1. The experiment measured the heat produced during respiration of germinating mung bean seeds. Seeds that were poisoned with formalin to stop germination did not produce heat, while germinating seeds showed an increase in temperature over time due to heat released from respiration. 2. The experiment studied water transport in plant stems. Dyes were used to trace the path of water movement, which was found to occur through xylem tissue. Lateral water movement in plant stems occurs through two pathways: apoplastic movement between cell walls and symplastic movement through the cytoplasm. 3. The experiment demonstrated transpiration in plants by measuring water droplets that formed on the outside of plastic bags covering potted

1. 1
HEAT PRODUCED DURING RESPIRATION
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Respiration is a process where glucose is converted into energy in series of reaction. The
energy released is called ATP and heat energy is also lost to the environment. Two types of
respiration are aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic occurs under conditions where oxygen is available
while anaerobic reaction occurs without oxygen. In this experiment, the type of respiration
observed is aerobic, obviously because we are dealing with heat, which is more abundant in
aerobic reactions. Respiration retrieves the energy from sugars. The summary equation of the
chemical reaction during respiration is as follows.
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
The generation of heat during respiration can be observed using germinating seeds of
Mung Bean or Mongo (Vigna radiata) since seed germination is a period of rapid cell division
and high respiration rates.
Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is to demonstrate how heat energy is released during
respiration from germinating mongo (Vigna radiata) seeds and to understand how and why heat
energy is released in respiration.
Definition of Terms
ATP – adenosine triphosphate, supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes
by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis
Germination – to cause to sprout or develop
Respiration – the enzymatic breakdown of organic compounds leading to a controlled
release of energy.

2. 2
WATER TRANSPORT IN THE STEM AND LATERAL WATER MOVEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Water is very essential for plant growth, metabolism, and transport. As plants evolved,
they have developed functional organs that would effectively suffice their daily requirements,
especially water and minerals. Plants have conducting vessels that transport water and minerals.
For water conduction, xylem is present. It is the only vascular tissue capable of upward water
translocation from the roots up to the leaves. Water transport is impaired when xylem is seriously
blocked.
Objective of the Study
This experiment aims to familiarize with the physiological processes involved in the
transport of water in the stem and the water’s lateral movement. Also, it aims to learn the path of
water transport in plants and determining its rate of transport.
Definition of Terms
Apoplast- is the free diffusional space outside the plasma membrane
Casparian strip- is a band of cell wall material deposited on the radial and transverse walls of the
endodermis, and is chemically different from the rest of the cell wall, being made of
suberin and lignin.
Cortex- a layer of cells in the epidermis that is used by the plants for the storage of foods such as
resin, tannins and oils
Xylem- a complex tissue in the vascular system of higher plants that consists of vessels,
tracheids, or both usually together with wood fibers and parenchyma cells, functions
chiefly in conduction of water

3. 3
TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Transpiration is common among plants which means to perspire. It is the process of water
movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as from leaves but also
from stems and flowers. Leaf surfaces are dotted with pores which are called stomata, and in
most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stomata are bordered
by guard cells and their stomatal accessory cells (together known as stomatal complex) that open
and close the pore. Transpiration occurs through the stomatal apertures, and can be thought of as
a necessary "cost" associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon
dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also changes osmotic pressure of cells,
enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots, and cools the plant.
Objective of the Study
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate water transport in plant due to
transpiration.
Definition of Terms
Photosynthesis – synthesis of chemical compounds with the aid of radiant energy and especially
light; formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen
(as water) in the chlorophyll-containing cells (as of green plants) exposed to light
Stomata – one of the minute openings in the epidermis of a plant organ (as a leaf) through which
gaseous interchange takes place
Transpiration – the passage of watery vapor from a living body (as of a plant) through a
membrane or pores

4. 4
HEAT PRODUCED DURING RESPIRATION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One-fourth kilogram of viable mongo seeds were soaked in water for twenty-four hours
to start seed germination and then drained. One-half of the soaked seeds were put in a beaker
(500-mL) and treated with 10% formalin for five minutes to poison them. The other half was left
untouched. One Erlenmeyer flasks (250-mL) was filled to about three-fourth full of soaked and
partly sprouted mongo seeds. A clean thermometer was inserted into the flask with soaked seeds
with the thermometer tip reaching the midst. The flask with seeds and thermometer was plugged
with absorbent cotton, keeping the thermometer in upright position. The same procedure was
done with another flask using soaked mongo seeds which were previously poisoned with
formalin.
Both setups were put in a dim cupboard for twenty-four hours and temperature was
recorded every two hours.
Figure 1. Erlenmeyer flask with soaked and partially sprouted mongo
seeds (Left) and flask with soaked mongo seeds poisoned with
formalin (Right).

