yoctoComm solution for "Cellular Services over Wi-Fi", using existing NW nodes & interfaces. Updated version with comparisons to UMA, LTE-U/LAA & LTE-H/LWA.

1. 1© yoctoComm Communication Solutions
Femto-on-the-GoTM
for
Cellular Services over Wi-Fi
Contact:
contact@yoctocomm.com
Femto =10-15
Atto =10-18
Zepto =10-21
Yocto =10-24

2. 2
• Poor Cellular signal indoors (Coverage issue).
• Slow Cellular connection outdoors (Capacity issue).
• Communication disruption after natural or man-made
disasters, when mostly needed by civilians and relief agencies.
Market Pains
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

3. 3
• Femto-on-the-GoTM for Cellular Services over Wi-Fi
 3G: 3GPP CS-Voice using WB AMR Vocoder.
 LTE: VoLTE.
 SMS.
 Data/Video.
 Supplementary Services.
• True seamless experience Cellular  Wi-Fi without interruption
 3G: 3GPP Soft-Handovers (Iuh/Iurh Interfaces).
 LTE: 3GPP RAN based mobility (S1/X2 Interfaces).
• Cellular grade privacy & security
 USIM authentication (Non-SIM authentication-Optional).
 Secure connection via IPSec tunnel.
yoctoComm’s Solution:
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

4. 4
[1] It is assumed that Small-Cell/Femtocell (3GPP HNB/HeNB) service already exists
as part of the operator’s service.
yoctoComm’s Unique Selling Proposition:
The Femto-on-the-GoTM Clients will provide native integration with the mobile core and
will not require
additional NW nodes and/or interfaces ! [1]
=+
yoctoComm’s Solution:
Carry your own personal SW-Femtocell !!!
HW-Femto  SW-Femto
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

5. Target Devices Wi-Fi Only for
NW Access Only
Contain Cellular Modem
for NW Access Only
Contain Cellular Modem
for NW Access & Cellular
 Wi-Fi Handovers
Consumer
M2M
5
Product Roadmap
Telemedicine
H
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

6. 3G
6© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

7. 7
Solution
Architecture
3GPP Interfaces
IP Mobility
CS-Voice
Soft-HO
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions
Supported
Unsupported
Supported, only if IMS stack added to device and IMS-CN added to NW
yoctoComm Vs. Market Solutions (3G)
Femto-on-the-GoTM
UTRAN
Iuh/Iurh
GPRS
I-WLAN
IFOM
H1/H3
DSMIP
UMA
GAN
Up
GPRS

8. 3G
Access-Only Architectures
8© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

9. Iuh
9
Ext. CSN
Wi-Fi AP
MGW
Client
over
Wi-Fi
PSTN
HNB-GW MSC
Mc
Iuh
Over Wi-Fi
CN Ext. NWRAN
Iu-CS
I-WLAN Device
yoctoComm Device
3G CS Architecture for Access: yoctoComm Vs. I-WLAN
Client
over
Wi-Fi
WAG
Ext. CSN
Wi-Fi AP
MGW
PSTN
Wn
/Wu
MSC
Mc
Wn/Wu
Over Wi-Fi
PDG
Wp
/Wu
I1/GmIMS
Stack
IMS-CN
(SCC-AS/CSCF
/ATCF/TAS)
I2/I3
Wi
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Legend
XXX External NW nodes
XXX Modified NW nodes
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

10. Iuh
10
WAG Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Wn
/Wu
Wi
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
GGSN
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Gi
HNB-GW
Wn/Wu
Over Wi-Fi
SGSN
Gn
Iuh
Over Wi-Fi
CN Ext. NWRAN
Iu-PS
I-WLAN Device
yoctoComm Device
PDG
Wp
/Wu
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Legend
XXX External NW nodes
3G PS Architecture for Access: yoctoComm Vs. I-WLAN
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

11. Iuh
11
Ext. CSN
Wi-Fi AP
MGW
Client
over
Wi-Fi
PSTN
HNB-GW MSC
Mc
Iuh
Over Wi-Fi
CN Ext. NWRAN
Iu-CS
UMA Device
yoctoComm Device
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Legend
XXX External NW nodes
Up
Ext. CSN
Wi-Fi AP
MGW
Client
over
Wi-Fi
PSTN
GANC MSC
Mc
Up
Over Wi-Fi
Iu-CS
3G CS Architecture for Access: yoctoComm Vs. UMA
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

