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Electronic devices-and-circuit-theory-10th-ed-boylestad-chapter-1
1.
Chapter 1: Semiconductor
Diodes
2.
Diodes The diode
is a 2-terminal device. A diode ideally conducts in only one direction. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 2
3.
Diode Characteristics Conduction
Region Non-Conduction Region Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. • The voltage across the diode is 0 V • The current is infinite • The forward resistance is defined as RF = VF / IF • The diode acts like a short Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky • All of the voltage is across the diode • The current is 0 A • The reverse resistance is defined as RR = VR / IR • The diode acts like open 3
4.
Semiconductor Materials Materials
commonly used in the development of semiconductor devices: • Silicon (Si) • Germanium (Ge) • Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 4
5.
Doping The electrical
characteristics of silicon and germanium are improved by adding materials in a process called doping. There are just two types of doped semiconductor materials: n-type p-type • n-type materials contain an excess of conduction band electrons. • p-type materials contain an excess of valence band holes. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 5
6.
p-n Junctions One
end of a silicon or germanium crystal can be doped as a p-type material and the other end as an n-type material. The result is a p-n junction. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 6
7.
p-n Junctions At
the p-n junction, the excess conduction-band electrons on the n-type side are attracted to the valence-band holes on the p-type side. The electrons in the n-type material migrate across the junction to the p-type material Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. (electron flow). The electron migration results in a negative charge on the p-type side of the junction and a positive charge on the n-type side of the junction. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky The result is the formation of a depletion region around the junction. 7
8.
Diode Operating Conditions
A diode has three operating conditions: • No bias • Forward bias • Reverse bias Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 8
9.
Diode Operating Conditions
No Bias • No external voltage is applied: VD = 0 V • No current is flowing: ID = 0 A • Only a modest depletion region exists Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 9
10.
Diode Operating Conditions
Reverse Bias External voltage is applied across the p-n junction in the opposite polarity of the p- and n-type materials. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky • The reverse voltage causes the depletion region to widen. • The electrons in the n-type material are attracted toward the positive terminal of the voltage source. • The holes in the p-type material are attracted toward the negative terminal of the voltage source. 10
11.
Diode Operating Conditions
Forward Bias External voltage is applied across the p-n junction in the same polarity as the p- and n-type materials. • The forward voltage causes the Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky depletion region to narrow. • The electrons and holes are pushed toward the p-n junction. • The electrons and holes have sufficient energy to cross the p-n junction. 11
12.
Actual Diode Characteristics
Note the regions for no bias, reverse bias, and forward bias conditions. Carefully note the scale Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. for each of these conditions. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 12
13.
Majority an and
Minority Carriers Two currents through a diode: Majority Carriers • The majority carriers in n-type materials are electrons. • The majority carriers in p-type materials are holes. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Minority Carriers • The minority carriers in n-type materials are holes. • The minority carriers in p-type materials are electrons. 13
14.
Zener Region The
Zener region is in the diode’s reverse-bias region. At some point the reverse bias voltage is so large the diode breaks down and the reverse current increases dramatically. • The maximum reverse voltage that won’t Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. take a diode into the zener region is called the peak inverse voltage or peak reverse voltage. • The voltage that causes a diode to enter the zener region of operation is called the zener voltage (VZ). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 14
15.
Forward Bias Voltage
The point at which the diode changes from no-bias condition to forward-bias condition occurs when the electrons and holes are given sufficient energy to cross the p-n junction. This energy comes from the external voltage applied across the diode. The forward bias voltage required for a: Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. • gallium arsenide diode ≅ 1.2 V • silicon diode ≅ 0.7 V • germanium diode ≅ 0.3 V Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 15
16.
Temperature Effects As
temperature increases it adds energy to the diode. • It reduces the required forward bias voltage for forward-bias conduction. • It increases the amount of reverse current in the reverse-bias condition. • It increases maximum reverse bias avalanche voltage. Germanium diodes are more sensitive to temperature variations than silicon or gallium arsenide diodes. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 16
17.
Resistance Levels Semiconductors
react differently to DC and AC currents. There are three types of resistance: • DC (static) resistance • AC (dynamic) resistance Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. • Average AC resistance Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 17
18.
DC (Static) Resistance
For a specific applied DC voltage VD, the diode has a specific current ID, and a specific resistance RD. D D V R = Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. D I Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 18
19.
AC (Dynamic) Resistance
26 mV r′ = + d r B D I In the forward bias region: • The resistance depends on the amount of current (ID) in the diode. • The voltage across the diode is fairly constant (26 mV for 25°C). • r ranges from a typical 0.1 for high power devices to 2 for low rB power, general purpose diodes. In some cases rB can be ignored. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky rd′ = ∞ In the reverse bias region: The resistance is effectively infinite. The diode acts like an open. 19
20.
Average AC Resistance
pt. to pt. d V d r = av I AC resistance can be calculated using the current Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. and voltage values for two points on the diode characteristic curve. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 20
21.
Diode Equivalent Circuit
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 21
22.
Diode Capacitance In
reverse bias, the depletion layer is very large. The diode’s strong positive and negative polarities create capacitance, CT. The amount of capacitance depends on the reverse voltage applied. In forward bias storage capacitance or diffusion capacitance (CD) exists as the diode voltage increases. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 22
23.
Reverse Recovery Time
(trr) Reverse recovery time is the time required for a diode to stop conducting once it is switched from forward bias to reverse bias. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 23
24.
Diode Specification Sheets
Data about a diode is presented uniformly for many different diodes. This makes cross-matching of diodes for replacement or design easier. 1. Forward Voltage (VF) at a specified current and temperature 2. Maximum forward current (IF) at a specified temperature 3. Reverse saturation current (IR) at a specified voltage and temperature 4. Reverse voltage rating, PIV or PRV or V(BR), at a specified 5. Maximum power dissipation at a specified temperature 6. Capacitance levels 7. Reverse recovery time, trr 8. Operating temperature range Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. temperature Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 24
25.
Diode Symbol and
Packaging Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. The anode is abbreviated A The cathode is abbreviated K Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 25
26.
Diode Testing Diode
checker Ohmmeter Curve tracer Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 26
27.
Diode Checker Many
digital multimeters have a diode checking function. The diode should be tested out of circuit. A normal diode exhibits its forward voltage: • Gallium arsenide ≅ 1.2 V Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. • Silicon diode ≅ 0.7 V • Germanium diode ≅ 0.3 V Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 27
28.
Ohmmeter An ohmmeter
set on a low Ohms scale can be used to test a diode. The diode should be tested out of circuit. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 28
29.
Curve Tracer A
curve tracer displays the characteristic curve of a diode in the test circuit. This curve can be compared to the specifications of the diode from a data sheet. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 29
30.
Other Types of
Diodes Zener diode Light-emitting diode Diode arrays Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 30
31.
Zener Diode A
Zener is a diode operated in reverse bias at the Zener voltage (VZ). Common Zener voltages are between 1.8 V and 200 V Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 31
32.
Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
An LED emits photons when it is forward biased. These can be in the infrared or visible spectrum. The forward bias voltage is usually in the range of 2 V to 3 V. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 32
33.
Multiple diodes can
be packaged together in an integrated circuit (IC). Diode Arrays Common Anode Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Common Cathode A variety of combinations exist. 33
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