basic of cancer

1. Cancer Intro & Pathogenesis
By – Shivani Shukla

3. What is CANCER?
• Cancer is group of diseases characterized by
– Abnormal growth of cells
– Ability to invade tissue and even distant organs
– The situation of each cancer patient is unique, which is why the
symptoms can differ greatly.
• The molecular mechanisms of tumor
metastasis remain largely unknown
and undefined.

4. Origin of cancer
• Cells grow and divide in a controlled way to produce more
cells
• The genetic material (DNA) of a cell can become damage or
changed, producing mutation that affect normal cell
growth and division.
• Extra cell thus formed may form a mass of tissue called a
Tumor.

5. Tumors?
• Benign tumors are not a cancer: these tumors are generally
slow growing expansive masses often with a pushing
margin and enclosed within a fibrous capsule.
• Malignant tumors are cancer: these tumors are generally
rapidly growing, invading the local tissue and spreading the
distant sites.

6. Carcinogenesis
• Carcinogenesis: A Process by which normal cells gets transformed into cancer cells.
• Hyperplasia: Abnormal proliferation of normal cells within a tissue and may result
in the enlargement of an organ or formation of a benign tumor.
• Dysplasia: Condition characterized by an abnormal expansion of immature cells
within a tissue, suggestive of an early neoplastic process.
• Neoplasia: Abnormal, uncoordinated proliferation of cells, usually causes a lump or
tumor. Neoplasms may be benign, pre-malignant or malignant.

7. Cancer statement
• World wide cancer related death is 20%.
• Most common cancer in Developed countries
– Lung cancer
– Breast cancer
– Prostate cancer
– Colorectal cancer
• Most common cancer in Developing countries
– Liver cancer
– Cervical cancer
– Oesophageal cancer

8. Signs of cancer
• Alteration in eating habit
• Loss of appetite
• Change in Bowel of habit
• Presence of a lump at any site
• Appearance of bleeding
• Unexplained recurrent pain
• Recurrent fever
• Unexplained weight loss
• Repeated infection which do not clear with
treatment

9. Major types of Cancer
• Carcinoma- cancer of skin or in tissues that line or
cover internal organs
• Sarcoma- cancer of bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood
vessels or other connective or supportive tissue
• Luekemia- cancer of blood-forming tissue such as the
bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal
blood cells
• Lymphoma-myeloma- cancers of the cells of the
immune system
• Central nervous system cancers- cancers of the brain
and spinal chord

10. Causes Of Cancer
• There are number of factors which cause cancer
such as
– Environmental factors
– Food habit
– Life style
– Genetic factor
– Inadequacy in detection and
reporting of cases

12. Environmental factors
• Use of Tobacco
– Causes lung cancer, mouth, larynx, bladder, esophagus, pancreas and probably
kidney cancer
• Use of Alcohol
– Excess of alcohol can cause esophageal and liver cancer
– Excess intake of beer may be cause rectal cancer
– Alcohol contributes 3% of all cancer death.
• Dietary factor
– Smoke fish is related to stomach cancer
– High fat diet to breast cancer
– Beef is to bowel cancer
– Food additive and contaminants have fallen under
suspicion as causative agent

13. • Radiations or exposures
– Occupational exposure reported 1-5% of human cancer
– These exposure includes arsenic, vinyl chloride, polycyclic
hydrocarbons, benzene etc.
– All industrial cancinogens
• Viruses
– Pappiloma(cervix cancer), retrovirus, hepatitis B
– HIV infection - kaposi’s carcinoma & AIDS - non Hodgkin’s
lymphoma
– Human T cell leukemia virus
• Sunlight, radiation, water and air pollution, pesticides
are the environmental factors for cancer

14. Breast Cancer
• Breast cancer is the most common
cancer among the women.
• About 9 lakh women are
Diagnosed every year and
causes 5,19,000 deaths
in a year worldwide.

15. Risk factors
• Age
– Uncommon below the age of 35
– Mean age in Indian women about 42
– Women who developed their first breast cancer under the age of 40 have 3
times the risk of developing a second breast cancer
– At the time of menopause there is a dip incidence of breast cancer

16. • Family history
– High to those with positive history in their family
– Especially if mother and sister has got breast cancer
during the menopause
• Age at menarche and menopause
– Early menarche and late menopause are risk factor
– 40 or more years of mensuration doubles the risk of
breast cancer as
compare to 30 years.

17. • Hormonal factor

18. References
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S2251729415000026
• https://cisncancer.org/cancer101/what_causes_c
ancer_02.html
• https://www.medindia.net/patientinfo/breast-
cancer.htm
• https://www.carelife.com/cancer/med_onc/natu
re_cancer.html
• https://sites.google.com/site/coloncancerucsi/ho
me/carcinogenesis