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2.  In 3000 B.C.,Chinese were using the abacus
for their calculations.
 In 1642,Blaise Pascal invented the Pascale
which was capable of making additions
and subtractions. It used gears to do the
increments.
 Later on Gottfried Wilhelm developed it to
make multiplications and division as well,
and named it the stepped reckoner.

3.  During the beginning of the 19th century,
Joseph Mary Jacquard created a
weaving machine which created
pattern using special punched cards.

4.  In1820, an English mathematician and
scientist called Charles Babbage
invented the Difference engine, which
the oretically was capable of doing,
calculations up to 20 decimals places.
But it was not made due to lack of
technology at the time.

5.  In 1834,Babbage designed the
analytical engine which was capable of
storing results by using punched card.
This design had the same fate as his
earlier design, and was never finished.
 The speciality was that this system
introduced the basic input – process –
output steps which of modern
computers use. He is considered as the
“father of the computer”.

6.  A friend and apprentice of Babbage, known
as Ada Augusta Lovelace(Ada Byron) wrote
programs for the Analytical engine, even
though the machine never came to life. She is
considered as the first computer programmer
in the world.
 The competition which was to make a
machine that would help the census in
America, in 1890, was won by Herman Hollerith,
by his “Hollerith desk”. He used the punched
card system , which was introduced by
Jacquard in the early 19th century.

8.  The computing – Tabulating- recording company, which was
making the Hollerith desks became the International Business
Machine” or IBM in 1924.
 A British mathematician called Allan Turing made the Turing
machine which can be considered as a pioneering device
for the modern day digital computer.
 During the 1930s, Howard Aiken, an American
mathematician, designed the Automatic sequence
controlled calculator (ASCC) which was later named the
mark 1.
 In 1939,John v.Atanasoff and Clifford Berry created and
demonstrated the Atanasoff-Berry computer(ABC).
 In 1941,a German called konrad Zeus created the Z3, which
was a significant iteration of his earlier developments .It was
developed in secret , resulting in no contribution at all for the
development of the computer. All the prototypes were
destroyed by allied bombing.
 In1943, at Bletchley park, Britain, the colossus was designed in
secret to decrypt German messages.

9.  In 1944, Howard Aiken developed the Mark 1 for the U.S.Navy.
 In 1945, The “ Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer”
(ENIAC) was build by John.W.Mauchly and J.presper Eckert at the
university of Pennsylvania for the U.S. Military. This was introduction
in 1946 to the public and consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes.
Physical rearrangement was required to make different type of
calculations.
 In 1945, John Von Neumann demonstrated the concept of stored
programme architecture, which introduced to electronic storage
of programming information and data , which eliminated the
need for the more clumsy methods of programming , such as
punched paper tape.
 In 1948, Mauchly and Eckert developed the Mark 111 computer,
which consisted of 5,000 vacuum tube.
 In 1949, Mauchly and Eckert developed the BINAC, which
successfully implemented the stored programme architecture.
 In 1951,the UNIVAC 1(Universal automatic computer 1) delivered
to the U.S. Census Bureau the first commercial computer to attract
widespread public attention. It was build by Remington Rand.

10.  In 1954, The IBM 650 magnetic drum calculator established
itself as the first mass-produced computer, with the company
selling 450 in one year.
 In 1958, SAGE – Semi-Automatic Ground Environment – linked
hundreds of radar stations in the United States and Canada
in the first large–scale computer communications network.

13.  In 1947, the first transistor model was introduced by John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain and William Shockley, at bell Laboratories.
 In 1950, Standards Eastern Automatic Computer was introduced by
National Bureau of standards with 10,000 newly developed
Germanium Diodes and the first Magnetic disk drives designed by
Jacob Rainbow.
 1959, IBM’s 7000 series mainframe were the company’s first
transistorized computers.
 General Electronic Corporation delivered its Electronic Recording
Machine Accounting (ERMA) on the bank of America in California.
This included MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) as a way
of capturing data from cheques, and continued the automation
process with the introduction of the ATM in 1974.
 In 1959, Jack Kilby of Texas instrument patented the first Integrated
Circuit (IC).
 In 1963, General Instruments made a LSI chip (100+).

