1. The Merrill Lynch Guide to

2. A Message from the Chief Financial Officer
Merrill Lynch believes an informed investing public is critical to both the capital markets
and the economy. We are committed to clear and accurate reporting of our own financial
information and also to an enhanced understanding of the reports of other corporations.
This Guide to Understanding Financial Reports is an initiative by Merrill Lynch and its
communications partner, Addison, to provide a clear, practical explanation on how to read
and interpret a corporate report. We encourage you to use this resource to help you play a
more active and informed role in working with your Financial Advisor—and ultimately
gain better control of your investment activities.
Ahmass Fakahany
Chief Financial Officer
Merrill Lynch & Co.
About Merrill Lynch About Addison
Merrill Lynch is one of the world’s leading financial With offices in New York and San Francisco,
management and advisory companies, with offices Addison is a creative-services company specializing
in 36 countries and total client assets of approxi- in business communications. For more than 40 years,
mately $1.3 trillion. Addison has helped the world’s most successful
companies tell their stories through singular,
Through Global Markets and Investment Banking, award-winning annual reports.
the company is a leading global underwriter of
debt and equity securities and a strategic advisor Today, Addison also specializes in simplifying
to corporations, governments, institutions and complex business communications for all audiences.
individuals worldwide. Through Merrill Lynch In this Guide to Understanding Financial Reports,
Investment Managers, it is one of the world’s both competencies converge to create a definitive,
largest managers of financial assets. Through easy-to-understand explanation of an important
its Global Private Client Group, it is a leading investment tool. In addition to annual report design
worldwide provider of wealth management and and simplified communications, Addison also has
investment services to high-net-worth individuals. practices in brand identity, business literature
and naming.

3. PLACEHOLDER ONLY! THIS PAGE DOES NOT PRINT!
page A

4. Table of Contents
2 Introduction: About This Guide
4 Consolidated Financial Statements: The Key Components
5 The Balance Sheet: Assets
10 The Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
17 Analyzing the Balance Sheet
22 The Income Statement
27 Analyzing the Income Statement
32 The Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
36 The Statement of Cash Flows
38 Additional Disclosures and Audit Reports
40 The Long View
41 A Note on Selecting Stocks
42 Index
page 1

5. Introduction: About This Guide
The increasing number of accounting rules and disclosure requirements
have made financial statements a larger and more complex—but not always
transparent—vehicle for understanding a company’s true economic position.
At Merrill Lynch, we are committed to following The difficulty investors have understanding the
a principles-based approach to financial reporting, financial reports of public companies or their own
an approach that is committed to showing the real retirement savings plans is increasingly recognized
substance and business purpose of a company’s as the responsibility of the companies issuing those
transactions. And, with Addison, we are also documents. In fact, as additional accounting rules
committed to giving the average investor access and disclosure requirements have made financial
to this information by promoting understanding statements larger and more complex, clarity matters
and simplification of complex communications. more than ever.
Complexity and Financial Communications How the Corporate Financial Report Evolved
There’s a simple reason this Guide has been so Corporate consolidated financial statements are
popular among Merrill Lynch clients for so many issued each quarter by public companies to share-
years—it is because many people have trouble holders who have invested in their stock and are
deciphering complex financial documents. intended to tell investors and Wall Street analysts
how a company has performed financially.
The typical corporate financial statement, clarified
here, is merely one of them. Others appear in your However, these financial statements seldom function
mailboxes every day: bank, brokerage, mutual fund alone. Instead, they usually come packaged inside
and 401(k) statements; health insurance benefit annual reports, surrounded by other corporate
summaries and claim forms; credit card disclosures information. For example, adjacent to the financial
and insurance policies. All these documents contain statements is Management’s Discussion and Analysis
information vital to your financial and sometimes (MD&A), a section required by the Securities and
even your physical well-being. Few are written or Exchange Commission that is intended to provide
designed for the average investor. insight into the financial statement with analytical
data and commentary. At the front, before the
financial section begins, there is typically soft
information that tells the company’s story in
narrative terms.
page 2