12. Iuh
12
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
GGSN
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Gi
HNB-GW SGSN
Gn
Iuh
Over Wi-Fi
CN Ext. NWRAN
Iu-PS
UMA Device
yoctoComm Device
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Legend
XXX External NW nodes
Up
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
GGSN
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Gi
GANC SGSN
Gn
Up
Over Wi-Fi
Iu-PS
3G PS Architecture for Access: yoctoComm Vs. UMA
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

13. 3G
Access & Handover Architectures
13© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

14. Iuh
14
Uu
Ext. CSN
Wi-Fi AP
NB MGWRNC
Cellular
Iub
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
PSTN
HNB-GW
Iur
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
SHO
Iurh
MSC
Mc
Iuh/Iurh
Over Wi-Fi
CN Ext. NWRAN
Cellular
I-WLAN Device
yoctoComm Device
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
“Tight” HHO
Iu-CS
Iu-CS
3G CS Architecture for Access & Handovers: yoctoComm Vs. I-WLAN
WAG
Ext. CSN
Wi-Fi AP
MGW
PSTN
Wn
/Wu
MSC
Mc
Wn/Wu
Over Wi-Fi
PDG
Wp
/Wu
IMS-CN
(SCC-AS/CSCF
/ATCF/TAS)
I2/I3
Wi
I1/GmIMS
Stack
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
Uu
NB RNC
Iub Iu-CS
I-WLAN:
SHO-no support I-WLAN:
“Loose” HHO
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Hard Handover (HHO)
Soft Handover (SHO)
Soft/Hard Handover
Legend
Access only
XXX External NW nodes
XXX Modified NW nodes
Mobility Loop

15. Femto-on-the-GoTM:
SHO
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
“Tight” HHO
Iuh
Iu-PS
15
WAG
Uu
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
NB GGSN/ARRNC
Cellular
Iub
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
Gi
H1/Wn
/Wu
H1/H3
Uu
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
NB GGSNRNC
Cellular
Iub
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
Gi
HNB-GW
Iur
Iurh
SGSN
Gn
H1/Wn/Wu
Over Wi-Fi
SGSN
Gn
Iuh/Iurh
Over Wi-Fi
CN Ext. NWRAN
Iu-PS
Iu-PS
I-WLAN:
“Loose” HHO
I-WLAN Device
yoctoComm Device
PDG/AR
H1
/Wp
/Wu
HA
H3
3G PS Architecture for Access & Handovers: yoctoComm Vs. I-WLAN
I-WLAN:
SHO-no support
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Hard Handover (HHO)
Soft Handover (SHO)
Soft/Hard Handover
Legend
Access only
XXX External NW nodes
XXX Modified NW nodes
Mobility Loop

16. Iuh
16
Ext. CSN
Wi-Fi AP
NB MGWRNC
Cellular
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
PSTN
HNB-GW
MSC
Mc
CN Ext. NWRANUMA Device
yoctoComm Device
Iu-CS
Iu-CS
Up
Uu
Ext. CSN
Wi-Fi AP
NB MGWRNC
Cellular
Iub
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
PSTN
GANC
MSC
Mc
Up
Over Wi-Fi
Iu-CS
Iu-CSUMA:
SHO-no support
3G CS Architecture for Access & Handovers: yoctoComm Vs. UMA
UMA:
“Tight” HHO
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
SHO
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
“Tight” HHO
Uu Iub
Iur
Iurh
Iuh/Iurh
Over Wi-Fi
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Hard Handover (HHO)
Soft Handover (SHO)
Soft/Hard Handover
Legend
Access only
XXX External NW nodes
Mobility Loop
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

17. Iuh
17
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
NB GGSNRNC
Cellular
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
Gi
HNB-GW
SGSN
Gn
CN Ext. NWRAN
Iu-PS
Iu-PS
UMA Device
yoctoComm Device
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
NB GGSNRNC
Cellular
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
Gi
GANC
SGSN
Gn
3G PS Architecture for Access & Handovers: yoctoComm Vs. UMA
Uu Iub
Up
Over Wi-Fi
Iu-PS
Iu-PSUMA:
SHO-no support
UMA:
“Tight” HHO
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
SHO
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
“Tight” HHO
Uu Iub
Iur
Iurh
Iuh/Iurh
Over Wi-Fi
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Hard Handover (HHO)
Soft Handover (SHO)
Soft/Hard Handover
Legend
Access only
XXX External NW nodes
Mobility Loop
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

