3. All babies are born with a kind of prearranged
pattern as a result of a process of transmission
of genetic characteristics from the parent to the
offspring , called HEREDITY.
BEHAVIOR GENETICS combines the methods
of genetics and psychology to study the
inheritance of behavioral characteristics.

4. Physical Psychological
characteristics: characteristics:
 height
ability
 bone structure
temperament
 the color of the
emotional stability
hair and eyes are are transmitted from
inherited parents to offspring.

6. The hereditary pattern is
transmitted at
conception when
female egg is fertilized
but the male sperm
cell. The union of the
egg and the sperm
within the mother’s
body result in a new
cell called a zygote.

7. During the prenatal period, when the fetus is in the
mother’s womb, the systems and structures it will
need to function as a separate being develop.

10. The hereditary units that we
receive from our parents
and transmit to our offspring
are carried by microscopic
particles known as
CHROMOSOMES , colored
bodies found within the
nucleus of each cell in the
body. The human cell
contains 46 chromosomes
arranged in 23 pairs.

11. Each chromosomes is composed of many
individual hereditary units called Genes,
which also occur in pairs – one gene in each
pair comes from the sperm chromosomes
and one gene from the ovum chromosomes.
Thus, a child receives only half of each
parent’s total genes. The complete set of
genes is called the human Genome. The total
number of genes in each human
chromosomes is around 100,000.

13. One exception is identical twins, who is having
developed from the same fertilized egg, have
exactly the same chromosomes and genes.

14. The actual carrier of hereditary information within
the genes is a complex nucleic acid called DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA gives special “
hereditary instructions” for the cellular
development of the organism and these
instructions are partially carried out by RNA .

15. The potential importance of the discovery of both
DNA and RNA is that once we know how these
substances give instructions and how the
instructions are carried out, we may be able to
correct faulty growth in mankind such as inherited
abnormalities. These have been the work of
scientists in what is referred to as genetic
engineering

17. Test tube or in – vitro fertilization (IVF) ,
CLONING and other experiments on the
human life and nature are in active
development in this age of highly
advanced technology. These
developments offer many marvels as
science expands its growing ability to
improve on nature.

18. This high tech baby making involves
removing eggs from a female them
outside the body with sperms from a male
and then putting them back into a uterus
to grow.

19. In the Kotulak and Gorner report (19950 , it says
that in Vitro fertilization (IVF) has made possible
every permutation of egg, sperm and womb.
Because of this, human embryos may be mixed
and matched, frozen and stored and may
become the subjects of property disputes and
make definitions of modern parenthood fuzzy.
Through IVF , parents can now determine the
sex and kind of children they want.

22. Scientists hugged the limelight in
genetic engineering in their campaign
to put information about DNA to use
quickly as possible in the treatment
and prevention of human diseases

23. On January 17, 1994, by P.E. Dewitt were the
works of Dr. Francis Collins who leads a 15 year
project at the U.S. National Institute of Health .
The project is called the Human Genome Project
which aims to draw the details of the human
genome or the DNA . As reported DNA in their
hands has become both a blueprint and a drug, a
pharmacological substance of extraordinary
potency that can treat not just symptoms or
diseases that cause them but also the
imperfections in DNA that make people
susceptible to a disease.

24. Four molecule “ Letters” called nucleotides –
ADENINE (A), CYSTOSINE (C) , QUANINE (G)
and THYNINE (T). By scanning a data base
containing the complete sequence of letters ,
researchers could quickly end up at a particular
gene’s front door.
This process is used to locate defective or “ broken
genes.” Once a “broken” gene is found , the next
thing for the gene engineers is to come up with a
strategy to replace bad nucleotide one letter at a
time.

27. Cloning is duplicating a human embryo
where the cells are simply copied with
their genes intact. It seems like a simple
process; in fact , agricultural, researchers
have used it to clone embryos from cattle,
pigs, and other animals for more than a
decade now

28. Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a
female domestic sheep, and the first mammal to
be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the
process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned by Ian
Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at
the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh in Scotland. She
was born on 5 July 1996 and she lived until the age
of six. She has been called "the world's most
famous sheep" by sources including BBC
News and Scientific American. The cell used as the
donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a
mammary gland, and the production of a healthy
clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a
specific part of the body could recreate a whole
individual. On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated "Dolly is
derived from a mammary gland cell and we couldn't
think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly
Parton's".

