John Adams

1. John
Adams
3.5.09

2. Election of 1796
• Democratic Republicans :
– Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
• Federalists:
– John Adams and Thomas Pinckney
• BIG ISSUES:
– Jay’s Treaty
– French Revolution
*****According to the constitution, the person with the
most electoral votes becomes President, the next highest
total becomes Vice President.*****

4. Francev Britain
• At war AGAIN!!

5. Washington:
• HAMILTON
– Support Britain
– 75% of income
• JEFFERSON
– Support France
– Gave aid to US during
Revolution
• Declare Neutrality Act
– US will support neither side

6. • British captured hundreds of American neutral ships and
– supporting Indian tribes fighting the U.S. in Ohio
– Congress voted an embargo for two months.
– Hamilton and the Federalists favored Britain over France
and sought to normalize relations.
– Hamilton designed the plan and Washington sent Chief
Justice Jay to London to negotiate a comprehensive treaty.
• Britain was still occupying a number of forts
• American merchants wanted compensation for 250
ships confiscated
• Southerners wanted compensation for the slaves that
British took
• The boundary with Canada was too vague and needed
clarification

7. Jay’s Treaty
• The British agreed to vacate western forts
• British will compensate American ship owners
• The US guaranteed the payment of war debts
• Jay, dropped the issue of compensation for
slaves, which angered Southerners

8. • Warned “steer clear of permanent
alliances” with other nation.
Washington decided not to run for
third term
Farewell Address:

9. The Election of 1796

10. Candidate Political
Party
Electoral
Votes
John Adams Federalist 79
Thomas
Pinckney
Federalist 51
Oliver
Ellsworth
Federalist 11
Thomas
Jefferson
Democratic-
Republican
68
Aaron Burr Democratic-
Republican
30
Samuel Adams Democratic-
Republican
15
So who’s President? Vice-President?

11. Why is this a problem?
Maybe I
should just
run again?

12. • John Adams
– 2nd
President
Federalists

13. Thomas Jefferson
Vice President
Democratic- Republican
Two opposing party on the Executive Branch

14. • France objects to Jay’s Treaty
– Violation to the American-French alliance
– “That favor’s the British! You said you were NEUTRAL!”
–The French
• What does France do?
– Start seizing American Ships! (just like the British had)
• President John Adams wants to stay Neutral!
– Sends representatives to France to discuss the rights of
neutral nations.

15. X Y Z
If you want to
meet with
Talleyrand, give
him $250,000.
Then Lend France
10 Million
Not a
sixpence!
XYZ Affair-
France ambassador
wanted bribe

16. • When American’s find out they are outraged
•“Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!”
– Tribute = Bribe
• American People want war!
• Adams does not ask congress for war
– But does build Frigates
– Frigates = fast sailing ships with many guns
• US led an undeclared naval warfare

17. Alien and Sedition Acts
Anti-French feeling increased: many believed that French
agents were everywhere; new immigrants were siding on
different nations
1. Alien Act
» President can force any alien (or foreigner), thought
to be suspicious to leave
» Citizenship lengthen from 5 to 14 years
2. 4. Sedition Act
» Citizens can be fined or jailed if they criticize the
government
Many immigrants were active in the Democratic-
Republican Party

18. James Callender
“Every person holding an
office must either quit it, or
think and vote exactly with
Mr. Adams”

19. 9 months
and a $250
fine

20. Matthew Lyon
“his unbound thirst for
ridiculous pomp, foolish
adulation, and selfish
avarice.”

21. $100 Fine

22. Virginia and Kentucky Resolution
Madison Jefferson

23. • Misuse of power of the federal government
• Nullification
– State had the right to nullify or void act of Congress deemed
unconstitutional
– Acts were violation of First Amendment
Theory of Nullification

24. •Chapter 6 Section 3

25. Quiz 13
1. Name the event where France asked for a bribe from US
2. Who was the 2nd
President of US?
3. What does frigates mean?
4. To void an act of Congress unconstitutional is called
5. Who was the 2nd
Vice President
6. Name the two individual involve in the Kentucky and
Virginia Resolution.
7. Policy that lengthen citizenship?
8. Policy that gives fine to criticism against government
9. What do you call Washington’s goodbye speech?
10.Washington warns the nation to steer clear of what?

