RSF Net zero operations 2020

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Research Support Facility:
10 Years of Net Zero Operations, Occupants
and Analytics
Shanti Pless
Senior Buildings Energy Research Engineer
and Occupant and Zero Energy Building Operator
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
4/6/2020

Lets Review
I have a new LEED Platinum net zero energy building – now what?
– Year 10 in our own net zero operations efforts in the Research Support
Facility at NREL
– What does it take to operate long term to meet zero energy design
goals?

National Renewable Energy Laboratory Snapshot
• Leading clean-energy innovation for 42 years
• 2000 employees with world-class facilities
• Campus is a living model of sustainable energy
• Owned by the Department of Energy
• Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy
• Golden, Colorado Main Campus
• Wind Technology Site
Only National Laboratory Dedicated Solely
to Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Zero Energy Catching on
500+ projects targeting zero
Zero Energy School Districts
Zero Energy Districts
100% Renewable Commitments
– 5 states
– Over 100 cities
– Multiple utilities
– Corporate commitments
Zero Energy Codes
– Title 24
– Boulder and Denver working on Zero Energy Building Codes for
2030 now
– Both design and outcome-based codes under consideration

Zero Energy Certifications
LEED-0
Living Building Challenge
Zero Code from Architecture 2030
DOE Zero Energy Building standard definition

Zero Energy K-12 and Office AEDG Published
– www.ashrae.org/aedg
– Multifamily guides underway
NBI Zero Energy Status Update:
– https://newbuildings.org/resource/2018-getting-zero-
status-update/
Zero Energy Resources

7
Next Generation of ZEBs will be…
• Taller
• District Scale
• High Load Building Types
• Grid Friendly
• More Resilient
• Require Proof of Performance
• More and everywhere…

8
California State Agency Zero Net Energy Definition
https://www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/osp/sam/mmemos/MM17_04.pdf

9
American Geophysics Union Net Zero Renovation in DC
http://building.agu.org/

10
United Therapeutics Unisphere
Net Zero New Construction Goal, Silver Springs, MD
http://utunisphere.com/

11
Taller requires more creative PV integration
South Façade PV in Denver produces more than optimal tilt in Northeast…
– 1,000 kWh/kW+
– Also provides seasonal balance with winter peak production
Image credit Bouldercommons.com

What is next in zero energy labs?
California Air Resources Board Vehicle Testing Lab,
Riverside CA
– 380,000 ft2, ~47 kBtu/ft2/yr design goal
– Net Zero with large scale battery storage and 120+
EV charging stations to harmonize ZEBs with the
southern California duck curve grid
– Will be largest on-site ZEB (size and load) in
construction now…
https://www.arb.ca.gov/html/socalfacility/socalfacility.htm

National Western Center, Denver CO
District Zero Energy with Ambient Loop and
Wastewater Heat Recovery

NREL/DOE Research Support Facility
Location: Golden, CO
Primary Use: Office and
corporate data center
Size: 360,000 ft2
Occupants: Approximately 1,325
LEED Rating: Platinum
Construction Cost: $254/ft2
Energy Budget: 35 kBtu/ft2/yr
Site Net Zero Energy Goal:
Offices, datacenter, and parking
with on-site PV and campus
wood chip boiler
Utilize warranty and incentive
program to ensure operations
goals

220,00 SF
Office Building
Golden, CO
Image courtesy of RNL

138,000 SF
Office Building
Golden, CO
Image courtesy of RNL

Net Zero Site Energy Building
Net Zero Source Energy Building
Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
Net Zero Energy Cost Building

19
http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/doe-releases-common-definition-
zero-energy-buildings-campuses-and

NREL Campus Growth with Design-Build
Procurement process attributes pre-2007:
o Design-bid-build project delivery
o LEED-driven sustainability goals
Procurement process attributes post-2007:
o Design-build project delivery with firm fixed price for >$400 Million of new
facilities
o Specific energy performance requirements in the Request for Proposal
– RSF, office example: 35 kBtu/ft2/yr
– SEB, guard house example: net zero energy
o Energy modeling required to substantiate goals
o Energy end-use metering requirement
o Voluntary incentive ($) program to ensure measurement and verification
outcome has a chance to meet predicted performance

