It tackles about the weather and storms.

1. Weather and Storms

2. Weather
• Is a condition of the atmosphere in terms of
heat, wind, pressure and moisture in a
particular place and a particular time.
• There is weather because there is no
atmosphere.
• Atmosphere
dense and heavy, which is why there are ever
changing ,dramatic violent weather conditions.

3. Air Masses
• Air mass is a large body of air, usually 1600 km or
more across and perhaps several km thick.
• It is characterized by a homogeinity of
temperature and moisture at any given altitude.
Air mass weather
-it is a situation wherein region under its influence
experience fairly constant weather.

4. • Fronts
-boundary between two adjoining air masses
having contrasting characteristics.
-Marks change in weather.
• Source Region
-area where air mass acquires its characteristics
properties of temperature and moisture.

5. Air masses are classified
according to their source region
• Polar (P) air masses
-originate in high latitudes
• Tropical (T)
-Those that form in low latitudes

6. Air masses are classified according to
the nature of the surface in the
source region
• Continental -designates land
• Maritime-Indicates water

7. Four basic types of air masses
according to this scheme of
classification:
• Continental polar (cP)
• Continental tropical (cT)
• Maritime polar ( mP)
• Maritime tropical (mT)

8. Fronts
• Boundaries that separate air masses
of different densities, one warmer
and often higher in moisture content
than the other.
• Thin transition zone about 5 to km
thick.

9. Cold front
• It is formed when a cold air mass
moves into water, displacing it in the
process.
• Generally steep , and when it runs
into the warmer air it forces it to rise
quickly.

11. STATIONARY FRONT
• The forces influencing the movement of a cold or
warm air mass lessen or become balanced, and the
front stops advancing. When this happens a stream
of cold air moves along the north side of the front
and a stream of warm air moves along the south side
in an opposite direction.
• It is called a stationary front because the edge of the
front is not advancing.
• It represents an unstable situation that can result in a
major atmospheric storm.

12. Waves and Cyclones

13. Wave cyclones are formed by air moving in
opposite directions along a front
• Occluded front –The boundary between cold
front and warm air masses
• Two Types of Occluded Front
Cold Front Occlusion-When the advancing
cold air is colder than the air ahead
Warm Front Occlusion-When the air ahead is
colder than the advancing air

15. • Lows or cyclones-The low moves away carrying with it rising air
current,clouds,precipitation,generally a bad weather.
• Highs or anticyclones-Highs are relatively stable because of
descending air motion.
-as a result dry air and lack of precipitation characterize high

16. Rainstorms
• Storms are atmospheric disturbances associated
with vertical air motion that may develop locally
within a single air mass or may be due to frontal
activity between two air masses.
• The rate of rainfall depends on the rate of
condensation and coalescence process
• If the considerable amount of water vapor
present,a heavy downpour of air called
rainstorm,results

18. • If the water vapor is continuously fed into the precipitating
cloud, a prolonged, heavy rainfall occurs. This condition is
called cloudburst
• The water runoff may produced a flash flood

19. Thunderstorms
• Is a rainstorm distinguished by thunder and
lightning and sometimes hail.
• Thunderstorms may result from frontal
cyclonic disturbances or strong local heating.
• Strong updrafts of air that produces the rain
cloud are essential for thunderstorm
formation.

20. Stages in the development of a Thunderstorm
UPDRAFTS
DOWNDRAFTS
Cumulus Stage Mature Stage Dissipating Stage

21. During the cumulus stage, strong updrafts act to build the storm,
the mature stage is marked by heavy precipitation and cool
downdrafts in part of the storm. When the warm updrafts
disappear completely, precipitation becomes light, and the cloud
begins to evaporate.

23. LIGHTNING AND THUNDER
• Lightning is a discharge of electrical energy.
• In the upper part of the thunderstorm develops
an accumulation of positive charges as cloud
droplets are uplifted and the middle position
develops an accumulation of negative charges
from lager drops that fall.
• Lightning discharges occur from the cloud to the
ground, from the ground to a cloud, from one
part of the cloud to another part or between two
different clouds.

25. • The air it travels through is heated
quickly, expanding into a sudden pressure
wave that one hears as thunder.
• A nearby lightning strike produces a
single, loud crack.
• Farther away strikes sound more like a
rumbling boom as the sound from the
separate strokes become separated over
distance.

26. Tornadoes
• are local storms of short duration.
• Are violent windstorms that take the form of a
rotating column of air that extends downward from a
cumulonimbus cloud.
• The pressure within some tornadoes has been
estimated to be as much as 10% lower than
immediately outside the storm.
• Tornadoes form in association with severe
thunderstorms that produce high winds, heavy
rainfall, and often damaging hail.