26. Quiz 13 Period 3
1. The negotiation between Britain and US was called
2. Who was the 2nd
President of US
3. To void an act of Congress deemed unconstitutional
4. US policy of choosing neither side
5. Where does 75% of US income comes from
6. Term for fast sailing ships with many guns
7. Negotiation between France and US
8. Policy that lengthen citizenship
9. Policy that gives fine to those who criticize against
government
10. What do you call Washington’s goodbye speech

27. Quiz 12 Period 2
1. Who was the 2nd
Vice President
2. What party did the 2nd
President support
3. Policy that jailed/fined citizens that criticize the
government
4. The negotiation between Britain and US
5. The president hello speech
6. Term for supporting neither side
7. The negotiation between France and US
8. Policy that lengthen citizenship
9. Who was the 2nd
president
10. To void an Act of Congress that is unconstitutional

28. The Alien & Sedition Acts
• Adams presidency very
unpopular
– Press is very critical of the
government
• Adams & Congress pass the
Alien & Sedition Acts.
– Someone from another
country
– Activity designed to over
throw the government
• Adams arrests thousands of
journalists and deports
hundreds more for criticizing
his government

29. States’ Rights
• Adams’ unpopularity
leaves an opportunity for
the Republicans
• Under Jefferson’s
guidance Virginia &
Kentucky Resolution is
passed.
• Claims states can nullify
any federal law
– Deprive of legal force

30. Chapter 6 Section
3

31. The Election of 1800
Jefferson
Adams
Presidential
Candidate
Burr
Pinckney
Vice- Presidential
Candidate
RepublicansFederalist
73 votes 73 votes
65 votes 64 votes

33. A TIE!
Who decides?
During a DEADLOCK ELECTION (tie or no
majority vote) the House of Representative
decides
35 ballots were cast – still resulting in a tie
Hamilton petitioned that Jefferson represented the lesser of
two evil and on vote 36, Jefferson was chosen as President
and Burr became Vice-President

35. • 3rd
President
• Thomas Jefferson
• Democratic- Republican
• Secretary of State
– James Madison

36. First Inaugural Address-
• Essential Principles of Government
– “equal and exact justice to all men”
– “peace, commerce, and honest friendship
with all nations”
– “the support of state governments”
– compliance with the decisions of the majority
– well disciplined militia”
– honest payment of debts
– maintaining a sound economy
– freedom of the press

37. Why did election lead to the Twelfth
Amendment?
• Due to the tie between Jefferson and Burr
• It showed there was a need to have separate
ballot between President and Vice President
• 12th
Amendment
– stipulates that electors make a distinct choice
between their selections for President and Vice
President.

38. As President:
Changes He Made
• Reduce the size of
military
• Reduce the number of
government employees
• Reduce government
expenses
• Repeal Alien and
Sedition Acts
Things He kept the Same
• Kept the National Bank
• Did not Fire Federalists
• Placed more power into
the Presidency
Became known as “ Revolution of 1800

40. Adams (on his last day, last hour,
midnight) appointed 16 Federalist
judges
• to secure control in judiciary
• “midnight appointments/judges”
– appointed John Marshall (F)- Chief
Justice
• some of the documents were signed but not delivered
• Jefferson order Madison not to deliver the letters of
appointment/ arguing it would be invalid
Conflict with Judicial Branch

41. Marbury v. Madison 1803
• Landmark case
• Supreme Court rule Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
• Supreme Court power to review all laws passed to
determine its constitutionality before its approve
– judiciary review-Supreme Court’s power to declare
an act constitutional or not
» Supreme Court voided midnight judges
– First time Supreme Court showed its power to decide how the words and
sentence should be interpreted- strengthened the power of supreme court
– the idea that courts may oversee and nullify the actions of another branch of
government). The decision helped define the “checks and balances" of the
American form of government.