• Performance based design-build with absolute energy
use requirements
o These are NOT bridging documents.
– Owner has significant input into the preliminary design
– Some overlap of A/E costs
o These ARE performance specifications.
– What something must do, not what it must be
– Subcontractor must substantiate that the design meets requirements
– Owner must not give the subcontractor technical direction
No drawings/plans in RFP!
Don’t change your mind
22
Energy Performance Based Design-Build Process

DOE / NREL: Client
Haselden Construction: General Contractor
RNL: Architecture, Interiors, Landscape, Lighting
Stantec: MEP Engineering, Energy Modeling
KL&A: Structural Engineering
Martin/Martin: Civil Engineering
AEC: LEED, Daylight Modeling, Commissioning
Namaste Solar: Solar Consultant

DOE/NREL Research Support Facility
RFP Design/Build Requirements:
50% energy cost savings over
ASHRAE 90.1
35.1 kBtu/ft2/yr
Net zero energy use
Performance assurance plan with
incentives
Design/Build Results:
Net zero energy use
36.4 kBtu/ft2/yr in 2014
$259/sqft construction costs
26

DOE/NREL RSF 3rd Wing
27 kBtu/ft2/yr
50% Energy Cost Savings
Performance assurance plan with
incentives
20 kBtu/ft2/yr measured
Demonstration of additional cost
savings, energy efficiency, and
schedule gains over phase 1
• 17% more efficient than the
RSF
• Cost savings of 5%
($14/ft2 cheaper)
27

DOE/NREL 1800 Car Staff Parking Garage
Design/Build Requirements:
• 0.5 kBtu/ft2
• 175 kBtu/stall
• Net-zero energy Site
Entrance Building
• 90% Energy savings
• 138 kBtu/parking stall
• $14,172 per parking space
• $15,500 to $24,500 for
typical parking space in
Denver area

DOE/NREL Cafeteria
• 35% energy cost savings over
ASHRAE 90.1
• Best in class commercial
kitchen equipment
• Performance assurance plan
with incentives
• LEED Gold
• 36% energy savings and
Platinum
• Demonstration of max
efficiency in a commercial
kitchen using energy
performance based
design/build delivery and
procurement methods
• Continuous improvement
requirements in vendor
contract to ensure performance
assurance

DOE/NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility
Design/Build Requirements:
27 kBtu/ft2 Office wing
1.06 PUE supercomputer
• No mechanical cooling
• Waste heat reuse
30% savings for all labs
LEED Gold
26 kBtu/ft2 Office wing
World class efficient supercomputer
– 1.04 PUE
36% savings in labs
LEED Platinum
2014 Lab of the Year R+D Magazine
30

https://buildingdata.energy.gov/cbrd/energy_based_acquisition/

Energy Use
Credit: Stantec
Credit: Chad Lobato/NREL
Space Heating
24%
Space Cooling
3%
Pumps
1%
Ventilation Fans
5%
Domestic Hot
Water
3%
Exterior Lights
0%
Lights
6%
Office Plug Loads
22%
Task Lights
0%
Data Center
35%
Data Center
Cooling
0%
Data Center Fans
1%
NREL RSF Energy Model Breakdown
kBtu/ft2 kWh/m2 kWh/ft2
Cooling 0.46 1.46 0.14
Heating 9.68 30.52 2.84
Mechanical
Systems 2.19 6.90 0.64
Lighting 2.83 8.92 0.83
Plug Loads 5.76 18.18 1.69
Data Center 14.43 45.53 4.23
Building Total 35.35 111.51 10.36

35
•100% of the workstations
are daylit
•No employee more than 30
feet from a window
Daylighting

Daylighting: Glare Control
A light redirecting
device reflects
sunlight to the
ceiling, creating an
indirect lighting
effect.
Fixed sunshades
limit excess light and
glare.
Credit: RNL

