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Rapid Mobile Phone-based Surveys (RAMP)
for Evidence-based Emergency Response
ALNAP 28th Annual Meeting,
5-7 March 2013, Washington, D.C.
Scott Chaplowe, Senior M&E Officer, IFRC
Rose Donna, Director, Datadyne.org
Jason Peat, Senior Officer Public Health, IFRC
Amanda Mcclelland, Emergency Health Officer, IFRC
Joel Selanikio, CEO DataDyne Group
Mac Otten
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Presentation Overview
Application of mobile technology (RAMP) to address specific
challenges in data collection during emergency operations.
1) Introduce RAMP
2) How RAMP works
3) Emergency contexts
4) Key considerations
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What is RAMP?
RAMP (Rapid Mobile Phone-based Surveys) is a survey
methodology utilizing mobile phones to help RCRC National
Societies, governments, NGOs and other partners efficiently
conduct quality surveys that:
Reduced time
Reduced cost
Improved quality assurance
Limited external technical assistance
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RAMP Background (www.ifrc.org/ramp)
1. Developed by IFRC in partnership with WHO, CDC, and
other partners.
2. Initial focus = malaria program household surveys
Four pilots in Africa 2011-2012 (Kenya, Namibia and Nigeria),
3. Refine and developed trio of user guides:
1. Designing a RAMP survey
2. Implementing a RAMP survey
3. Training a RAMP survey team
4. Scale-up to other program areas – increase survey
functionality – use of SMS
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RAMP takes advantage of 2 technologies
1. Mobile phone to collect data
(Low-cost, standard mobile phones, as well as Android,
Symbian, Blackberry, SMS, and iPhone)
2. Web-based software
application
Enables mobile phones
to become a data
collection platform
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How does RAMP work?
5. Data Reports
2. Data collection
on phone
1. Develop survey on
website
3. Transmit
data
4. Collate/analyze
data on computer
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Connectivity
Internet
Required
• Create/edit surveys
• View/export data
• Create reports
Internet
Not Required
• Collect data
Can be cellular, wifi, cable
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Digital Data Collection – Changing the way we work
Paper questionnaires filled out in
the field
Data entered into a computer at
a central location
Data analysis and reporting often
takes months to complete
Local capacity is often under-
utilized and there is a
dependence on external experts
Mobile and internet-based
technologies used to reduce time
for data collection to reporting
Enables rapid reporting of results,
decision making, and action
Empowers local ownership of
evaluation and research
The “old” The “new”
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Vaccination coverage
Surveillance
Supply chain management
Household surveys
Clinic surveys
Supervisory checklists
Anything that can be put on a form
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RAMP Potential in Emergencies?
Beginning to explore the potential of RAMP in emergency context:
Site assessment – needs, damage
Community assessment – needs, damage
Beneficiary registration
Distribution of emergency (and non-emergency) items
Baseline/endline data collection (monitoring and impact study)
Repeated surveys to track time trends for key indicators
Beneficiary communication – (broadcast Terra)
Beneficiary/community monitoring
Disaster preparedness – EWS monitoring
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SMS Disease Surveillance Systems
Piloting in community based disease surveillance
Sierra Leone – 400 community volunteers distributing ORS.
Referred only 5% of cases of AWD they saw in community = only
5% of cases were potentially recorded in normal MoH system.
RAMP allows real time communication and data gathering
suitable for this context.
Problems with integration and harmonization of data between
community and MoH.
But SMS proved real time information to assist program
prioritization in outbreak scenarios.
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SMS Considerations
Simplified questions rather than full surveys
Coding syntax with 2 to 7 key variables as best practice
Quantity of messages handled depend on networks, and whether
staggered or simultaneous reporting.
Paper form can be used to facilitate data entry to SMS
Quality assurance auto feedback
Reminder SMS to field person to report data at a set time
Thank you SMS to confirm receipt of data.
Ability to send airtime to the mobile account if someone reports from
a common central account.