6. Introduction: About This Guide
One might assume that of the two sections, up-front Then in 1959, Paul Rand, a nationally prominent
narrative and back-end financial statements, the book designer, was invited by IBM to design its
latter is the more frequently referenced and read. annual report. In large part because it was published
In fact, quite the opposite is true, at least where by one of the most closely watched and innovative
the average investor is concerned. A glance through of the era’s new technology companies, the report
a few typical corporate reports suggests why. made a splash, and the high-concept annual report
was born.
Financial statements and the MD&A section in
which they are contained are generally presented in What’s Next?
a highly technical language foreign to the average
Given today’s renewed emphasis on clarity and
person. These sections are often characterized by
communication between companies and their
dense blocks of copy and lengthy footnotes. For
investors, and because of more stringent reporting
investors lacking formal training in business or
and disclosure requirements, another evolution
accounting, this kind of writing and design is at
of the annual report seems likely soon. Addison’s
best difficult, and at worst daunting. It is not that
experts suggest that there will likely be a new
good, useful information is not in the annual
emphasis on what is now the back end of the
report. Rather, this information is often written
report—the financial statements and MD&A—
in a way that makes communication with the
and a new focus on clarity.
average investor difficult.
We have prepared this booklet to make this
How did annual reports and the financial statements
important financial information more easily
come to be this way?
understood by the average investor.
The annual report as we know it today started,
inauspiciously enough, with the Securities Act of
1933, passed to prohibit the kind of financial and
business excesses that led to the Great Depression.
The Securities Act stipulated very little—simply that
companies file a Form 10-K with the Securities and
Exchange Commission describing their current finan-
cial condition. The next year, the SEC asked that
the financial statements contained within the 10-K
actually be published, along with a letter to share-
holders describing how the numbers came to be and
their impact on the company’s prospects. For years,
this was all the annual report consisted of—just the
statement with a letter from the company’s chief
executive officer.
page 3