6 watt task light
50 fc
Ambient daylight
Ambient lighting with
daylight sensors for 25 fc

Weekday Lighting Power Density
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
PowerDensity(W/ft2)
Time of Day
Model Average
October 2010
November 2010
December 2010
January 2011
February 2011
March 2011
April 2011
May 2011
June 2011
July 2011
August 2011
September 2011

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
PowerDensity(W/ft2)
Time of Day
Model Average
October 2010
November 2010
December 2010
January 2011
February 2011
March 2011
April 2011
May 2011
June 2011
July 2011
August 2011
October 2010 – August 2011 Plug Load Power Density
Note: The elevators are included in the plug loads
Credit:MarjorieSchott/NREL

Zero Energy Buildings Operations
 Benchmark energy use and compare to intent
• Near real time
• Report out status
 Identify and prioritizing faults and facilitate fixes
• Metering system faults
• Setpoint overrides
• Sequence of operations
• Finding and fixing inverter trips ASAP
• Datacenter load growth
 Plug loads
• Always a more efficient option
• IT procurement and enterprise standby modes
 Ensuring Occupant Engagement Control philosophy
 Developing occupant specific solutions
• Daylighting glare control
• Task lights
• Task fans
• Privacy, acoustics, etc
 Telling the story
1300 occupants all happy and
productive?
Can it turn off at night?
Is it working as intended?
Are we on track?
Are the meters working?
Do they know they can use the light
switches?
Why did the window get left open?

What is the
occupant’s role?

A Solution: Occupant Engaged (OE)
A control philosophy for engaging occupants in high
performance buildings operations as active users
Requires occupant engagement to take a system from off
to occupied state
– Default mode is maximum efficiency mode
• off or setback
– No automatic ON
– Occupant engages control to turn on if service needed
• Intelligence to turn off or go to unoccupied state if occupant “forgets”
to turn off
– MUST have simple local occupant engagement interface
• On/off switches the best

Occupant Engaged:
Simple and Local Controls in Action at NREL
Vacancy Sensors for Lighting
– Manual ON, manual OFF, with automatic dim and OFF when
vacancy sensed
Timer-OFF controls for task light and office plug loads with
manual ON
Local glare control
– Local manual tint of electrochromics, manual clear with automatic
timed clear
Operable Windows for Natural Ventilation
– Still need a way to automatically close afterhours…
Self Powered Exercise equipment
Local USB powered desktop fan
– Turns off when computer goes to sleep

• Self-powered exercise equipment
• No outlets or electrical infrastructure
required
• no electricity use
(other than human generated)
• Requires user to engage to power up
controls
OE Exercise Gym Equipment

Occupant Education?
MUST have simple occupant
engagement controls!
• You have light switches- you can use them
• If you open a window – close it
• If you are stuffy- open your window
• If you have a local glare issue, turn on your
electrochromics
• Turn on your power strip in the morning
Occupants have to and will “figure it out”
Adaptive lighting comfort
– Actual office lighting levels measured before occupants engage
to turn on open office ambient lights are 10 FC and below
– 70% savings over occupancy sensor in daylit break rooms

PRODUCTIVITY
Please estimate how your productivity is increased or decreased by the
environmental conditions in this building (e.g., thermal, lighting, acoustics,
cleanliness):
76% of the respondents felt that their productivity
was improved by the IEQ conditions in the building
Credit: CBE (Gail Brager and Margaret Pigman)

Database
LEED
NREL
Mixed-Mode
Naturally Ventilated
Legend Mean value
-0.13
0.40
0.92
0.32
1.43
RSF
TEMPERATURE
Credit: CBE (Gail Brager and Margaret Pigman)

NOISE LEVEL / PRIVACY

PINK NOISE

HVAC Systems
•Radiant ceiling space heating and cooling in open offices
•Dedicated outdoor air with underfloor delivery
•Displacement cooling in conference rooms
•Natural ventilation
• Automatic and manual windows
• Security waiver

71
Natural Ventilation
• During mild weather,
operable windows allow
for natural ventilation
and economizer.
• Automatic windows are
controlled and operated
primarily to support
nighttime precooling.
• Occupants are notified
when conditions allow
for manual windows to
be opened.