42. Jefferson reelected in 1804
• replaced Aaron Burr with
George Clinton
• small group of Fed- (angered
from defeat) plan to unite
New England w/ NY and
secede ( withdraw) from
union
• approach Burr for support
(persuaded to run for
governor-lost)
• Hamilton exposed Burr (unfit
for office)
• Burr challenged Hamilton to
a duel (illegal)
• Burr shot and killed
Hamilton

43. • Burr wanted for murder charges
(he escape to the west involved
himself in conspiracy
– Plotted w/ Wilkinson (commander
in Louisiana Territory)- to carve
own country out of Spanish
territory
– Burr- tried to get money from
British for breaking from US
($500,000)
– After a year of plotting- Wilkinson
suddenly betray Burr and informed
Jefferson w/ treason- brought to
trial
– Marshall- not enough evidence to
convict Burr- was freed (needed 2
witness)

45. Louisiana Territory
• extended to Mississippi river to Rocky
Mountain
– largely unexplored
– France gave to Spain- treaty (ending French and
Indian War); Napoleon secretly arranged transfer
back to France (owner)
» US worry- Napoleon might use as base
• French at war w/Britain- might close New Orleans to
US shipping
• main trade route-Mississippi River- New
Orleans very important port to those who
control it
– Jefferson sent James Monroe to help Livingston
purchase New Orleans (for $2 million)

47. – Constitution did not specify how country could acquire
territory or who had authority to do it
– Jefferson strict construction- became loose
• Adding amendment takes long (Napoleon might change
mind)
• Base sale of territory as part of treaties w/ foreign
nation
– Under the “elastic clause” (necessary and
proper)
– Federalist opposed- waste of money- add to national debt
• Federalist reversed position to strict construction
– (Constitution did not specify power given to
President to buy land)
– After brief debate- Senate approved treaty anyway

49. Louisiana Purchase
• April 30, 1803
– Robert Livingston & James
Monroe signed the Louisiana
Purchase Treaty in Paris
– The United States paid $15
million for the land, roughly 4
cents per acre
– The purchase added 828,00
square miles of land west of
the Mississippi to the United
States
– July 4 the Louisiana Purchase
is publicly announced
Original treaty can be found at:
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_origin
als_iv/sections/louisiana_purchase_treaty.html
Doubled the size of
United States

50. Lewis and Clark Expedition
• January 18, 1803
– Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of the
Mississippi
– His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific
• May 1804
– Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on the expedition
Map of Lewis and Clark’s Route
Original map can be found at:
http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/archive/maptrack_b.html

53. • Aided by 16 year old Native
– Sacajawea
– knowledge of language
and geography of the
region was of great
value
– Key Interpreter and
guide

54. Chapter 6 Section 3
• Questions and Answer # 1-6

56. Period 4 Quiz 13
1. Who led the expedition
2. What doubled the size of the US
3. What was the 1st
landmark case
4. Who killed Hamilton
5. What is a deadlock election
6. Who was the 3rd
President
7. What is the president hello speech called
8. Who did Jefferson replaced Burr with
9. Who was the chief of Justice during 1800
10. Who was the native girl who became the guide and
interpreter for the expedition

57. Quiz 10 Period 1/ Quiz 13 period 2
1. Who was the third president?
2. Name the two men sent to an expedition
3. What is the president hello speech called?
4. Name the 16 year old native girl who became the
interpreter for the expedition
5. When was the first election that there was a tie?
6. Power of judicial branch is called
7. Name one of the change that Jefferson did when he was
a president?
8. Name one the things that Jefferson kept?
9. Added to the constitution that separated ballots of the
vice & president?
10. The first landmark case was called

58. Quiz 14 Period 3
1. Who replaced Burr’s position
2. Name 2 things that Jefferson change
3. What is the President’s hello speech called
4. Who were the men who led the expedition to Louisiana
5. Term for when there’s a tie or no majority during a
presidential election
6. Name the 16 year old Native girl who became the
interpreter and guide during the expedition
7. Name 2 things that Jefferson kept
8. How much did US pay for Louisiana purchase
9. Who shot and killed Hamilton
10. What was the first landmark case

59. ““as real a revolution in theas real a revolution in the
principles of our government asprinciples of our government as
that of 1776 was in its form.”that of 1776 was in its form.”
Do you think that Jefferson
was correct in calling the
election of 1800 a revolution?