different Indo European languages analysis with culture description along their deep internal structure

2. The Caucasian languages are a large and extremely
varied array of languages spoken by more than ten
million people in and around the Caucasus
Mountains, which lie between the Black Sea and
the Caspian Sea.
Kartvelian
Northeast Caucasian
Northwest Caucasian
It is commonly believed that all Caucasian languages
have a large number of consonants.

3. Caucasian language

4. Georgian language

5. Introduction
• Language family: Georgian
• Region: Georgia,Russia,United
States, Israel,Ukraine,Turkey,Iran,Azerbaijan
• Native speaker : 3.7 million
• Location: Southwestern Asia, bordering
the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia

6. Introduction:
• Early form: Old Georgian
• Dialects: Georgian dialects
• Regulated by: Cabinet of Georgia
• Language family: Kartvelian
• King parnavaz

7. Writing System
There are 33 alphabets there is no capital
letters in Georgian language

8. Phonology
• Vowels:

9. Numerals

10. Culture and Tradition
Georgian culture is a exotic mysterious and ancient
culture tradition of musical and dancing folktale

11. Culture
• Meeting and Greeting
• When meeting someone for the first time, shake
hands while saying "gamarjoba" ("hello").
• When addressing people only close friends or
family will usually use first names.
• First names may also be used with the word
"Batono" ("Sir") or "Kalbatono" ("Madam").
• Most people would expect to be addressed with
their appropriate title followed by the surname.

12. Gift Giving Etiquette
• If invited to a Georgian home, bring flowers,
imported sweets or chocolates to the hosts.
• Gifts do not need to be elaborately wrapped.
• A small gift for the children.
• Gifts are not necessarily opened when received.

13. Georgian food
• Georgian cuisine began about 9,000 years
ago. It refers to the cooking styles and
dishes created by Georgian people.

14. Ingush language

15. Ingush language
• Northeast Caucasian language
• Population: 500,000
• Region: Russian republics
of Ingushetia and Chechnya .

16. Classification
• Ingush and Chechen, together with Bats
• Branch: Nakh branch of the Northeast
Caucasian language family.
• There is pervasive passive bilingualism
between Ingush and ch.
Geographic distribution
• Population: 413,000 people

17. Classification
• Region: Caucasus covering parts of Russia,
primarily Ingushetia and Chechnya.
• Speakers: found in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
Turkmenistan, Belgium, Norway, Turkey and
Jordan.
• Official status: official language of
Ingushetia
• federal subject: Russia

18. Writing system
• Written language: with an Arabic-based
writing system at the beginning of the 20th
century.
• After the October Revolution it first used a
Latin alphabet, which was later replaced by
Cyrillic.
А а Аь аь Б б В в Г г ГӀ гӀ Д д Е е
Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Кх кх Къ къ
КӀ кӀ Л л М м Н н О о П п ПӀ пӀ Р р
С с Т т ТӀ тӀ У у Ф ф Х х Хь хь ХӀ хӀ
Ц ц ЦӀ цӀ Ч ч ЧӀ чӀ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы
Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я Яь яь Ӏ

19. Phonology
Vowels:
The diphthongs are иэ /ie/, уо /uo/, оа /oɑ/, ий
/ij/, эи /ei/, ои /oi/, уи /ui/, ов /ow/, ув /uw/.
High и [i] у [u]
Mid э [e] ? [ə] о [o]
Low аь [æ] а [ɑː,
ɑ]