18. 3G
M2M Architectures
18© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

19. Redundancy for
Disaster recovery
HNB-GW
Core-NWAccess/Backhaul
H
Telemedicine
Device “Address”:
1-800-xxx-xxxx
Device Address:
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
Wireline
Access
3G Uninterrupted Service for M2M devices
Command & ControlM2M Device
19
Cellular
Access
MNO CN
Competition Devices
MSO CN
H
Telemedicine
Device “Address”:
1-800-xxx-xxxx
NB/RNC
MNO CN
yoctoComm Devices
Iur
Uu
Iu-CS/PS
Iu-CS/PS
• Dual-Operator
• Dual-Address
• MSO CS ???
• Handovers ???
• Single-Operator
• Single-Address
• Full CS / PS service
• Soft Handovers
Iuh
/IurhWireline
Access
Redundancy for
Disaster recovery
Redundancy for
Disaster recovery
Redundancy for
Disaster recovery
Cellular Access
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

20. LTE
20© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

21. 21
Solution
Architecture
3GPP Interfaces
IP Mobility
Voice (Wi-Fi/LTE)
Trusted AP
Untrusted AP
RAN-based HO
CN-based HO
Supported
Unsupported
Supported; “Loose” connection (refer to NW architecture diagrams)
yoctoComm Vs. Market Solutions (LTE)
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions
Femto-on-the-GoTM
E-UTRAN
S1/X2
GPRS (Enhanced)
VoLTE/VoLTE
Trusted Non-3GPP
SaMOG
S2a
GTP/PMIP
VoWiFi/VoLTE
Untrusted Non-3GPP
SMOG
S2b
GTP/PMIP
VoWiFi/VoLTE
LTE-IFOM
IFOM
S2c
DSMIP
VoWiFi/VoLTE

22. LTE
Access-Only Architectures
22© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

23. S1
23
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
(Trusted)
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
(Any)
PDN-GW
Client
over
Wi-Fi
SGi
HeNB-GW
SWw
Over Wi-Fi
MME
/S-GW
S5
S1
Over Wi-Fi
CN Ext. NWRAN
S1
Non-3GPP Device
yoctoComm Device
TWAG
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Legend
XXX External NW nodes
SWw
SGi
PDN-GW
S2a
LTE Architecture for Access: yoctoComm Vs. Trusted Non-3GPP
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

24. S1
24
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
(Untrusted)
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
(Any)
PDN-GW
Client
over
Wi-Fi
SGi
HeNB-GW
SWn/SWu
Over Wi-Fi
MME
/S-GW
S5
CN Ext. NWRAN
S1
Non-3GPP Device
yoctoComm Device
ePDG
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Legend
XXX External NW nodes
SWn
/SWu
SGi
PDN-GW
S2b
S1
Over Wi-Fi
LTE Architecture for Access: yoctoComm Vs. Untrusted Non-3GPP
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

25. LTE
Access & Handover Architectures
25© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

26. S1
S1
/S2c
26
Ext. PDNeNB PDN-GW
Cellular
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
SGi
Uu
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
(Any)
PDN-GWeNB
Cellular
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
SGi
HeNB-GW/
X2-GW
X2
X2
MME/
S-GW
S5
/S2c
SWw/S2c
Over Wi-Fi
MME/
S-GW
S5
S1/X2
Over Wi-Fi
CN Ext. NWRAN
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
RAN HO
Non-3GPP Device
yoctoComm Device
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
“Tight” CN HO
S1
S1
Wi-Fi AP
(Trusted)
TWAG
SWw
/S2c S2a/S2c
Uu
/S2c
Non-3GPP:
“Loose” CN HO
Non-3GPP:
RAN HO-no support
LTE Architecture for Access & Handovers: yoctoComm Vs. Trusted Non-3GPP
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
CN based Handover
RAN based Handover
RAN/CN Handover
Legend
Access only
XXX External NW nodes
Mobility Loop

