related to
transportation, such as traffic management, parking, and transit systems.
2.7 Case Studies of Smart Cities
Amsterdam
Street lamps in Amsterdam have been upgraded to allow municipal councils to dim the lights based
on pedestrian usage
The AMSTERDAM Smart City initiative which began in 2009 currently includes 79 projects
collaboratively developed by local residents, government and businesses These projects run on an
interconnected platform through Wireless devices to enhance the city’s real time decision making
abilities. The City of Amsterdam (City) claims the purpose of the projects is to reduce traffic, save
energy and improve public safety. To promote efforts from local residents, the City runs the
Amsterdam Smart City Challenge annually, accepting proposals for applications and developments

that fit within the City’s framework. An example of a resident developed app is Moby park, which
allows owners of parking spaces to rent them out to people for a fee. The data generated from this
app can then be used by the City to determine Parking demand and traffic flows in Amsterdam. A
number of homes have also been provided with smart energy meters, with incentives provided to
those that actively reduce energy consumption. Other initiatives include flexible street lighting which
allows municipalities to control the brightness of street lights, and smart traffic management .
where
traffic is monitored in real time by the City and information about current travel time on certain
roads is broadcast to allow motorists to determine the best routes to take.
Barcelona
A new bus network was implemented in Barcelona due to smart city data analytics.
Barcelona has established a number of projects that can be considered ‘smart city’ applications
within its "City OS" strategy. For example, sensor technology has been implemented in the irrigation
system in where real time data is transmitted to gardening crews about the level of water required for
the plants. Barcelona has also designed a new bus network based on data analysis of the most
common traffic flows in Barcelona, utilising primarily vertical, horizontal and diagonal routes with a
number of interchanges. Integration of multiple smart city technologies can be seen through the
implementation of smart traffic lights as buses run on routes designed to optimise the number of
green lights. In addition, where an emergency is reported in Barcelona, the approximate route of the
emergency vehicle is entered into the traffic light system, setting all the lights to green as the vehicle
approaches through a mix of GPS and traffic management software, allowing emergency services to
reach the incident without delay. Much of this data is being developed into practical solutions in the
22@Barcelona District, and has been enhanced by an open source data pooling middleware
called sentillo.

CHAPTER-3
CONCLUSION
Smart cities are the emerging and the challenging concept for the technology to bring it in
reality. In this paper , we analyze the concepts that can be turn into the reality, if issues and the
architecture that we discussed earlier are use properly and according to the requirement. This paper
describes the review of the concepts that can be helpful in building the smart cities with the help of
the internet of things (IoT). We proposed the architecture for data management and security. Map-
Reduce technique can be effective for data management. AAA Architecture also can be helpful for
privacy purpose of user data. We proposed the way by which Internet of Things having data
management capability and privacy can be apply more effectively for building smart cities.

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