20. Consonant
Labial
Alveolar
Postalveolar Palatal
Velar
Uvular Epiglottal Glottal
central lateral palatalized plain
Nasal м m [m] н n [n]
Plosive
voiceless п p [p] т t [t] к kj [kʲ] к k [k] кх q [q] Ӏ w [ʡ] ъ ʼ [ʔ]
voiced б b [b] д d [d] г gj [ɡʲ] г g [ɡ]
ejective пӀ pʼ [pʼ] тӀ tʼ [tʼ] кӀ kjʼ [kʲʼ] кӀ kʼ [kʼ] къ qʼ [qʼ]
Affricate
voiceless ц c [t͡s] ч ch [t͡ʃ]
ejective цӀ cʼ [t͡sʼ] чӀ chʼ [t͡ʃʼ]
Fricative
voiceless ф f [f] с s [s] ш sh [ʃ] х x[χ] хь hw [ʜ] хӀ h [h]
voiced
в v [v]/[w]
з z [z] ж zh [ʒ] гӀ gh [ʁ]
Approximant л l [l] й j [j]
The consonants of Ingush are as follows
including the Latin orthography
developed by Johanna Nichols.

21. • Dialects: Ingush is not divided into
dialects.
• Grammar: Ingush is a nominative–
accusative language in its syntax though
it has ergative morphology.

22. NUMERALS

23. RELIGION AND CULTURE
• Culture: The Ingush possess a varied culture
of traditions, legends, epics, tales, songs,
proverbs, and sayings. Music, songs and
dance are particularly highly regarded.

24. FOOD
•Sujuk
•Basturma
•Cheeses: Sulguni,Circassian cheese
•Chiburekki
•Kharcho soup

25. Dravidian languages, family of some 70
languages spoken primarily in South Asia.
The Dravidian languages are spoken by more than
215 million people in India, Pakistan, and
Sri Lanka.
The Dravidian languages are divided into South,
South-Central, Central, and North groups; these
groups are further organized into 24 subgroups.
The four major literary languages—
Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada.

26. Dravidian language

27. Tamil language

28. Introduction
• Language family: Dravidian language
• Location: Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka.
• official status: in the Indian state of
Tamil Nadu
• Official language: Three countries: India,
Srilanka and Singapore.
• Native speakers: 74 million

29. NOTABLE FEATURES
• Type of writing system: Syllabic writing.
• Direction of writing: Left to right in horizontal
lines.
• Tamil is written using Arabic script.
• Tamil writing system has originated from
Bramhi.
• When they appear at the beginning of a
syllable, vowels are written as independent
letters.

30. NOTABLE FEATURES
• The alphabets was usually written on palm
leaves.
• Few Tamil words have found place in english
too e.g.Kaasu( cash),Mangaay( mango).
• The earliest records of Tamil are inscriptions
on stone dating back from 200 BC.
• Tamil letters have rounded shapes, so the
Tamil script is sometimes referred to as the
“round alphabet”.

31. Tamil was declared a classical
language by UNESCO
• In 2004, the Union Cabinet created a new
category of languages known as classical
languages, which would be based on
certain criteria. Tamil was the first to be
included in this. The criteria requirement
was based on antiquity, a rich and varied
ancient text and original literary
tradition.

32. TAMIL ENGLISH
KASSU CASH
MURUNG KAAY MORNING
INJEE GINGER
ARISEE RICE
MANGAY MANGO
BORROWED WORDS

33. Phonetic system
 Tamil has three different symbols to
express the “n” sound in three different
variations.
 It has three different variants for “l”
sound.
 It has two different variants for the “r”
sound.
 ”. Just one symbol “K” is used for sounds
produced by “Ka”, “Kha”, “Ha”, “Ga”,
“Gha”.

34. Tamil has 12 vowels
The following table shows some vowels of Tamil language:
Vowel Pronunciation Help Length
அ u as in nut short
ஆ a as in father long
இ i as in ink short
ஈ e as in easy long
உ u as in put short

35. Tamil has 18 consonants
The following table lists out some consonants of Tamil:
Consonant Pronounciation Help
க் k as in kite
ச் ch as in catch
ந் n as in panther
ப் p as in pack
ம் m as in plum

36. TAMIL NUMERALS
oṉṟu
iraṇṭu
mūṉṟu
nāṉku
ainthu
āṟu
ēḻu
eṭṭu
oṉpathu

37. TRANSLATION
ENGLISH
• HELLO
• Thank you
• MY NAME IS
TAMIL
• Vaṇakkam
(வணக்கம்)
• naṉṟi
(நன்றி)
• Eṉ peyar (என்
பெயர்)

38. RELIGION
Four-fifths of the population of the
state are Hindus, rest of them are
divided in Islam, Christianity, and
Jainism. Their rituals include deity
worship and animisms like tree
worship, animal worship and stars
and planets worship.