27. S1
27
Ext. PDNeNB PDN-GW
Cellular
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
SGi
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
(Any)
PDN-GWeNB
Cellular
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
SGi
HeNB-GW/
X2-GW
MME/
S-GW
MME/
S-GW
S5
CN Ext. NWRANNon-3GPP Device
yoctoComm Device
S1
Wi-Fi AP
(Untrusted)
ePDG
LTE Architecture for Access & Handovers: yoctoComm Vs. Untrusted Non-3GPP
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions
S1
/S2c
S5
/S2c
S2b/S2c
Uu
/S2c
Non-3GPP:
“Loose” CN HO
Non-3GPP:
RAN HO-no support
SWn/SWu/S2c
Over Wi-Fi
SWn
/SWu
/S2c
Uu
X2
X2
S1/X2
Over Wi-Fi
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
RAN HO
Femto-on-the-GoTM:
“Tight” CN HO
S1
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
CN based Handover
RAN based Handover
RAN/CN Handover
Legend
Access only
XXX External NW nodes
Mobility Loop

28. LTE
Carrier Aggregation Architectures
28© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

29. 29
Solution
CA Type
RAT
Pri-Cell type
Sec-Cell type
Sec-Cell
Protocol/Air-Interface
Pri-Cell  Sec-Cell
interconnect
CA Link Level
yoctoComm Vs. CA Propositions (LTE)
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions
LTE-H/LWA
Using licensed LTE &
unlicensed Wi-Fi bands
Multi (LTE & Wi-Fi)
Licensed LTE
“X2/PDCP-aware” unlicensed
Wi-Fi
??? (PDCP Packets)
Over 802.11
“X2-like”-Interface
PDCP layer
LTE-U/LAA
Using licensed LTE &
unlicensed LTE bands
Single (LTE only)
Licensed LTE
Unlicensed LTE
LTE-Uu
X2-Interface
MAC layer
Femto-on-the-GoTM
Using licensed LTE &
unlicensed Wi-Fi bands
Multi (LTE & Wi-Fi)
Licensed LTE
Any unlicensed Wi-Fi
S1/X2
over 802.11
X2-Interface
PDCP layer
LTE-A CA
Using licensed LTE bands
Single (LTE only)
Licensed LTE
Any licensed LTE
LTE-Uu
X2-Interface
MAC layer

30. 30
Ext. PDNeNB/RRH PDN-GW
Cellular
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
SGi
Uu
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
(Any)
PDN-GWeNB
Cellular
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
SGi
X2
MME/
S-GW
PDCP Packets
Over Wi-Fi
MME/
S-GW
S5
S1/X2
Over Wi-Fi
CN Ext. NWRANLTE-H/LWA Device
yoctoComm Device
S1
S1
Wi-Fi AP
LTE Architecture for Carrier Aggregation: yoctoComm Vs. LTE-H/LWA
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Pri-Cell Flow
Pri-Cell  Sec-Cell I/F
Sec-Cell Flow
Legend
Combined Flow
XXX External NW nodes
XXX Modified NW nodes
“X2” eNB/BBU
S1
S5
GE
CPRI
Uu

31. 31
Ext. PDN
eNB/RRH
Licensed
PDN-GW
Cellular
SGi
Ext. PDN
Wi-Fi AP
(Any)
PDN-GWeNB
Cellular
Client
over
Wi-Fi
Access Manager
SGi
X2
MME/
S-GW
MME/
S-GW
S5
S1/X2
Over Wi-Fi
CN Ext. NWRANLTE-U/LAA Device
yoctoComm Device
S1
S1
eNB/RRH
Unlicensed
LTE Architecture for Carrier Aggregation: yoctoComm Vs. LTE-U/LAA
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions
YYY Additional NW interfaces
XXX
XXX
Existing NW nodes
Additional NW nodes
YYY Existing NW interfaces
Pri-Cell Flow
Pri-Cell  Sec-Cell I/F
Sec-Cell Flow
Legend
Combined Flow
XXX External NW nodes
XXX Modified NW nodes
X2 eNB/BBU
S1
S5
CPRI
CPRI
LBT-Uu
Over Unlicensed
Uu
Over Licensed
Uu
Over Licensed