30. Zone Pellucida – strip away an outer coating that is
essential to development.
Related to ethical issues, Many scientists and
physicians strongly believe that it would be
unethical to attempt to clone humans . With so
many unknowns concerning reproductive
cloning, the attempt to clone humans at this time
is considered potentially dangerous and ethically
irresponsible.

32. If both members of a gene pair are dominant, the individual
will manifest the trait determined by the genes. If one
dominant and the other is recessive, the individual will
show the form of the trait determined by the dominant
gene but will also carry the recessive gene, which may
be expressed in a different way as a trait in the offspring.
A recessive form of the trait will be expressed only if the
genes contributed by both parents are recessive. The
genes determining eye color, for example, act in a
pattern of dominance and recessiveness. Blue eyes are
recessive. Thus, for a child to be blue-eyed, both
parents must be blue-eyed, or if one parent is brown-
eyed parents can produce a blue-eyed only if both carry
a gene for blue eyes.

33. For example, brown hair is a dominant trait over
blonde hair. So if someone inherits a blonde hair
gene from the mother and a brown hair gene from
the father, they will have brown hair. The dominant
allele for brown hair will override the blonde hair
allele.
Recessiveness
A recessive trait is which requires two copies of
the gene to show up. For example, blonde hair
is recessive, so it will only be present in the
child if both parents donate a blonde hair allele.
This is sometimes called a double recessive.

34. Dominant Gene Recessive Gene
Brown eyes Blue eyes
Dark or brunette hair Light, blond, and red hair
Curly hair Straight hair
Normal hair Baldness
Normal color vision Color Blindness
Normal hearing Congenital deafness
Normal coloring Night blindness
Immunity to poison ivy
Susceptibility to poison ivy
Normal blood
Hemophilia – failure of blood to clot

35. We cannot tell what genes a person has inherited
simply by looking at him. Looking at a person tells
us his phenotype or genetic inheritance as noted
in his observable characteristics. The person’s
genotype includes all genetic characteristics, seen
and unseen, dominant and recessive. A person
who has a dominant gene for brown skin and
recessive gene for fair skin, for example, has a
phenotype (appearance) of brown skin but a
genotype (genetic makeup) of brown skin with a
recessive gene for fair skin.

36. Similarities between organisms of any one
kind are determined by heredity.
Individuals of the same family have similar
genes and traits . The reason is that each
parent contributes half of his or her genes
to his or her children. Some of the genes
of a brother and sister are sometimes
identical . So too , are some of the genes
of parent and child.

37.  1. Heredity has an important influence in
determining intelligence
 2. Environment has substantial effects on
intelligence
 3. Both heredity and environment play a profound
role in a person’s score on intelligence test.
Inheritance of Emotionality

38. Male and female chromosomes appear
the same when examined under the
microscope, except pair number 23, the
sex chromosomes . The first 22 pairs are
called Autosomes. Pair 23 determines the
sex of the individual and carries genes for
certain traits the are called “sex – linked”.

39.  a man marries a woman
XHxh xHyH
 XH YH
XH XHXH XHYH
Xh XhXH XhYH

41. Heredity and maturation do not
mean the same thing. Heredity ,
as we have seen is the direction
and pattern given by the genes to
growth and development .
Maturation is the completion of
growth and development within
the organism, the unfolding of an
individual’s inherent traits or
potentials.

42. Maturation is not the same as learning, since
changes due to maturation are determined by
heredity. For example , a newborn baby cannot
learn to walk, no matter how much instruction he
is given. Only when his body structure has
developed sufficiently due to maturation can be
taught to walk.

45. The development of language following shortly
after birth is achieved in the kind of orderly
sequence that characterizes motor development
in the average child. A great deal of learning goes
on before a child utters his first word.

46. Human learning cannot be accounted for solely
in terms of maturation but learning does take
place most efficiently when the environmental
stimulation is keyed to the degree of maturation
of the individual. A child can learn to read most
efficiently if he is given instruction in reading at a
time when he has achieved a sufficient degree
of maturation.

48. Environment includes all the conditions
inside and outside an organism that in any
way influence its behavior , growth ,
development or life processes except the
genes.

50. The external physical environment is made up of all
the many things in the world that affect us directly
( as food does) and all the things that stimulate
our sense organs (sight and sounds do).

51. The social environment
includes all the human beings
who in any way influence us.
All these social influences
occur because as human
beings , we must learn to live
in the world and cope with the
exigencies of life. We are
able to learn a great many
kinds of adaptive behavior
that fit us to changing
environmental situations.

52. “Great Qualities are partly
the gift of God, partly the
result of good training and
effort”
- Anonymous