Ch. 3

1. EARTH’S HUMAN & CULTURAL
GEOGRAPHY

2. BIG QUESTION
 What factors bring about change in
cultures?
Brainstorm and write in a one-paragraph
response.

3. Main Idea: Geographers study how people and
physical features are distributed on Earth’s surface.
WORLD POPULATION

4. POPULATION INCREASE IN INDIA
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74ej9loZI-
c
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG3aZgZ
OlWM
 Why is this a problem? How may it be
solved?

5. POPULATION GROWTH
 The world’s
population has
increased rapidly in
the past two
centuries, creating
many new
challenges.
 More than 6 billion
people live on the
Earth today.
 Has the population in
our community
increased or decreased
in recent years? (Think
about new schools

6. REASONS FOR POPULATION GROWTH
 Death rate has
decreased
 Better health care
 Better living
conditions
 Food supplies more
available
 Birth rate has
increased
 High birth rates in Asia,
Africa, and Latin
America.
 Death rate (mortality rate)
is the number of deaths
per year fro every 1,000
people.
 Birth rate is the number of
children born each year for
every 1,000 people.

7.  http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/world-life-
expectancy-map
 http://www.prb.org/publications/datasheets/2013
/2013-world-population-data-sheet/world-
map.aspx#map/world/population/2013
 What conclusions can you draw from this
map?
 List at least 3 on your paper

8. ISSUES WITH POPULATION GROWTH
 More food is needed for larger populations.
 Warfare and crop failures can lead to famine.
 Shortages of water & housing.
 More schools & hospitals required.
 Famine is a severe lack of
food.

9. KNOWLEDGE CHECK #1 (ANSWER ON A SEPARATE PIECE OF
PAPER)
 What has caused population growth in the
last 200 years?

10. WHERE PEOPLE LIVE
 The Earth’s
population is not
evenly distributed.
 Land only covers
30% of the Earth’s
surface.
 Humans live on only
half the available
land.
 Deserts, mountains,
and ice-covered
 Do we live in an urban,
suburban, or rural
area? What are the
advantages &
disadvantages of living

11. TURN AND TALK
 Talk to your partner and convince them of the
right answer!

12. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
 Even on usable land, population is not
evenly distributed.
 People prefer areas that include:
 Fertile soil
 Mild climates
 Natural resources
 Water resources
 Cities (access to jobs)

13. POPULATION DENSITY
 Some parts of the world are thickly settled while
some areas are not.
 The eastern seaboard of the United States (the
area from Boston, MA to Richmond, VA) has a
high population density.
 The area of the United States that includes the
Rocky Mountains (Montana to New Mexico) has
a low population density.
 Population density is the average number of
people living in a square mile. To arrive at this
figure, divide total population by total land area.

14. KNOWLEDGE CHECK #2
 Why does much of the world’s population live
on a relatively small area of the Earth?

15. KNOWLEDGE CHECK #3
 Answer with your flashcards (A, B, C, D)
A population will most likely grow if…
A. Its fertility rate is greater than its birthrate
B. Its infant mortality rate is greater than its
mortality rate
C. Its mortality rate is greater than its birth rate
D. Its birthrate is greater than its mortality rate

16. POPULATION MOVEMENT
 Large numbers of
people migrate from
one place to another.
 Throughout history,
millions of people
have moved from
one place to another.
 People continue to
move today as
individuals or as part
of a larger group.
 Have you or your family
ever moved?

17. ESSAY ASSIGNMENT- HOMEWORK
 Use internet research to identify at least
two potential problems that may result
from a continued growth in world
population.
2-3 paragraphs, describe one problem
/paragraph

18. TYPES OF MIGRATION
 Internal migration: moving from place to
place within the same country.
 Urbanization: growth of cities caused by
people moving from farm areas to cities in
search of work.
 International migration: moving from one
country to another.
 Emigrate: to leave the country where you
were born and move to another country.
 Immigrant: a person moving into a country
from another country.

19. REASONS PEOPLE MOVE
 “Push” Factors: convince people to leave
their current home. (for example, a shortage
of jobs.)
 “Pull” Factors: attract people to come to a
new place. (for example, availability of jobs.)
 Refugees: people who are forced to flee to
another country to escape wars, persecution,
or disasters.