7. Consolidated Financial Statements:
The Key Components
This page shows the key components of the basic financial statements of an imaginary
company, ABC Manufacturing. Annual financial statements are usually stated at
historical cost and are accompanied by an independent auditors’ report, which is
why they are called “audited” financial statements.
Balance Sheet CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in Thousands)
December 31 December 31 December 31 December 31
Statement of Changes
Assets 2004 2003 Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity 2004 2003
Gives a “snapshot” of the
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Marketable securities
$ 19,500
46,300
$ 15,000
32,000
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable
Notes payable
$ 60,000
51,000
$ 57,000
61,000
in Shareholders’ Equity
Accounts receivable— Accrued expenses 30,000 36,000
net of allowance for doubtful accounts 156,000 145,000
Current income taxes payable 17,000 15,000
company’s financial position at a Inventories
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Total Current Assets
180,000
4,000
405,800
185,000
3,000
380,000
Other liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt
Total Current Liabilities
12,000
6,000
176,000
12,000
—
181,000
Reconciles the activity in
Total property, plant and equipment 385,000 346,600
Long-Term Liabilities:
specific point in time—showing Less accumulated depreciation
Net Property, Plant and Equipment
Other Assets:
125,000
260,000
97,000
249,600
Unfunded retiree benefit obligation
Deferred income taxes
Long-term debt
—
16,000
130,000
—
9,000
130,000
the Shareholders’ Equity
Deferred charges — —
Other long-term debt — 6,000
what the company owns and what Intangibles (goodwill, patents)—
net of accumulated amortization
Investment securities, at cost
1,950
300
2,000
—
Total Liabilities
Shareholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock
322,000
6,000
326,000
6,000
section of the balance
Total Other Assets 2,250 2,000
Common stock 75,000 72,500
it owes at the report date. The sheet from period to period.
Total Assets $668,050 $631,600
Additional paid-in capital 20,000 13,500
Retained earnings 249,000 219,600
Foreign currency translation adjustments (net of taxes) 1,000 (1,000)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities (net of taxes) 50 —
balance sheet is always divided into Less treasury stock at cost
Total Shareholders’ Equity
(5,000)
346,050
(5,000)
305,600 Generally, changes in share-
two halves: Assets (presented first), holders’ equity result from
and Liabilities and Shareholders’ company profits or losses,
Equity (presented below or to the dividends and/or stock
CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
right of Assets). In the standard (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per-Share Amounts)
Year Ended
December 31
Year Ended
December 31
(Dollars in Thousands)
Year Ended December 31, 2004
issuance.
2004 2003 Foreign
Additional Currency Unrealized
accounting model, Assets = Net sales
Cost of sales
Gross margin
$765,050
535,000
230,050
$725,000
517,000
208,000 Balance
January 1, 2003
Preferred
Stock
$6,000
Common
Stock
$72,500
Paid-in
Capital
$13,500
Retained
Earnings
$219,600
Translation
Adjustments
$(1,000)
Security
Gain
$ –
Treasury
Stock
$(5,000) $305,600
Total
Operating expenses:
Statement of
Net income 47,750 47,750
Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity, Depreciation and amortization
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Operating income
28,050
96,804
105,196
25,000
109,500
73,500
Dividends paid on:
Preferred stock
Common stock
(350)
(18,000)
(350)
(18,000)
Other income (expense): Common stock issued 2,500 6,500 9,000
so the two halves will always be Dividend and interest income
Interest expense
Income before income taxes and extraordinary loss
5,250
(16,250)
94,196
10,000
(16,750)
66,750
Foreign currency
translation gain
Net unrealized gain on
available-for-sale
2,000 2,000
Cash Flows
Income tax expense 41,446 26,250 securities 50 50
in balance. From an economic Income before extraordinary loss
Extraordinary items, net of tax
Net Income
52,750
(5,000)
$ 47,750
40,500
$ 40,500
—
Balance
December 31, 2004 $6,000 $75,000 $20,000 $249,000 $1,000 $50 $(5,000) $346,050
Reports on the company’s
Earnings Per Common Share
viewpoint, each dollar of assets Before extraordinary loss $ 3.55 $ 2.77
cash movements during the
must be offset by a dollar of period(s), separating them
liabilities or equity. Shareholders’ into operating, investing
Equity represents a company’s and financing activities.
ownership structure and the net CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per-Share Amounts)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Year Ended 1. Basis of Presentation. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, 6. Translation of Foreign Securities. Lorem ipsum dolor sit
assets available to shareholders Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
December 31
2004
consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euis-
mod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation
ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo
amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh
euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat
volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci
tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea com- Notes
Net earnings $ 47,750 consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in modo consequat.
vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu
after all liabilities have been paid. Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash from operating activities
Net cash flows provided by operating activities
27,050
74,800
feugiat nulla.
2. Financial Instruments. Facilisis at vero eros et accumsan
7. Income Taxes. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hen-
drerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum
dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Securities purchases:
Trading (14,100)
et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril
delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Lorem
ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam
nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna ali-
iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril
delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Lorem
ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam
nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna ali-
Provide more detailed
Held-to-maturity (350) quam erat volutpat. quam erat volutpat.
Available-for-sale
Principal payment received on held-to-maturity securities
(150)
50
3. Customer Transactions. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam,
quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure
8. Earnings Per Share. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis
nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure
information about the
Income Statement Purchase of fixed assets
Net cash flows used in investing activities
(38,400)
(52,950)
dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat,
vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et
accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent lupta-
dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat,
vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et
accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent lupta-
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Net cash flows used in financing activities
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash flows
(19,350)
2,000
tum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi.
Nam liber tempor cum soluta nobis eleifend option congue
nihil imperdiet doming id quod mazim placerat facer possim
assum. Lorem ipsum dolor.
tum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi.
9. Statement of Cash Flows. Nam liber tempor cum soluta
nobis eleifend option congue nihil imperdiet doming id quod
financial statements.
Reports on how the company Increase in cash flows
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
Cash and Cash Equivalents at the End of Year
4,500
15,000
$ 19,500
4. Collateralized Securities Transactions. Sit amet, con-
sectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod
tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut
wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullam-
mazim placerat facer possim assum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit
amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh
euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat
volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci
tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea com-
corper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo modo consequat.
performed during the period(s) consequat.
5. Fixed Assets. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit
in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat vel illum dolore
10. Stock-Base Compensation. Duis autem vel eum iriure
dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat,
vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis
presented and shows whether its
operations resulted in a profit or a loss.
Audit A systematic examination of a company’s financial statements to determine if the amounts and disclosures in the
reports are fairly stated and follow generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP.
Dividends Payments to shareholders as a return on their investment.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) The rules and standards followed in recording transactions
and in preparing financial statements.
Historical Cost Assets are reported as the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid to purchase them, and liabilities
are reported as the amount of cash and cash equivalents received when the obligation was incurred.
page 4