Construction Innovation
74
5 days per deck allowed
– 2 days per deck
– 85% faster
Offsite pre-fab of zones
Offsite pre-pressurized

HOT AISLES
Image courtesy Stantec

Operational Lessons- Datacenter
77
•Fully containing hot aisle difficult
• Custom aisle floor and door seals
• Ensure equipment designed for
cold aisle containment
• And installed to pull cold air
– Not hot air…
•Have run ~1.1-1.35 PUE
•A few hot spots were driving up PUE
•Summer time PUE of 1.35 because
of increased cooling
Control hot aisle based on return
temperature of ~90F
NREL/PIX17897
Credit:MarjorieSchott/NREL

Radiant Cooling and Program Changes?
• Increase in density by 30% with new
space standards and furniture
• Adding more huddle rooms,
conference space, and acoustically
isolated spaces
• Increase cooling capacity of ceiling
with ceiling fans
• Noise concerns
• Variable speed based on cooling
stage 10%-20% increased capacity
• Coordination with smoke alarm air
flow specs
• Only small huddle rooms with a
ceiling
78

Operations Feedback
Jake Gedvilas
10 year RSF Facility Manager
Michelle Slovensky
NREL Intelligent Campus/Sustainability
Anna Hoenmans, PE
NREL Site Mechanical Engineer
Jacob Reynoldson
Site HVAC Controls Tech
In 10 years:
• We have had 2 radiant tube leaks
• Construction ceiling penetrations
• We have had a few radiant panel
connectors leak
• What happens when control valves fail
open?
• We had one radiant panel condense...
• “Need a way to alarm this”
• Occupant comfort seems to be good based
on our comfort surveys
• Acoustics and privacy bigger issues
• 75F setpoints instead of 72F
• Task fans very helpful for local comfort

Effective Visualization?
What does this tell us?
Or how do you best use 40 submeters…

Measured Mechanical System Power Density
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.23
0.25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
PowerDensity(W/ft2)
Time of Day
Model Average
October 2010
November 2010
December 2010
January 2011
February 2011
March 2011
April 2011
May 2011
June 2011
July 2011
August 2011
September 2011
Note: Control of the VFDs was
optimized in late October 2010,
resulting in energy savings
Note: Control of the dampers was
optimized in April 2011, resulting in
energy savings
s

0
1500
3000
4500
6000
7500
9000
10500
12000
13500
15000
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
DailyHeatingEnergy(kWh)
Average Daily Outdoor Temperature (°F)
Model Daily Heating
RSF Daily Heating
Model Heating Trendline
RSF Heating Trendline
Daily Heating Energy

Building Agent Dashboard
Graphic Design: Marjorie Schott, NREL
What about
this?

Creating Expectations
85
Upper Expectation
Measured
Performance
Lower Expectation
Expectations combine
statistical and physical
energy models

Modeling Consumption
Vertical Irradiance (W/m2)
LPD(W/m2)
Statistical Models
Lighting
Physical Models
PV Generation
Combined Models
Plug Loads
Henze, G.P.; Pless, S.; Petersen, A.; Long, N.; Scambos, T. (2015).
“Control limits for building energy end use based on frequency analysis
and quantile regression." Energy Efficiency, published online. DOI:
10.1007/s12053-015-9342-6

Fault Detection Example: Daylighting
Lighting higher
than expected
Lighting out of range
despite full daylighting
potential
Root Cause: Daylighting controls overridden
during repair of ballast and fixtures; controls
weren’t reset
6-Nov-20136-Nov-2013