32. • GGSN: Gateway GPRS support node (3GPP 3G PS NW node).
• GPRS: General Packet Radio Service (3GPP TS 23.060).
• GTP: GPRS Tunneling Protocol (3GPP TS 29.060).
• HA: Home Agent (3GPP 3G NW node).
• HeNB-GW: Home evolved Node-B GateWay (3GPP LTE NW node).
• HNB-GW: Home Node-B GateWay (3GPP 3G NW node).
• HW: Hardware.
• I/F: Interface.
• IFOM: IP Flow Mobility (3GPP TS 23.261).
• IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem.
• IPSec: Internet Protocol Security.
• I-WLAN: Interworking Wireless Access Network (3GPP TS 23.234,
23.261, 23.327).
• LAA: Licensed Assisted Access (3GPP proposed std. for LTE-U).
• LBT: Listen Before Talk.
• LTE: Long Term Evolution.
• LTE-A: LTE Advanced.
• LTE-H: LTE HetNet.
• LTE-U: LTE in Unlicensed Band.
32
Glossary
• 3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project.
• AMR: Adaptive Multi-Rate.
• AP: Access Point.
• AR: Access Router.
• ATCF: Access Transfer Control Function (3GPP IMS-CN node).
• BBU: Base-Band Unit.
• CA: Carrier Aggregation.
• CN: Core Network.
• CPRI: Common Public Radio Interface.
• CS: Circuit Switched.
• CSCF: Call Session Control Function (3GPP IMS-CN node).
• CSN: Circuit Switched Network.
• DSMIP: Dual-Stack Mobile IP (3GPP TS 22.234, 23.402, 24.234,
24.302, 24.327).
• eNB: evolved Node-B (3GPP LTE base-station/NW node).
• ePDG: evolved Packet Data Gateway (3GPP LTE NW node).
• E-UTRAN: Evolved UTRAN.
• GAN: Generic Access Network (3GPP TS 43.318 for UMA).
• GANC: Generic Access NW Controller (3GPP 3G NW node).
• GE: Gigabit Ethernet.
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions

33. • SaMOG: S2a Mobility based On GTP (3GPP TS 23.402).
• SCC-AS: Service Centralization and Continuity - Application Server
(3GPP IMS-CN node).
• Sec-Cell: Secondary Cell.
• SGSN: Serving GPRS support node (3GPP 3G PS NW node).
• SIM: Subscriber Identity Module.
• SMOG: S2b Mobility based On GTP (3GPP TS 23.402).
• SMS: Short Message Service.
• SW: Software.
• S-GW: Serving – GateWay (3GPP LTE NW node).
• TAS: Telephony - Application Server (3GPP IMS-CN node).
• TWAG: Trusted Wireless Access Gateway (3GPP LTE NW node).
• UMA: Universal (Unlicensed) Mobile Access.
• USIM: Universal Subscriber Identity Module (3G/LTE SIM).
• UTRAN: Universal (UMTS=Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System) Terrestrial Radio Access Network.
• VoLTE: Voice over LTE (GSMA PRD IR.92).
• VoWiFi: Voice over Wi-Fi (Various standards & proprietary
solutions).
• WAG: Wireless Access Gateway (3GPP 3G NW node).
• WB: Wide-Band.
• X2-GW: X2-Interface GateWay (3GPP LTE NW node).
33
Glossary (Cont.)
• LWA: LTE + Wi-Fi link Aggregation (3GPP proposed std. for LTE-H).
• MAC: Media Access Control (layer).
• MGW: Media GW (3GPP 3G CS NW node).
• MME: Mobility Management Entity (3GPP LTE NW node).
• MNO: Mobile Network Operator.
• MSC: Mobile Switching Center (3GPP 3G CS NW node).
• MSO: Multiple System Operator.
• NB: Node-B (3GPP 3G base-station).
• NW: Network.
• PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (layer).
• PDG: Packet Data Gateway (3GPP 3G NW node).
• PDN: Packet Data Network.
• PDN-GW: Packet Data Network GateWay (3GPP LTE NW node).
• PMIP: Proxy Mobile IP (3GPP TS 23.402).
• Pri-Cell: Primary Cell.
• PS: Packet Switched.
• PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network.
• RAN: Radio Access Network.
• RAT: Radio Access Technology.
• RNC: Radio NW Controller.
• RRH: Remote Radio Head.
© yoctoComm Communication Solutions