8. The Balance Sheet: Assets
The assets section includes all the goods and property owned by the company, as well
as uncollected amounts, called “receivables,” that are due to the company from others.
Like the other sections of the financial statements, this section is subdivided into line items,
or groups of similar “accounts” having a dollar amount or “balance.”
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in Thousands)
December 31 December 31
Assets 2004 2003
1 Current Assets:
2 Cash and cash equivalents $ 19,500 $ 15,000
3 Marketable securities 46,300 32,000
4 Accounts receivable—
net of allowance for doubtful accounts 156,000 145,000
5 Inventories 180,000 185,000
6 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 4,000 3,000
Total Current Assets 405,800 380,000
7 Total property, plant and equipment 385,000 346,600
8 Less accumulated depreciation 125,000 97,000
Net Property, Plant and Equipment 260,000 249,600
Other Assets:
9 Deferred charges — —
10 Intangibles (goodwill, patents)—
net of accumulated amortization 1,950 2,000
11 Investment securities, at cost 300 —
Total Other Assets 2,250 2,000
Total Assets $668,050 $631,600
Note Line items are numbered to facilitate the discussion on the following pages.
page 5

9. The Balance Sheet: Assets
This section of the balance sheet represents ABC Manufacturing’s assets at the end of one
particular day, December 31, 2004. The company’s assets for the previous year end are also
presented, making it possible to compare the balance sheets for those dates.
Current Assets Trading securities—debt and equity securities,
1
bought and sold frequently, primarily to generate
In general, current assets include cash and other
short-term profits, and carried at fair market
assets that, in the normal course of business, will
value. Any changes in such values are included
be turned into cash within a year from the balance
in the statement of earnings as unrealized gains
sheet date. These other assets primarily include
and losses from trading activities.
marketable securities, accounts receivable, invento-
ries and prepaid expenses. Current assets are listed
Held-to-maturity securities—debt securities
on the balance sheet in order of their “liquidity,”
that the company has the ability and intent
i.e., the amount of time it takes to convert these
to hold to maturity, i.e., the date when debt
assets into cash.
instruments, such as Treasury bills, are due
and payable. These securities are reported at
Current assets are “working” assets in the sense
amortized cost (their original cost, adjusted for
that they are liquid—they can, and will, be con-
changes in any purchase discount or premium,
verted into cash for other business purposes, or be
less any principal payments received).
consumed in the business. Inventories, when sold,
become accounts receivable; receivables, upon
Available-for-sale securities—debt or equity
collection, become cash; the cash can then be used
securities not classified as either trading or held-
to pay the company’s debt and operating expenses.
to-maturity. They are recorded at fair value, with
changes in such values included as a component
Cash and Cash Equivalents
2 of other comprehensive income as unrealized
Money on deposit in the bank, cash on hand (petty gains and losses from available-for-sale securities.
cash) and highly liquid securities such as Treasury bills.
ABC Manufacturing owns short-term, high-grade
Marketable Securities commercial paper, classified as “trading securities,”
3
as well as preferred stock, classified as “available
Short-term securities that are readily salable and
for sale.” ABC, however, has no short-term “held-
usually have quoted prices. May include:
to-maturity” securities.
Fair Market Value The amount at which an item could be exchanged between willing unrelated parties, other
than in a forced liquidation. It is usually the quoted market price when a market exists for the item.
page 6

