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Science grade 8 module table of contents
1.
SCIENCE GRADE 8
MODULE: Table of Contents UNIT 1: FORCE, MOTION, and ENERGY Module 1. Forces and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Balanced and Unbalanced Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……….. . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Activity 1: Forces on objects at rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….... 5 Activity 2: Balance of forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………. . . . . 6 Unbalanced Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……….. . 8 Combining Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….... . . . 9 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………… . . 10 Newton’s First of Motion: Law of Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………… . . 10 Activity 3: Investigating inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………… . . . 11 Measure of Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………. . . 12 Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………… . . 12 Activity 4: Force and acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………... . . 12 Free Fall and Newton’s Second Law of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……….. . . 17 Circular Motion and Newton’s Second Law of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………. . . 17 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Law of Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………... . . 18 Activity 5: Action-reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………… . . . 18 Module 2. Work and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 What is Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . . . . 21 Activity 1: Is there work done? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………. 23 Calculating Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………. . . 24 Work is a Method of Transferring Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………. . . . 25 Kinetic Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . 26 Potential Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……... . . . 28 Activity 2: Rolling toy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………… . . . 31 Work, Energy, and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . . 33 Activity 3: How POWER-ful am I? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………... . . 34 Module 3. Heat and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Activity 1: Explaining hotness or coldness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….. . . . . 38 Activity 2: Dye in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………… . 41 Thermal Expansion, the Working Principle of the Mercury Thermometer . …………. 43 Phase Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …… . . . 45 Activity 3.1: What happens when ice melts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………. . 45 Activity 3.2: What happens to the temperature of water as it boils?. ………………47 Activity 4: What is the relationship between the mass of a material and the amount of heat it can transfer?. . . . . . . . . . . . ………………….... . . 48 Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. 49 Activity 5: Comparing heat capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………. . . . 50 Heat and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….... . . 51
2.
Module 4. Electricity
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Electric Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………. . . 54 Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……… . . . 54 Activity 1: Current and voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….. . . . 55 Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……… . . 58 Activity 2: Current and resistance . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….. . . . 58 Activity 3: What’s the connection? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….... . . 61 Safety in Using Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………. . . 64 Activity 4: Stay safe! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………. . . 64 Module 5. Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Propagation and Characteristics of Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………. . . 70 Activity 1: The dancing salt and the moving beads! . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………. . . 71 Activity 2: Characteristics of waves: Comparing longitudinal and transverse waves 75 Activity 3: Sound race… Where does sound travel fastest? . . . . . …………….. . . 78 Worksheet 1: Solids, Liquids, & Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………… . . . 80 Activity 4: Chimes… Chimes… Chimes… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………. . . . 80 Activity 5: Faster sound… In hotter or cooler? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………. . . . 83 Properties of Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……... . 85 Activity 6: Reflecting and refracting sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………. . 88 Module 6. Colors of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Refraction of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………. . . . 92 Activity 1: The colors of the rainbow… The colors of light . . . . . . …………….. . . . 98 Activity 2: Red versus violet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………... . . . 101 Activity 3: Which color has the MOST energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………… . . . 103 Activity 4: The color spectrum wheel revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….. . . 105 Activity 5: Scientific explanations behind certain beliefs . . . . . . . . ……………... . 110 UNIT 2: EARTH and SPACE Module 1. Earthquakes and Faults . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 What is a Fault? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . 116 Activity 1: A fault-y setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………… . . . 116 How do Faults Produce Quakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . . . 120 Activity 2: Stick ‘n’ slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………. . . . 120 Activity 3: Stick ‘n’ shake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………. . . 122 Focus and Epicenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …...125 Activity 4: Where does an earthquake start? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………... . 125 How Strong is the Earthquake? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . 127 Do You Live Near an Active Fault? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. 131 Earthquakes and Tsunamis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. 133 Activity 5: Tsunami! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………. . . . 133 What’s Inside the Earth?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …… 135
3.