Fault Detection Example: Lighting
Controls
Lighting load is too high
in evening hours (6–10
PM)
Response: Reduce auto-off delays; staff
outreach; lessons learned for future lighting
system design
Multiple Causes: Cleaning staff, individuals
working late
1-Jan-2014 5-Apr-2014

Fault Detection Example: Air Handler
Solution: Installation of new
evaporative cooling unit to meet
local demand, enabling the AHU to
turn off at night
Problem: Large AHU on all night:
manually overridden to provide air
and cooling to a few night shift
security employees
16-Aug-2013
7-Oct-2013

Fault Detection Example: PV Inverter
Offline
PV output too low.
Why?
Time series suggests inverter
outage; offline inverter confirmed
via vendor web portal and repair
dispatched
20-Mar-2015 20-Mar-2015

Photovoltaic System

Photovoltaics
•PV contractor involved with installation
•Installation technique improvements
•Standing Seam Roof
C-Wing PV
RSF Addition PV
RSF PV

Zero Energy Building Operations Realities (data)

PV Production Tracking
97
• PVWatts predict 1,417 kWh/kW/yr for Golden CO
www.pvwatts.nrel.gov
• Operational Lessons:
• Inverters fail – make sure they get fixed ASAP
• Good hail protection – had 1 panel fail out of 4000…
• 10 degree tilt so Rain/snow cleans panels – no flat mounted panels
• Expect snow coverage losses

Resources
General HPB operations process linked by
project phase
• Present a storyline for all HPB operations
key actions (above and beyond current
practice)
Unique sections for topics that create a base
recipe that can be used by all HPB owners
and building types
Examples of unique lessons given to
generate motivation and confidence to take
action
• Setting and requiring energy targets
• Procuring an EIS
• Procuring MELs
• Datacenters
• Occupancy and occupant feedback
• Closing the loop with action plans
https://buildingdata.energy.gov/cbrd/resource/1913

How-to Guides for Cost Control
Guide:
– https://buildingdata.energy.gov/cbrd/resource/1655
– Discusses the recommended strategies
– Pairs strategies with industry examples of success in
ZEBs and other high-performance buildings where
possible
– Describes how to balance key decision-making factors
– Provides quick reference tables to help building owners
and project teams apply the recommended strategies to
their projects.
Fact sheet:
– https://buildingdata.energy.gov/cbrd/resource/1654
– Highlights key ideas from the guide
– Directs readers to the guide for more details.

LEED-0 Program Guide
101
https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED_Zero_Program_Guide.pdf

For LEED-0
102
• Meter all energy use on a 15 minute or hourly timestep
• PV used vs exported
• Load met by PV or Grid
• District heating and cooling
• Exclude 100+ EV charging station loads by directly metering
• 10 years of replacement RECs
https://portfoliomanager.energystar.gov/pdf/reference/Source%20Energy.pdf

Metering for LEED-0
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
HourlyElectricityUse(+)andProduction(-)(kW)
Car Charging
Total cooling
Total Lighting (kW)
Total Plug Loads (kW)
Total Mechanical (kW)
Total Data Center (kW)
PV (kW)
Net Building Utility Draw (kW)

Sum up for the year…2018
104

106
What Worked
• Occupant Engaged Control Philosophy
• Vacancy sensors in daylit spaces
• Performance based design build with
energy performance requirements on a
firm fixed price
• Plug load efficiency
• 50% savings possible
• Insulation and thermal mass
• Attention to details
• Ask for a continuous insulation system
• Focus on envelope component junctions

107
What works (cont.)
• 0.5 W/ft2 lighting power density with 100% LEDs
– Daylighting controls with north windows
– Passive glare control with overhangs and NO shades/blinds
• Systems to turn equipment OFF
– Lights
– Fans
– Pumps
– Plug loads
• Decoupled outdoor air with water hydronic heating and
cooling
• Power purchase agreements for PV
• Use zero energy design predictive energy models to guide
operations by end use
• Passive and SIMPLE!

Thanks and Questions
Shanti Pless
Shanti.pless@nrel.gov
108

RSF Net zero operations 2020

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