14.  In 1964, IBM announced the system/360, a family of six mutually
compatible computer and 40 peripherals that could work
together. The company was making a transition from discrete
transistors to Integrated Circuit.
 In 1965, Digital Equipment Corp. Introduced the PDP-8, the first
commercially successful minicomputer.
 In 1971, Gilbert Hyatt at Micro computer Co. patented the
microprocessor.
 At Intel, Ted Hoff introduced the 4-bit 4004 processor, which had a
VLSI of 2300 components.
 In 1973 , IBM developed the first true sealed Hard disk drive, and
called it the “Winchester”. In consisted of two 30 MB platters.
 Robert Metcalfe at Xerox PARC created the Ethernet for
networking. He later founded 3COM.
 In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniac developed the Apple
Personal Computer.
 In 1984, Apple computers introduced the Macintosh Personal
Computer.

16. Computers can be classified in different ways according to different
criteria.
• Based on the Generations
• Based on the size and capability
• Based on the purpose
• Based on the computational method (Type)

17. • Memory was made up of thousands of vacuum tubes or
sometimes magnetic drum.
• Gave off so much heat that even they were cooled by
gigantic air conditioners.
• Input and output media were punched cards and magnetic
tapes.
• The machine was capable to do one job at a time, therefore
batch processing was adopted.
• The language was used by these computers was machine
language and assembly language.
• Example of computer :UNIVAC,IBM 650 , ENIAC etc.

18. • An electronic switch that alternately allow or disallow electronic
signal to pass, replaces vacuum tubes.
• These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is
silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce.
• Much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power, and generate
less heat, conduct electricity faster.
• The orientation was towards multiple users i.e. the machine was
capable to process multiple task concurrently.
• The high level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC etc. were
used as the languages by the computer.
• Example of computers: IBM 1400 and 7000 series, General Electric
635 etc.

19. • An electronic circuit that packages transistors and other
electronic components in to one small silicon chip called
semiconductor.
• The number of transistors that is placed on a single chip has
increased, shrinking both the size and cost of computer.
• Keyboards and monitors were used.
• Magnetic disks were used widely as secondary storage.
• More advanced high level languages like PASCAL were used.
• Example of computers: IBM system

20. • A silicon chip on which transistors are integrated onto it.
• Microprocessor can do all the processing of a full-scale
computer – smaller in size, faster in speed.
• These circuits integrations are known as large-scale integrated
(LSI) and very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits.
• Microprocessor led to the invention of personal computers.
• The application software for micro computer essentially
became popular in this generation.
• Example of computers: IBM systems

21. • Artificial intelligence (AI) concerns with making computers behave
and think like humans.
• The branch of computer science that deal with writing computer
programs that can solve problems creatively.
• All studies include Robotics, expert system, Games, etc…
we can identify the following patterns with the evolution of the computer.
• size
- Everything has become smaller with integration.
• Power
- Miniaturization allowed computer markers to cram more power into their
machines, providing faster processing speeds and more data storage capacity.
• cost
- The price of the hardware is getting cheaper.

23. • The most powerful and expensive computers are called super
computers.
• Usually clusters of individual processors connected together to
achieve peta-flops per second speeds.
• They are used for special purposes, such as worldwide weather
forecasting or weapons research, stock analysis, movie effects.
• Example :IBM Road runner

24. • Large computers called mainframes are used by large
businesses such as banks, airlines, and large manufacturers to
process very large amount of data quickly.
• Capable of supporting hundreds and thousands of users
simultaneously.
• Example :IBM AS400

25. • Mini computers are midsized computers capable of
supporting from 4–200 users simultaneously.
• Mini computers are mainly used as department computers for
data processing in large organization or governmental
institutional like hospitals.
• Also known as personal computers.
• Intended for single users and for personal use.
• Ex :Laptop, Desktop, Palmtop, PDA……

26.  General purpose
Computers which can be the oretically used for any
types of application.
Ex :personal computers
 Special purpose
 These are build for specific jobs and tasks.
 Ex :Air traffic control system

27. • Process data which is inserted in a continuous from. Such as tempera true, trust
and preasure.
• Cheap
• Lacks in accuracy
• Ex :Milometer
• Uses binary (discrete) levels to input, process and output data and information.
• More accurate than analog computers.
• More expensive
• Ex :Desktop computers
• Combines the other two types.
• Input and output is done in analog form.
• Before processing, analog data is digitized using ADC….
• After processing , again converted back to analog by using DAC …..