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Benefits – decision making
Data rapidly available for
decision-making
Maintain data control
Scalable for studies of varying
sizes
Shared, electronic database to compare across contexts and with
partners to build a body of evidence related to impact
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Benefits - management
Cost effective
Do not have to reinvent the wheel –
Adaptable RAMP toolkit
Consultants not required
No software licensing or subscriptions
Multiple languages (depending on
program)
Export data for custom analysis using
any statistical analysis package
Additional SMART phone features
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Benefits - management
Online library of survey
forms
Collect and aggregate data
form multiple areas and
partners
Ease of creating and
changing analyses/reports
Efficient reporting and
dissemination
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Benefits - Fieldworkers
• Build local capacity for M&E
• Standard and familiar mobile
phones
• No more paper to collect,
transport or return
• Automated data submission
(assuming network)
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Benefits - Quality Assurance
Remote QA:
Enables monitoring of survey team work rate, productivity and quality
Monitor times/location of data collection (time/date data stamps)
Provide feedback remotely
Efficient data management reduces “paper” mistakes
Easier to back-up forms/data
Reduced error of repetitive data entry and re-entry
Easier to change and update forms
Immediate QA:
Real-time error analysis and field
correction
Utilize skip patterns, custom logic and
validation
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Reality Check!
Not suitable for very long questionnaires
No “magic bullet” –work is still in the details!
Things to improve – i.e. offline form generation
Technology is a moving target – (hardware and software)
Challenges resource development/training
(But also means improvements and reduced costs)
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Questions to Consider
What applications do you see for mobile data collection
in the humanitarian sector?
What has worked well?
What hasn’t worked well?
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www.ifrc.org/ramp
Package of field-friendly User Guides:
1. Volume 1: Designing a RAMP survey: technical considerations
2. Volume 2: Implementing a RAMP survey: practical field guide
3. Volume 3: Training a RAMP survey team: guide for trainers
Living archive of additional resources:
Example database and STATA files for data cleaning and analysis of a
sample malaria survey
Latest up-to-date malaria questionnaires and STATA files for data
cleaning and analysis
Country reports and results bulletins, information, useful links
Hinweis der Redaktion
To decrease dramatically the time and effort needed to complete data collection
Enables timely reporting
Results are rapidly available for decision-making: emergency & development programming.
Epi Info is public domain statistical software for epidemiology developed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia (USA).
The mobile phone software used for RAMP is EpiSurveyor, created by the not-for-profit organization Datadyne.
MIS= Malaria Indicator Survey
RBM= Roll Back Malaria
The Red Cross National Societies at headquarters and branch levels played a leading role in the surveys, and Red Cross volunteers were recruited and trained to collect the data in the field survey. There are many public health problems in Africa that could have been chosen to pilot the surveys. However, malaria was selected to test the RAMP tools.
The pilot surveys in Africa established conclusively that National Societies can be a core partner in leading a RAMP survey, with community-based volunteers able to collect data using mobile phones, and the results being available within days of the last interviews in the survey. Lessons learnt from the pilot surveys have been used to refine the RAMP survey methodology and tools, and to provide sample materials in the RAMP toolkit.
Smart phones increasingly as cheaper
RAMP deceases the time between data collection and the production of the survey results
The results can be available within days of the last interviews
Traditionally, the paper questionnaires used in the field are sent to a central location where the data are entered into a computer.
Quality assurance: SMS program can automatically feedback on mistakes, i.e. type “I” instead of “1” or “O” instead of “0” automatically generates a correction request to sender.
You cant do any of the three last points with RAMP yet !!
Trees!
Reduced time = more timely decision making and action.
Real-time dataset exported for rapid analysis and reporting purposes
More timely with changes/adjustments to survey tool
Reduced monetary & environmental costs
Paper usage, data entry, transportation and associated costs (i.e. change a form)
Additional SMART phone features
i.e. GPS, pictures, video
Mobile phones are widely-available and understood technology, (jumps digital divides in developing countries).
Paper and data entry
Not suitable for very long questionnaires with a large quantity of skip patterns
No “magic bullet” – the work is still in the details
Survey design, enumerator training, data collection and analysis, and effective reporting and dissemination.
Things to improve – i.e. offline form generation (i.e. on long airline flights)