5. 5
WATER TRANSPORT IN THE STEM AND LATERAL WATER MOVEMENT
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two leafy shoots of Kamantigue plant (Impatiens balsamina) were prepared by
cutting its base in observing the path of water transport. A concentration of 0.01% Eosin dye
and 0.01% Fuchsin dye were used as an indicator for the path which the researchers signed out
from the stockroom. One shoot was immersed in an Erlenmeyer flask containing the 0.01%
Eosin dye solution while the other shoot was immersed in the flask with 0.01% Fuchsin dye
solution. It was then set aside for 15 minutes. After the given time, the branches were removed
from the flask. Each of it was cut longitudinally and then measured the length of the stem
covered by the dye. A cross- section from each stem covered by the dye was mounted and was
observed under the microscope and the tissues stained were identified and labeled.
Another three Kamantigue (Impatiens balsamina) shoots about 15-20 cm were prepared
to observe the lateral water movement in the stem. The ends of the shoots were cut and split 5cm
longitudinally. The first shoot was dipped with one-half of the cut part in a test tube containing
water. The next shoot was dipped with both halves in another test tube with water. The last shoot
was dipped with both halves in a test tube with the presence of water. The set-up was left
undisturbed and then observed after twenty-four hours.
Figure2. Erlenmeyer flask with immersed
Kamantigue (Impatiens balsamina) in
Fuchsin dye (Left) and Kamantigue in flask
with Eosin dye (Right).

6. 6
Figure 3.1 Test tube A with half of the Figure3.2 Test tube B with both halves Figure 3.3 Test tube C with the stem
stem immersed in water of the stem immersed in water immersed in tube without water
The study was conducted at Room 213 of the College of Science and Mathematics,
MSU- Iligan Institute of Technology on May 5, 2013.

7. 7
TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two small flower pots with Soil were brought, one with growing plant and the other one
is without growing plant, also four pieces of transparent plastic bags and rubber bands were used
to cover the two small flower pots with soil. The two small flower pots were watered and each of
it was covered tightly with the plastic bag and rubber band. The potted plant is the set-up A
which was covered twice. First was the pot until to the base of the stem and then it was covered
as a whole, including the plant for the second time. The flower pot with soil only is the set-up B
which was covered also twice with plastic and rubber band.
After twenty-four hours, the droplets of water along the inner wall of the plastic bag was
observed. Then the two set-ups were compared.
The study was conducted at Room 213 of the College of Science and Mathematics,
MSU- Iligan Institute of Technology on May 5, 2013.

8. 8
HEAT PRODUCED DURING RESPIRATION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. The heat released during respiration of mongo seeds.
The temperature of the soaked and untouched seedlings was higher compared to the
seedlings treated with formalin on the first two hours primarily it is due to the heat energy
released during respiration of the germinating mongo seeds without formalin. The purpose of
adding formalin to the soaked mongo seeds is to kill or poison the germinating seeds and
therefore stopping its process of respiration. The reason for the rise in temperature in the setup
with soaked seeds and fall of temperature in the setup with soaked seeds added with formalin is
the continued respiration of the germinating seeds. Since seed germination is a period of rapid
cell division and high respiration rates, and the products of respiration are carbon dioxide, water,
and heat energy, it follows that more heat is released in the first setup compared to the other
which has seeds no longer germinating.
Temperature reading
after time (hours)
Average temperature readings when thermometer bulb is with
Seeds soaked overnight Seeds soaked overnight but are
treated with formalin
0 (Initial) 31̊C 29.5̊C
2 33̊C 29̊C
1. Which setup
shows rise in
temperature?
Answer with a
check (√)
√
2. Which setup
shows fall of
temperature?
Answer with a
check (√)
√

9. 9
WATER TRANSPORT IN THE STEM AND LATERAL WATER MOVEMENT
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2. Transport of water in the stem of plants
After fifteen minutes, both dyes were able to ascend to the plant’s stem. However, the
Eosin dye has a higher transport rate at 4.0 mm/min than that of the Fuchsin dye at the rate of
only 3.7 mm/min. The tissue that moves water in plants is Xylem.
Water molecules have several characteristics that make it easy for transpiration to occur.
They have a cohesive and adhesive quality that enables them to move upward gravity under. The
oxygen ends are negatively charged and the hydrogen end is positively charged. So, one water
molecule will be attracted to other water molecules. As the water travel up the xylem, each water
molecule pulls each other in a tight chain. This is cohesion, when two alike substances attract
each other. Adhesion is the attraction of two different materials. Because of the height of trees, it
would be hard for water to travel up that distance. What makes it easier is that water can stick to
the surface of the xylem walls.
Figure3. Label of the cross section of the stained portion of the stem
Cross section of Impatiens balsamina
Fuchsin Dye Eosin Dye
Height
(mm)
Time
(min)
Rate of Ascent
(mm/min)
Height (mm)
Time
(min)
Rate of Ascent
(mm/min)
55 mm 15min 3.7 mm/min 60 mm 15min 4.0 mm/min