20. KNOWLEDGE CHECK #4- WRITE THEN TURN AND
TALK
 What are some reasons a person may leave
a country? (Push factors)
 What are some reasons a person may enter
a country? (Pull factors)

21. IMPACT OF MIGRATION
 Country experiences a decrease in
population (this can ease overcrowding)
 If the skilled workers leave a country, it can
hurt that country’s economy.
 Positive effects on immigrant’s country:
bring new forms of music, art, foods, and
language
 Negative effects on immigrant’s country:
nativists don’t like immigrants leading to
violence and unjust treatment

22. EXIT TICKET
 What is one effect of migration on another
country?

23. KNOWLEDGE CHECK #5
 Why have so many rural citizens moved to
cities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America?

24. USING ALL THE TERMS ON P. 1 AND THE
FOLLOWING
Push factor
Pull factor
Land
immigrant

25. VOCABULARY SORT
 Now that we’ve learned some vocab. Terms,
organize/sort them according to categories.
 You make up the categories, and one term
can be used in more than one category!
 Examples:
 Factors that decrease population
 Factors that increase population
 Migration

26. Main Idea: Culture influences people’s perceptions
about places and regions.
GLOBAL CULTURES

27. COMPLETE THE CHART
Cultur
e

28. WHAT IS CULTURE?
 Culture refers to the
many shared
characteristics that
define a group of
people.
 Think about the clothes you
wear, the music you listen to,
and the foods you eat. These
are part of your culture.

29. CULTURE
 Culture is the way of life of a group of people
who share similar beliefs and customs.
 Eight things make-up a person’s culture:
 Social Groups
 Language
 Religion
 History
 Daily Life
 Arts
 Government
 Economy

30. SOCIAL GROUPS
 We all belong to multiple social groups.
 We all have social status
 Most groups have rules of behavior that
group members learn.
 Ethnic Group: group that shares a language,
history, religion, and some physical traits.
 Examples:
 Old vs. young
 Male vs. female
 Student vs. worker
 Wealthy vs. middle class vs. poor

31. LANGUAGE
 Sharing a language is one of the strongest
unifying forces for a culture.
 There are more than 2,000 languages spoken
in the world.
Dialect: a local form of a language that may have
a distinct vocabulary and pronunciation.

32. RELIGION
 In many cultures, religious beliefs and
practices help people answer basic
questions about life’s meaning.
 More than 2/3’s of the world’s population
follow one of the five major religions.
 The major religions are Buddhism,
Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, & Judaism.

33. HISTORY
 History shapes how a culture views itself and
the world.
 Stories about the challenges and successes
of a culture support certain values and help
people develop cultural pride.
 Cultural holidays enable people to celebrate
their heritage.

34. DAILY LIFE
 Food, clothing, and shelter are
basic human needs.
 Do you use chopsticks or a fork?
 Do you live in an apartment or a
house?
 Do you wear sandals or sneakers?

35. ARTS
 Through music, painting,
sculpture, dance, and literature,
people express what they think is
beautiful and meaningful.
 Arts can also tell stories about
important figures and events in a
culture.

36. GOVERNMENT
 Governments fulfill the need to prevent
conflict so people can live together.
 Democracy: power is held by the
people.
 Dictatorship: The leader rules by force,
individual freedoms are limited.
 Monarchy: government is led by a king
or queen who inherits power by being
born into the ruling family.

37. ECONOMY
 People in every culture must earn a
living.
 An economy’s success can be
seen in people’s quality of life—
how well they eat and live and what
kind of health care they receive.

38. CULTURAL CHANGE
 Cultures are
constantly changing
and influencing each
other.
 New inventions &
technology can
change a culture.
 Change in one
culture can influence
other cultures.
 What influences from other
cultures can you see in your
community?

39. ACCULTURATION
 The blending and cultural change that
results in the meeting of two or more
cultures.

40. KNOWLEDGE CHECK #6
 Describe three elements that help unify a
culture.
 How can different cultures better live together
in the same place? (assimilation)
 What may be some challenges in
Acculturation?

41. INVENTIONS & TECHNOLGY
 Humans were once hunter-gatherers.
 The Agricultural Revolution led to
civilizations.
 Civilizations led to cities, governments,
religions, and writing systems.
 1700s: the Industrial Revolution changes
society.
 Computers, mass communication, & medical
technology have greatly influenced recent
cultures.

