2. Latin word, foris= outside
Include all uncultivated and uninhabited land.
Jungle=collection of trees, shrubs etc.
It is natural ecosystem having multi species and
multi aged trees as dominant community.
1/3rd of the earth total area is covered by forest.
In India, forest coverage is 22.74% but it should
be 33% prescribed under national forest
policy(1988).
3. IMPORTANCE OF FOREST
Protective functions: protective role against soil
erosion, drought, floods,etc.
Productive functions: forests are source of wood
and products like gums, fibers, medicines, honey,
paper etc.
Regulative functions: like storage, absorption,
release of gases, water, minerals,regulate floods,
drought, and many gaseous cycles. Improve
atmospheric conditions.
Accessory functions: recreation, aesthetics etc.
4. DEFORESTATION
Three important factors
1 .deforestation
2. forest grazing
3 .forest fires.
Deforestation: Cutting of forest trees of commercial
use without planting new tree in return is called
deforestation
Cut for timber
For making paper
Fuelwood.
5. DEFORESTATION RESULTS IN
Soil erosion
Extinction of animals and plants
Loss of biodiversity
Change in the local and global climates(global warming)
Decrease in rainfall
Destructed of wild life
Absence or scarcity of soil moisture create drought
Increase in soil surface evaporation
Crop productivity is affected
Over-grazing reduced the regenerative capacity
of forest
ecosystem gets totally disturbed
6. CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
Explosion of human population = scarcity of land for
living purpose
Increased requirement of timber and fuel wood.
Expansion of crops land for increased production of
food grains
Overgrazing(cattle graze in the forest and destroy
forest floor vegetation)
Large scale demand of forest produce(rubbers
,gums , honey, dyes etc)
7. FOREST CONSERVATION
Forest conservation act(1980)
Production from fires:
Use of fire breaker, use of back firing, aeoro spraying of
fire, use of high capacity strong air blowers to change
direction of winds etc.
Maintenance of forest trees:
Cutting of unwanted trees, removal of abnormally grown
branches, removal of weeds, promote growth of useful
trees.
Protection from grazing
Protection from insects and pests(spray chemical and
fungicides)
Protection of wild life(from hunters and fisher mans)
8. CASE STUDY
‘Chipko movement’
started in Tehri-Garhwal to protest against tree
felling. Women hugged the tree and demanded to
be cut to pieces along with the trees being
cut.(under the leadership of Sunder Lal bahuguna)
Demanding ban on forest denudation
Slogan of planting five “fs”-food, fodder, fuel, fiber
and fertilizer.
Legislation came to this effect- well stocked forests
are declared national parks and sanctuaries(limited
human activity)
9.
10. TIMBER EXTRACTION-EFFECTS ON FOREST
Timber and wood used for industries and in railway.
It may take a few years for the plant to bloom into a
tree.
It is necessary to see that the trees left behind after
the harvest, have the same opportunity to grow as
before to get future returns.
11. DAM AND MINING EFFECTS
Protection and conservation of forests in the watershed
and mine spoil areas ,maintain water balance and soil
erosion.
13 river valley projects (mahanadi, chambal, Sutlej,
ramganga, damodar valley),not more than one fifth of
the watershed areas are covered with forests.
The land that are destroyed by mining are called mining
spoils.
These lands can be reclaimed by extensive plantation
only.
Mining waste disposal back fill is the solution
Afforestation
Degraded forest land should be brought back to proper
condition.
12. TRIBALS
Life and economy of tribals are intimately
concerned with forests.
Tribals of MP, Orissa, and North Eastern states
Practice shifting cultivation
Direct employment
Depend on MFP(minor forest produce) like flowers,
sal seeds, tender leaves, fruits, resins, etc.