10. 10
Cross-sections of the two stems with different dyes were observed under the microscope. A
clear indication of its Xylem was seen as it was stained with much darker shade in the two dyes.
Also, the Eosin dye gives more stain to the nucleus and cytoplasm while the Fuchsin is obvious
in the fibers.
The lateral movement of water includes the Apoplastic and the Symplastic movement.
The apoplast and symplast pathways are two different pathways by which water can move
through the root of a plant.
Water in the apoplast pathway moves from cell to cell via spaces in the cellulose cell walls
until it reaches the endodermis. At the endodermis, there is the 'apoplast block' - the cellulose
cell walls of the cells of the endodermis have a substance called suberin which is impermeable
and prevents the movement of water. The suberin makes up what is called the Casparian strip. At
this point, all the water has to move into the vacuolar and symplast pathways. The function of the
apoplast block is to prevent harmful substances from entering the xylem.
The symplast pathway is where water moves from cell to cell in the cytoplasm via the
plasma membranes and plasmodesmata. Water moves along the root by osmosis down a water
potential gradient (as water moves into one cell, this cell then has a higher water potential than
the adjacent cell, so water moves from cell to cell by osmosis). Water moves in this way along in
the cytoplasm from the root hair cell to the endodermis.
Figure4. Impatiens balsamina stems soaked in test tubes, 2 with
water and 1 containing no water.

11. 11
TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Water is lost from the stomata of the plant. Stomata are pores found in the epidermis of the
underside of leaves. They are located on the lower surface of leaves to reduce water loss due to
minimized solar radiation. The moist air in these spaces has a higher water potential than the
outside air, and water tends to evaporate from the leaf surface. The stomata act as pumps which
pull water and nutrients from the roots through the rest of the plant to the leaves.
The moisture came through the plant by transpiration in the form of vapor. Transpiration
occurs during photosynthesis when the stomata open for the passage of carbon dioxide gas.
Carbon dioxide is a necessary component of photosynthesis that the plant must get from their
environment. Water transported to the leaves is converted to a gas. As carbon dioxide is allowed
into the leaf, water vapors escape through evaporation to the atmosphere. Plants lack membranes
that are permeable to carbon dioxide and impermeable to water making transpiration an
inevitable consequence of photosynthesis.
On the set-up B, there were no droplets of water formed since no transpiration happened to
give off moisture and transpiration needs a plant to complete the process.
Figure 5.1. Set-up A (Potted
Plant)
Figure 5.2. Set-up B (Soil only)

12. 12
CONCLUSION
HEAT PRODUCED DURING RESPIRATION
The researchers therefore conclude that the seedlings respire aerobically because of the
presence of oxygen that is trapped inside the flasks. Furthermore, it can also be concluded that
germinating seedlings release heat, while non-germinating seedlings do not. Lastly, it was
observed that respiration could not take place in seeds treated with formalin and therefore there
is no heat produced.
WATER TRANSPORT IN THE STEM AND LATERAL WATER MOVEMENT
The researchers therefore conclude that plants transport water from the roots to the other
parts with the aid of the Xylem. The xylem serves as the water conductor capable of bringing and
holding water molecules inside the plant. Also the lateral movement of water in plants name the
apoplastic and the symplastic movement enables water molecules to penetrate in and out of the
cells. The researches then concluded that these can help in the longevity of the plants life water
can penetrate to all cells and by the aid of the xylem, it can move up.
TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS
There are environmental factors that could affect the transpiration. First is the light.
Plants transpire more rapidly in the light than in the dark. This is largely because light stimulates
the opening of the stomata. Light also speeds up transpiration by warming the leaf. Second is
temperature, plants transpire more rapidly at higher temperatures because water evaporates more
rapidly as the temperature rises. At 30°C, a leaf may transpire three times as fast as it does at
20°C. Third is the humidity, the rate of diffusion of any substance increases as the difference in
concentration of the substances in the two regions increases. Diffusion of water out of the leaf
goes on more rapidly when the surrounding is dry. Fourth is the wind. The air surrounding a leaf
becomes increasingly humid when there is no breeze thus reducing the rate of transpiration. The
humid air is carried away and replaced by drier air when a breeze is present. Lastly is the soil
water. A plant cannot continue to transpire rapidly if its water loss is not made up by replacement
from the soil.

13. 13
REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplast
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casparian_strip
http://sahiljhamb.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/water-uptake-and-movement-up-the-stem/
http://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/transpiration.html
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Transpiration.html
http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/SCT112/lecture3b.htm
http://wizznotes.com/biology/transport-in-plants/factors-affecting-transpiration
http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-the-function-of-the-cortex-in-plants
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/xyem
http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/water-uptake-and-transport-in-vascular-
plants-103016037
http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_4_2_18t.htm
https://ph.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081211123429AAKTFNp
https://ph.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120315093054AAvONVx
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Orbita, M.L.S et. al. 2013. Biology 103.2. Fundamentals of Plant Biology Laboratory Manual.