39. TRADITIONAL DRESS
Men wear Lungi with a
shirt. Lungi is a rectangular
cotton cloth tied across the
waist.
Tamil women mainly wear
Saree which is a five to six
yards rectangular cloth
made of cotton, silk or any
other fabric.

40. Traditional Weapons
The Tamil martial arts also includes various types
of weapons.
• Valari(throwing iron sickle)
• Maduvu (deer horns)
• Vaal (sword) + Ketayam (shield)
• Yeratthai Mulangkol (dual stick)
• Yeretthai Vaal (dual sword)

41. Tamil Cuisine
Rice,, grains and vegetables are the main ingredients in Tamil
Cuisine. Sambhar and Coconut Chutney are served with almost
every food. For non-vegetarians, fish, turtle and mutton are
preferred. Some Tamilians follow the tradition of eating on
Banana Leaf even today.

42. Brahui language

43. Introduction
• Language family: Dravidian language
• Region: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran,
Turkmenistan.
• Native speaker: 2.43 million
• Population: 861,000 to 1.5 million
• Writing system: Arabic script, Latin script
• Dialects: Kalat brahui, Sarawani brahui and
Jhalawani brahui.

44. Brahui
• Brahui is a Dravidian language spoken
primarily by the Brahui people.
• Brahui language is spoken in scattered part of
Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan and central
part of Baluchistan province in Pakistan.
• It is isolated from the nearest Dravidian
speaking neighbour population of South
India.

45. Brahui
• Kalat, Khuzdar, Mastung, Quetta, Bolan,
Nazirabad district of Baluchistan province are
predominately Brahui speaking.
• Brahui is also spoken in Sindh, mostly in
Larkana and NawabShah divisions.
• Brahui communities are in Qatar, United Arab
Emirates, and Iraq.

46. Dialects
• There are no important dialectal differences.
• Jhalawani (southern, centered on Khuzdar)
and Sarawani (northern, centered on Kalat).
are distinguished by the pronunciation of *h.
• Brahui has been influenced by the Iranian
Languages spoken in the area, including
Persian, Balochi, and Pashto.

47. Writing System
• Arabic Script:
• Brahui is the only Dravidian language, which is
not known to have been written in a Brahmi
based script.
• It has been written in Arabic script since, the
second half of the 20th century.
• Nasta?a script is used in writing in Iran,
Pakistan and Afghanistan.

48. Writing system
• Latin Script:
• More recently, a Roman based orthography
named Brolikva (an abbreviation of Brahui
Roman Likvar).
• It was developed by the Brahui Language
Board of the University of Baluchistan in
Quetta, and adopted by the newspaper Talar.

49. Phonology
• Vowels:
• Brahui vowels show a partial length distinction
between long /a:e:i:o:u:/.

50. Phonology
• Consonants:
• It shows patterns of retroflexion but lack the
aspiration distinctions found in surroundings
languages.
• It includes several fricatives such as the
voiceless lateral fricative [?], a sound not
otherwise found in the region.

51. Brahui Culture
•Brahui culture
includes a special
dance known as
Choap in which man
gather and dance in a
circle.
•Brahui have a
tradition of a folk
songs and music.
•Their musical
instruments include
Rabab, Siroz,
Dumbura and the
Punzik.

52. Brahui Food
• Brahui and Baloch enjoy the same kind of food
Sajji is a very famous dish among Brahvis.
• Mutton is the important component of the
Brahvi diet.