The document discusses hardware and software approaches to parallelism. Hardware parallelism utilizes multicore chips with more than one processor, GPUs with more than 10 processors, and cluster computing across networked systems. Software parallelism employs job scheduling to split a single process across threads, hyper-threading to make a single physical processor appear as two, and simultaneous multi-threading combining hyper-threading with multiple threads running simultaneously. The document also mentions software tools like Pthreads, OpenMP, and OpenCL that enable software parallelism.