42. CULTURAL DIFFUSION
 Cultures influence each other.
 This can happen through trade, migrations,
conquest, and mass communication.
 Trade is still the most common way to spread
culture.
 Television, movies, and the Internet are
major influencers today.
Cultural Diffusion: The process of spreading ideas
from one culture to another.

43. KNOWLEDGE CHECK
 Describe one way that cultural diffusion takes
place.

44. REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CULTURES
 As countries and
regions share
cultural traits, a
global culture is
emerging.
 A culture region is an
area that includes
different countries
that share similar
cultural traits.
 What do you have in common
with a student who lives
across town or across the

45. CULTURE REGIONS
 The countries in each culture region
generally have similar social groups,
governments, economic systems, religions,
languages, ethnic groups, and histories.
 There are nine major culture regions in the
world: U.S & Canada; Latin America;
Europe; Russia; North Africa, Southwest
Asia & Central Asia; Africa south of the
Sahara; South Asia; East Asia & Southeast
Asia; Australia, Oceania & Antarctica.

46. GLOBAL CULTURE
 Recent advances in communications &
technology have helped break down barriers
between culture regions.
 Individual economies now rely greatly upon
each other for resources & markets.
 As global culture grows, local cultures
become less important.
Globalization: the development of a worldwide
culture with an interdependent economy.

47. KNOWLEDGE CHECK #7
 What are culture regions?
 How and why do cultures change?

48. Main Idea: Patterns of economic activities result in
global interdependence.
RESOURCES, TECHNOLOGY, AND WORLD TRADE

49. NATURAL RESOURCES
 Earth’s resources are
not evenly
distributed, nor do
they all exist in
endless supply.
 What natural resources can
you name?

50. NATURAL RESOURCES
 Natural Resources: materials from
the Earth that people use to meet
their needs.
 Such resources provide food,
shelter, goods, & energy.
 Examples include soil, trees, wind,
& oil.

51. RENEWABLE RESOURCES
 Renewable Resources: natural resources
that cannot be used up or that can be
replaced.
 Examples include the sun, wind, water,
rivers, and forests.

52. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
 Nonrenewable Resources: natural resources
that are finite, or limited in supply.
 Examples include iron ore, gold, oil, and
coal.

53. KNOWLEDGE CHECK
 Which energy resources are renewable?
Nonrenewable?

54. ECONOMIES & TRADE
 An economy is the
way people use and
manage resources.
 What kinds of goods and
services do the people in your
community produce?

55. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
 Economic System: the method used to
answer what goods and services to produce,
how to produce them, and who will receive
them.
 Traditional Economy = individuals decide
what to produce and how to produce it.
Technology usually limited.
 Command Economy = government makes
decisions about resources.
 Market Economy = supply and demand;
businesses & consumers force decisions.

56. DEVELOPED & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
 Developed Country: has a mix of agriculture,
a great deal of manufacturing, and service
industries; rely on technology; workers have
high incomes.
 Developing Country: A country with little
industry that relies heavily on agriculture;
workers have low incomes.
 Newly Industrialized Countries: there were
once developing countries that are now
working towards being a developed country.

57. WORLD TRADE
 Trade is important because most countries
have more than what they need of one
resource, but not enough of another.
 Export: sell to other countries resources
that are in abundance.
 Import: buy from other countries resources
a country does not have.
 Both developed & developing countries rely
on trade.

58. BARRIERS TO TRADE
 Tariffs: taxes to increase the price of
imported goods—encourage purchase of
products made within your country.
 Quota: a limit on how many items of a
particular product can be imported from a
certain nation.

59. FREE TRADE
 Recently, many countries have eliminated
trade barriers.
 Free Trade: the removal of trade limits so
that goods flow freely among countries.

60. INTERDEPENDENCE & TECHNOLOGY
 Free trade is leading to increased
globalization.
 More Interdependence: countries rely on
each other for ideas, goods, services, and
markets.
 Interdependence has occurred due to
increased technologies—trains, airplanes,
telephones, & the Internet.

61. KNOWLEDGE CHECK
 Explain why trade barriers exist, and
describe two types of trade barriers.