I had done a brief comparison in my course wireless Networks In this I had reviewed all generation with their advatages and limitations.

1. Evolution of Wireless technology
Shahzaib Ahsan
Department of Computer Science,
The University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan
Shahzaibahsan3@gmail.com
Abstract—Mobile communication is one of the hottest areas that
are developing in a rapid speed with
Advanced techniques emerging in all the fields of mobile and
wireless communications. I tried to make a comparative study of
wireless cellular technology termed as 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G
A mobile network is radio network spread over land areas called
cell and served by one fixed location known as a cell site or base
station. In cellular network each cell uses a different set of
frequencies to avoid interference the first generation was referred
to as cellular which was shortened to cell. Second generation
phones used GSM technology to improve voice quality but the
network still supports limited data services, Third generation
revolution allowed mobile phone users to use audio video and
graphics application 4g provides a comprehensive and secure IP
based solution that provide access through a collection of radio
interfaces
Phones or/and hand held devices. (Abstract)
Keywords 1G 2G 3G 4G cellular network
I. INTRODUCTION
We are living in modern age where we can’t live easily
without science. Today world is shrink due to development of
science and technology, different mobile technology. We
cannot think a single moment without science. Modern world is
being compressed due to the development of science and its
technologies. During few decades, the world has seen
phenomenal changes in the telecommunications industry due to
science and technology. We have different mobile and wireless
communication technologies, which are mass deployed, such as
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 wireless and mobile networks) , Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11 wireless networks), LTE (Long Term Evolution),
3G mobile networks (UMTS, cdma2000) and 4G as well as
accompanying networks, such as personal area networks (e.g.,
Bluetooth, ZigBee) or sensor networks.
1) 1G Mobile Communication System:
1G refers to first generation of mobile communication
system which was started in 1974 and completed in 1984.
1G was deployed on early stages to communicate with
mobiles phones with network of distributed transceiver
1G was first technology based on AMPS technology it
was based on Frequency modulation radio system using
Frequency Division access (FDM) with 30 KHZ channel
capacity it allows only voice calls having speed of 2.4
Kbps
Architecture of Advance Mobile Phone Services (AMPS)
Fig No.1
1.1) Features of 1G system
 Channel bandwidth 30khz
 No of voice channel 790
 No of control channel 42
 Cell radius 2-20 km
 Modulation voice channel FM
 Modulation control channel FSK
1.2) Limitations of 1G system
 Limited capacity
 No room for spectrum growth
 Minimal privacy
 No encryption
 Poor sound quality
 Unreliable Hand off
1G mobile phone Fig No.2

2. 2.0) 2G Mobile communication system:
2G denotes second generation which was next step in
development of mobile communication after 1G. It was
started in 1980’s and completed in 1990’s 2G was mainly
for voice transmission with digital signal and speed up to
64 kbps,2G provides services like SMS MMS. Two
schemes were used in second generation (TDMA) and
(CDMA) TDMA allows for the division of signals into
time slots and a special code generated by a CDMA for
each user in order to communicate over a multiplex
physical channel
2G GSM Architecture Fig No.3
2.1) Features of 2G system
 Emit less radio power
 Mobile Unit max power is 20 W
2.2) Limitations of 2G
 Powerful digital signals are required to make
the mobile phones work.
 There would be signal problem if there is no
proper network coverage in the specified area.
 There is difficulty to handle complex data
such as video etc.
2.3) 2.5 G:
2G cellular systems can combine with the General
Packet radio Services (GPRS) or other facilities
that are not found in 2G or 1G network 2.5G
implements as packet switched network to make
use of 2G system infrastructure. It have data rate
up to 144kbps and the technologies used in 2.5G
are GPRS, CDMA 2000. The major features are
Web Browsing Send/Receive E-Mail.
2G Mobile phone Fig No.3
3.0) 3G Mobile communication system:
3G was introduced in 2000 3G overcome many problems
particularly low speed incompatible technologies such
TDMA and CDMA. 3G uses packet switching technology
which is better than technologies used in 1g and 2g. The
speed of 3G technology is 125kbps-2 Mbps because of
better data rate 3G deliver more new features such as web
browsing email TV steaming, Video conferencing,
Navigation maps The purpose of 3G is to provide more
coverage and evolution with lowest investment
3G Architecture Fig No.4
3.1) Features of 3G system:
 Uses WCDMA/CDMA technology
 Bandwidth 5-10 Mbps
 3G consist of circuit and packet switching
 Frequency band 15-25 GHZ
 Better Security
3.2) Limitation of 3G system:
 Requires higher bandwidth.
 Cost of mobile phone is higher.
 The Price for 3G licenses services is higher.