10. The Balance Sheet: Assets
Accounts Receivable Work-in-process—partially completed goods in
4
the process of manufacture (e.g., pieces of fabric
The amounts due from customers but not yet
such as a sleeve and cuff sewn together during the
collected. When goods are shipped to customers
process of making a blouse).
before payment or collection, an account receivable
is created whereby customers are generally given
Finished goods—completed items ready for their
an agreed-upon time period in which to pay—
intended use.
normally 30, 60 or 90 days.
The amount of each of these types of inventories is
In this example, the total amount due from customers
generally disclosed either on the face of the balance
is $158,375,000. Experience shows, however, that
sheet or in the notes. For ABC, inventory represents
some customers fail to pay their bills, which means
the cost of items on hand that were purchased
it is unlikely that the entire balance recorded as due
and/or manufactured for sale to customers. To
and receivable will be collected. Therefore, in order
provide a conservative figure, inventories are valued
to show the accounts receivable balance as a figure
using the lower of cost or market rule. For balance-
representing expected receipts, an allowance for
sheet purposes, the lower of the two will usually
doubtful accounts is deducted from the total
be cost; however, if the market price is lower due
amount recorded. In this instance, the allowance
to deterioration, obsolescence, declining prices or
for doubtful accounts is $2,375,000.
other factors that are expected to result in the selling
or disposing of inventories below cost, the market
Inventories
5 price is used.
A manufacturing company’s inventory consists
of quantities of physical products assembled from The value of finished goods includes the direct
various materials, which fall into one of the three costs of purchasing the materials used to produce
following categories: the company’s products, as well as an allocation
(i.e., an apportionment or dividing up) of the pro-
Raw materials—items to be used in making a duction expenses required to make those products.
product (e.g., the fabric used in making a blouse). To do this, manufacturers use “cost accounting,”
a specialized set of accounting procedures focusing
on specific products, to determine individual product
costs. When the individual direct costs for manu-
factured inventory are added up, they comprise
the value of finished goods.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Amounts deducted from the total accounts receivable balance as a way of
recognizing that some customers will not pay what they owe. Also called Provision for Doubtful Accounts, Reserve
for Doubtful Accounts or Bad Debt Reserve.
Lower of Cost or Market Rule A rule providing that inventories be valued at either their cost or market value,
whichever is lower. The intent is to provide a conservative figure in valuing a company’s inventories.
page 7

