-GROUPS: -Types of groups -Stages of group development -Why do people join groups -Group Dynamics -Factors influencing group working -Group Behavior -Group member Resources -Group Structure -Group Process -Group Tasks.

3. Stephen robbins defines a
group “as two or more
individuals, interacting and
interdependent, who have
come together to achieve
particular objectives.”
DEFINITIONS

4. TYPES OF GROUPS
Most individuals belong to various types of groups. These
different groups can be broadly classified in two types.
• {1} FORMAL GROUPS: these groups are consciously
created to serve an organizational objective. The crew of
an airline flight is an example of a formal group.
• Formal groups can be further divided into different types.
• [a] Command group: It is a group determine by the
connection between individual who are a formal part of
the organization. For eg, the marketing department
comprising of the general manager and the other
marketing staff.
• [b] Task group: A task group is created by the
management to accomplish certain organizational goals.
It is specifically created to solve the problem or preform a
defined task.

5. [2]INFORMALGROUPS:Informalgroupsaregroupsthat
developnaturallyamongpeople,withoutanydirectionfrom
theorganizationwithintheyoperate.Theyareformed
spontaneouslyandarebasedonpersonalrelationshipsor
specificinterests.
Thedifferenttypesofinformalgroupsare:
[a]Interestgroups:Interestgroupsconsistofpersonwho
sharecommoninterests.Theymaybejobrelatedinterest,or
suchassports,nationalpoliticsorreligion.
[b]Friendshipgroups:friendshipgroupconsistofindividual
whocometogetherbecausetheyshareoneormorecommon
characteristics.Theyconsistofpeoplewithnaturalaffinitiesfor
oneanother.

6. STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
Everygrouppassesthroughdifferentstagesinitslife
cycle.Accordingtoapopularmodel,everygrouppasses
throughfivedistinctstagesofgroupdevelopment.
(1)Forming:Intheformingstagesthemembersshare
personalinformationandtrytoknowmoreaboutthe
taskstobepreformed.
(2)Storming:thememberscompeteforpositionsofstatus
andcontrol.Thisisaperiodofhighemotionalityand
tensionamonggroupmembers.Thestormingstageis
completedwhentheintragroupconflictsareresolvedand
thegroup’sleadershipisaccepted.

7. (3)Norming:Inthisstagethegroupreallybeginstocome
togetherasaco-ordinatedunit.Membersstartco-operating
witheachotherandplacetheircompetinginterestinthe
background.
(4)Performing:Thisstageissometimescalledastotal
integration.Duringthisstage,thegroupmemberswork
effectivelyandefficientlytowardsachievingthegroup
objectives.
(5)Adjourning:Inthisstagethegrouppreparesfor
disbandment.Thegroup’sfocusisnowonwrappingup
activitiesratherthanachievinghightaskperformance.

8. peoplejoingroupsforavarietyofdifferentreason.Mostpeople
belongtoseveralgroupsbecausedifferentgroupsprovide
differentbenefits.Thefollowingarethebenefits:
(1)Security.
(2)Self-esteem.
(3)Status.
(4)Affiliation.
(5)Power.
(6)Goalachievement.
(7)Satisfactionofneeds.
(8)Sharedinterestandgoals.
WHY DO PEOPLE JOIN GROUPS

9. Eachgrouphasitsownuniquepersonality.Thisisbecause
severalfactorsaffecttheworkingofgroups.Thedifferent
factorsthatinfluencegroupdynamicscanbeclassifiedinto:
GROUPS DYNAMICS- FACTORS
INFLUENCING WORKING OF
GROUPS
(1) EXTERNAL FACTORS
(2) GROUP RESOURCES
(3) GROUP STRUCTURE
(4) GROUP PROCESS
(5) GROUP TASKS

10. Fig 6.1 Group Behaviour Model

11. workgroupsdon’texistsinisolation.Theyareapartofthe
largerorganization.Theyareasfollows.
(1) organizationstrategy.
(2) authoritystructures.
(3) formalregulations.
(4) organizationalresources.
(5) humanresourcesselectionprocess.
(6) performanceevaluationandrewardsystem.
(7) organizationalculture.
(8)physicalworksetting.
EXTERNAL
CONDITIONS

12. Tosucceedagroupmusthavememberswiththerightskillsand
competencies.Theresourcesthatindividualmembersbringtothe
grouphaveastronginfluenceonitsperformance.Abilitiesand
personalitycharacteristicsofgroupmembersaretwoimportant
resources.
(1)Abilities:Whatgroupmemberscandoithasastrongbearing
ongroupperformance.Intellectualandtaskrelevantabilityof
groupmembersaffectsoverallgroupperformance.
(2)Personalitycharacteristics:Thepersonalitytraitsofindividual
groupmembersstronglyinfluencehowtheyinteractwithother
groupmembers.Characteristicssuchasauthoritarianismand
dominancehaveanegativeimpactongroups.
GROUP MEMBER RESOURCES

13. Groupstructurereferstothepatternofinterrelationships
betweentheindividualsconstitutingagroup. Thedifferent
aspectsorvariablesofgroupstructureare:
(1)Formalleadership
(2) Roles
(3) Norms
(4) Status
(5) Size
(6) Cohesiveness
(7) Composition
GROUP STRUCTURE

14. Groupprocessincludesthecommunicationpatternsusedby
membersforinformationexchange,groupdecisionprocesses,
leaderbehavior,conflictsandthelike. Onegroupprocessthat
hasgeneratedconsiderableinterestamongresearchersisthe
socialfacilitationeffect. Psychologistshavegivendifferent
explanationsforthesocialfacilitationeffect.Someofthe
prominentexplanationsare:
(1) Drivetheory.
(2) Evaluationapprehension.
(3) Distraction-conflictmodel.
GROUP PROCESS

15. Taskmaybesimple,routineandstandardizedortheybe
complex,nonroutine,andnovel.Thenatureofthetask
moderatesthegroupprocessandeffectgroupperformance
andmembersatisfaction.Forcertainkindoftasks,largegroups
aremoresuitablewhilefor sometaskssmallergroupsare
desirable.Greaterinteractionamonggroupmembersis
requiredwhen thereisahighdegreeof interdependence
amongthetasksthatgroupmembersmustperform.
GROUP TASK