3.  Difficult to build the infrastructure for 3G
3G Mobile phone fig No.5
4.0) 4G Mobile communication system:
4G denotes the fourth generation of mobile communication
system which was introduced in year 2010 4G is IP based
that provides access through a collection of radio interfaces.
It has compatibility to provide speed of 100 Mbps -1 Gbps
and high quality of services and security. Smart Antenna
for Multiple input and multiple output, Ipv6 is also
involved in 4G technology the significant features of 4G are
video conferencing, Location based services, low cost per
bit.
The term MAGIC indicates in 4G as
M=Mobile multimedia
A=any time any where
G=Global mobility support
I=Integrated wireless solution
C=Customized personal services
4G mobile communication system fig No.6
4.1) Features of 4G
 Bandwidth of 200 Mbps
 Low cost then 3g
 Frequency band of 2-8 GHZ
 It provides virtual navigation
4.2) Limitations of 4G
 New frequency means new component in cell tower
 Higher Data price for consumers
 To use 4G supported device is required, it is
impossible to make current equipment compatible
with 4G network
4G Mobile phone fig No.7
5.0) 5G Mobile communication system:
The 5G fifth generation of wireless communication in now
under development the 5G is called as Real world wireless
because it doesn’t require limitations. Physical layer and data
link layer defines wireless technology in 5G these two layer
indicates that 5G technology is like open wireless architecture
, virtual wireless is also maintained in the 5G technology
phones to perform this network layer is sub divided into upper
network layer or upper terminal and lower network for
interface where routing is based in IP addresses:

4. Mobile phone concept of 5G fig No.8
5.1) Features of 5G
 Remote management
 Higher uploading and downloading speed
 Large broadcast of data support almost
65000 connections
 Wearable device with AI (artificial
intelligence) and six sense.
5.2) Limitations of 5G
The major disadvantage of the 5G technology is higher rate.
Open Wireless Architecture fig No.9
II. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The last few years have witnessed the phenomenal changes
in wireless generation The increasing demand of wireless
technology motivates researchers to introduce 4G and continue
their struggle for development of 5G.History of mobile
communication shows many attempts has been made to reduce
size of technology to global standard. The first generation has
fulfilled the basic mobile voice using analog technique, where
second generation introduced capacity and coverage using
digital technique. The quest for higher data rate opens the gate
for truly “Mobile broad band” experience, 4G will provide
better than TV quality images and video links
5G technology has changed the mean to use cellphones
within very higher data bandwidth. The fifth generation
includes all types of advanced features which make technology
more powerful.
For future work I will make comparison of 2.5 3G lite and
other version introduced with advantages and limitations.

5. Comparison between 1G,2G ,3G,4G fig no.9
Generatio
n
Features
1g 2g 3g 4g 5g
Years 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s 2020’s
Data
Bandwidth
2kbps 64kbps 2Mbps 200Mbp
s
1Gbps
Standards Amps TDMA,
CDMA,
GSM
WCDMA Single
unified
standards
Single
unified
standards
Technology Analog Digital
Cellular
Broadban
d with
Unified IP Unified IP
&
seamless
Services Mobile
Technolo
gy(Voice)
Voice,
sms
Integrated
high
quality
video
Dynamic
informatio
n access
Dynamic
informatio
n access
With
wearable
devices
Multiplex
ing
FDMA TDMA,C
DMA
CDMA CDMA CDMA
Switching Circuit Circuit
and
packet
Packet All
packet
All
packet
Detail comparison table of 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G
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