Module 2. Understanding
Typhoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 What is a Typhoon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……….. . 138 Philippine Area of Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………... . . . 139 Activity 1: Plotting the PAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….. . . 140 Under What Conditions Do Tropical Cyclones Form? . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………. . . . 142 Activity 2: Tracking a tropical cyclone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………… . . . 144 Inside Tropical Cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………… . . . 146 Activity 3: Dissecting a typhoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………... . . . 147 Are You Prepared? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……….. . . 149 Module 3. Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Activity 1: What happens when a comet or an asteroid hits Earth? ……………….154 Activity 2: Meteoroid, meteor, and meteorite: How are they related? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………………………….... 160 Activity 3: Do superstitions about comets, asteroids, and meteors have scientific basis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………………... . . 165 UNIT 3: MATTER Module 1. The Particle Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Activity 1: Which is matter, which is not? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………... 172 Activity 2: What is matter made of? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….. . . . 174 Activity 3: Are the particles of matter moving? What is between them? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………... . 178 Particle Models of the Three States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………… . . 179 Activity 4: What changes take place when water is left in an open container? In a closed container? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………… . . . 182 Changes between a Liquid and a Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……... . . . . 183 Activity 5: What changes take place when water is heated or cooled? . . . . . . . . .184 Activity 6: What changes take place when ice turns into liquid water? . . . . . . . . . 187 Changes between a Solid and a Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……..188 Module 2. Atoms: Inside Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Activity 1: “Charge” it to experience! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………. . . 193 Activity 2: The big difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………. . . . . 195 Activity 3: Small but terrible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….. . . . . 198 Activity 4: What’s in a number? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….. . . . . 203 Periodic Table of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………… . . . . 206 Module 3. Periodic Table of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Activity 1: Tracking the path and constructing the periodic table . ………………...210 Activity 2: Metal… Metal: How reactive are you? . . . . . . . . . . ………………. . . . 214 Periodic Table of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………... . 218
4.
UNIT 4: LIVING
THINGS and THEIR ENVIRONMENT Module 1. Biodiversity Levels of Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …. . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Activity 1: What’s in a name? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …. . . . . . …….. . . . 225 Classifying and Naming Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ….226 Archaea Domain: Kingdom Archaebacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ….. . 228 Bacteria Domain: Kingdom Eubacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. . . . 230 Activity 2: How do bacteria in yogurt look like? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….……... . 232 Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …... . . . . . . . . 234 Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …... . . . . . . . . . . . 240 The Plant Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Nonvascular Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Vascular Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Gymnosperms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Angiosperms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …… . 245 Importance of Angiosperms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . 247 Harmful Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …… . . . . . . . . 247 The Animal Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …… . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Sponges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Cnidarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Flatworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Roundworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Segmented Worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Mollusks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Echinoderms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Arthropods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . . . . . . 255 Activity 3: What can you do to prevent dengue? . . . . . . . . ……….… . . . . . . . . . 256 Chordates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. 262 Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . 264 Low and High Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . 266 Activity 4: What is the importance of biodiversity to ecosystems? ……………….... . 266 Protecting and Conserving Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……... . 269 Activity 5: I create the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………. . . …….269 Module 2. Interactions . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Activity 1: How do you indentify the components of a food chain in an ecosystem? Activity 2: Making food webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………….…. 280 Food Pyramid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. 280 Activity 3: Meat eaters vs. plant eaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………. . . . 283
5.
Cycling of Materials
in the Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . 284 The Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . 285 The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . 286 The Nitrogen Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …..287 How do Human Activities Affect the Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……... . . 288 Module 3. The Digestive System . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . 291 Activity 1: Part 1A. A gutsy game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………….. . . . . 292 Activity 1: Part 1B. A sweet break! . . . . . . . . . . . . ………….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Activity 2: How do enzymes affect digestion? . . . . . . . . . . . …………... . . . . . . . 298 Activity 3: How does pH affect enzyme activity? . . . . . . . . . . . …………... . . . . . 301 Activity 4: A journey into the digestive system . . . . . . . . . . . …………… . . . . . . 303 Module 4. Nutrition and Wellness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Activity 1: Am I eating right ? . . . . . . . . . . …………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Daily Servings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Food Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Activity 2: What happens when nutritional needs are not adequately met? . . . . . 314 Activity 3: Using essential concepts in nutrition to planning a menu . . . . . . . . . . .315 Module 5. Cellular Reproduction and Genetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 The Chromosome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 The Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 The Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Activity 1: Observing mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………... . . . . . . . 323 Activity 2: Comparing mitosis and meisosis . . . . . . . . . . ………….. . . . . . . . . . . 326 The Role of Meiosis in Gametogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …...... . . . . . 327 When Something Goes Wrong During Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . …….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 The Mendelian Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….... . . . . . . . . . 329 Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……... . . . . . 329 Law of Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Genes and Gametes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Knowing the Genotype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Activity 3: Tossing coins and probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………….. . . . . . . 337 Diagramming a Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. . . . . 339 Activity 4: Comparing genotypic and phenotypic ratios for a typical Mendelian trait . . Cross with Two Factors (Dihybrid Cross) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. . 341 Activity 5: Filling up the Punnett square for a dihybrid cross . ……………. . . . . 342 The Law of Independent Assortment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….... 343 The Birth of the Science of Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
6.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Activity 6: Phenotypes and genotypes in incomplete dominance. . ………. . 345 Activity 7: Inferring genotypes of ABO blood types based on the parental blood types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………….. . . . . . . . . 347 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 348
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