29. HURRICANES

30. HURRICANES
Whirling tropical cyclones that can have
wind speeds up to 300 km per hour.
Greatest storms on earth that can
generate 15 meter sea waves capable of
inflicting destruction hundreds of
kilometers from their source

31. They are known by different names:
Typhoons – western Pacific
Cyclones – Indian Ocean
The North Pacific – has greatest number
of storms , averaging 20 per year.

32. Eye
It is the center
of the storm
Averages 20
km in diameter
This is a zone
of calm and
scattered
cloud cover.

33. By international agreement
Lesser tropical cyclones are given different
names based on the strength of their winds.
Tropical depression
 When a cyclone’s winds do not exceed 61 km
per hour
Tropical storm
 When winds are between 61 and 119 km per
hour.

34. Damage caused by hurricanes can be
divided into three categories:
• Wind damage
The force of wind can
cause great
destruction and can
also create a
dangerous barrage of
flying debris.

36. Storm Surge
It is the most devastating damage.
A dome of water 65 to 80 km long that
sweeps across the coast near the point where
the eye makes landfall.
Superimposed upon the surge is tremendous
wave activity which can inflict damage on
low-lying coastal areas.

37. Flooding
The torrential rains
that accompany
most hurricanes
represent flooding.

39. Weather predictions
Based on information about the
characteristics, location , and rate of air
masses and associated fronts and pressure
systems.
The information is summarized as average
values , then fed into a computer model of the
atmosphere

40. Model
It is a scaled down replica of the real
atmosphere , and changes in one part of the
model result in the changes in another part of
the model just as they do in the atmosphere.

41. Basic scientific laws concerning
Solar radiation , heat, motion and the gas laws
All these laws are written as series of
mathematical equations – which are applied to
thousands of data points in three-dimensional
grid that represents the atmosphere
Computer- given instructions about the starting
conditions at each data point , that is the average
values of temperature , atmospheric pressure
humidity , wind speed , and so forth.

43. Climate
• General pattern of the weather that occurs for a
region over a number of years.
• Determines the types of plants and animals that
live in a location, the type of houses that people
build, and the life styles of people.
• Influences the processes that shape the
landscape, the types of soils that form, the
suitability of the region for different types of
agriculture, and how productive the agriculture
will be in that region

44. Major Climate Groups
• Uneven distribution of the incoming solar
radiation results in variations of temperature
conditions, moisture patterns, and general
circulation of the atmosphere at different
latitudes of the earth.
• Three groups of latitude:
– Low latitudes
– High latitudes
– Middle latitudes

45. Principal climate zones
• Defined in terms of yearly temperature
averages, which occur in broad regions
1. Tropical climate zone- low latitudes (18°C)
2. Polar climate zone- high latitudes (below
10°C)
3. Temperate climate zone- middle latitudes
(10°C to 18°C)

48. Major Climate Zones
• The principal polar, temperate, and tropical
climate zones are subdivided into:
– Marine climate- an area near the ocean that is
influenced by air masses from the ocean; has
abundant precipitation with an average of 50 to
75 cm yearly.
– Continental climate- an area far from the ocean
and influenced mostly by air masses from large
land areas; does not have an even temperature

49. Climates can be further classified as:
• Arid climate- dry and receives less than 25 cm
of precipitation per year
• Humid climate- moist and receives 50 cm or
more precipitation per year
• Semiarid- receives between 25 and 50 cm
precipitation per year

60. Atmospheric Ozone

61. Atmospheric Ozone
• Ozone Layer
refers to a region of Earth's stratosphere
that absorbs most of the Sun's UV
radiation.

63. Atmospheric Ozone
• CFCs(chlorofluorocarbons)
molecules that damage the ozone layer through
depletion

64. Sources of CFCs
- aerosol spray cans
- Refrigerants
- Plastic foam containers
- Spray propellants

65. How CFCs affect the Ozone Layer

66. Effects of ozone depletion
• increase cases of skin cancer
• Increase cases of cataracts
• Crops and climate will be affected
• Sea levels will increase

67. Effects of Ozone Depletion

68. El Niño

69. El Niño
• It is a spectacular oceanographic-meteorological
phenomenon that develops in
the Pacific and associated with extreme
climatic variability.

70. El Niño

71. Presented by Group 3
Group members:
 Garcia, Sharmaine M.
 Idanan , Dea Marielle
 Javier , Ria
 Latonio , Dannila Audrey B.
 Limbo, Colet
 Litang , Ella
 Magalona , Rheanne Deniese
 Manlapaz, Ryan
 Onguda, Kimberly