11. The Balance Sheet: Assets
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets Accumulated Depreciation
6 8
Payments made for which the company has not The practice of charging to or expensing against
yet received benefits, but for which it will receive income the cost of a fixed asset over its estimated
benefits within the coming year. These are listed useful life. For accounting purposes, depreciation
among current assets as prepaid expenses. In ABC’s is the decline in useful value of a fixed asset due to
case, the company paid fire insurance premiums and “wear and tear” from use and the passage of time.
advertising charges covering periods after the date Taking these factors into consideration, the cost
on the balance sheet. Because ABC has the contrac- related to property, plant and equipment must be
tual right to the insurance and advertising services allocated over the item’s expected useful life.
after that date, it has an asset that will be used after
year-end. The company has simply “prepaid”—paid For example, suppose a delivery truck costs $10,000
in advance—for the right to use these services. and is expected to last five years. Using the straight-
line method (equal periodic depreciation charges
Total Property, Plant and Equipment over the life of the asset), $2,000 of the truck’s cost is
7
charged or expensed to each year’s income statement.
Often referred to as fixed assets, this line item
consists of long-lived assets (i.e., assets with a useful
life greater than one year) not intended for sale that Straight-Line Depreciation: Year-to-Year
are used to manufacture, display, warehouse and
Year 1 Year 2
transport the company’s products, along with
buildings and improvements used in operations. Truck (Cost) $10,000 Truck (Cost) $10,000
The category includes land, buildings, leasehold Less Accumulated Less Accumulated
improvements (i.e., improvements made to leased Depreciation (2,000) Depreciation (4,000)
property), machinery, equipment, furniture, auto- Net Depreciated Net Depreciated
mobiles and trucks. In the standard accounting Cost $ 8,000 Cost $ 6,000
model, Fixed Assets = Cost – Accumulated
Depreciation.
ABC Manufacturing’s balance sheet shows
The total property, plant and equipment figure accumulated depreciation—the total of accumulated
displayed is not intended to reflect present market depreciation for buildings, machinery, leasehold
value or replacement cost, because there is generally improvements, furniture and fixtures. Land is
no intention of selling or replacing these assets in the not subject to depreciation. Its reported balance
near term. The cost of replacing plant and equipment remains unchanged from year to year at the
at a future date might, and probably will, be higher. original purchase price.
Fixed Assets The property, plant and equipment used in the operation of a business.
Market Value In these examples, the current cost of replacing the inventory by purchase or manufacture
(with certain exceptions). Also sometimes referred to as Market Price.
Estimated Useful Life The period of time over which the owner of a physical or intangible asset estimates that
that asset will continue to be of productive use or have continuing value.
page 8

12. The Balance Sheet: Assets
Deferred Charges Investment Securities, at Cost
9 11
Expenditures for items that will benefit future Investments in debt securities are carried at amor-
periods more than one year from the balance sheet tized cost only when the company has the ability
date. Costs of debt issuance would be one example and intent to hold them to maturity. In the example,
of a deferred charge. Deferred charges are similar to early in 2004, ABC Manufacturing purchased
prepaid expenses, but are not included in current mortgage bonds issued by one of its major suppliers.
assets because their benefits will be realized in peri- The bonds are due in full in five years and bear
ods more than one year from the balance sheet date. annual interest of 8%. In 2004, the issuer made
The cost incurred will be gradually expensed over an unscheduled principal prepayment of $50,000.
the asset’s future benefit period(s), not fully charged Since ABC intends to maintain a continuing relation-
off in the year payment is made. ship with the issuer and to hold the bonds until they
mature—and appears to have the financial strength
Intangibles to do so—this investment is classified as “held-to-
10
maturity,” and therefore the $50,000 prepayment
Assets having no physical existence that nonetheless
would reduce the cost of the debt security.
have substantial value to the company. Examples
include a patent for exclusive manufacture of an
All investments of this type must be reviewed to
item, a franchise allowing exclusive service in a
ensure that all contractually specified amounts are
specific area, a trademark or a copyright. Goodwill
fully collectible. If not fully collectible, an investment
is another intangible asset found on the balance
would be considered permanently impaired, and it
sheet. It is presumed to represent the value of
would be necessary to write it down to its fair value.
the company’s name, reputation, customer base,
In the example, however, the issuer is in a strong
intellectual capital and workforce.
financial condition, as shown by:
Intangible assets reported on the balance sheet are
The issuer’s unscheduled prepayment of principal.
generally those purchased from others. They are
amortized over their estimated useful lives, but
Increased property values where the plant that
usually not longer than 40 years. In the standard
secures the bonds is located.
accounting model, Net Intangible Assets =
Intangible Assets – Accumulated Amortization.
Thus, there is no reason to suspect that all contractual
Accumulated amortization is the total amount of
amounts will not be collected. There is no impair-
the periodic charges against income.
ment, and no required write-down in investment
security value.
Goodwill The amount by which the price of an acquired company exceeds the fair value of the related net assets
acquired. It is presumed to represent the value of the company’s name, reputation, customer base, intellectual
capital and workforce.
Amortization Periodic charges to income to recognize the allocation of the cost of the company’s intangible
assets over the estimated useful lives of those assets.
Permanent Impairment The probability that the investor will not collect all amounts in accordance with the
loan agreement.
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