The lecture for undergraduate students

1. By:
Seragaldin M. Abdulqader
Clinical pharmacology for nurses
University of Raparin/school of nursing
The lecture for undergraduate students:
2015 -201618 December 2015 1

2. Introduction
Commonly bone marrow
aspiration performed by
a surgeon that is the medical
removal of tissue from a living
subject to determine the
presence or extent of a disease.
The tissue is generally examined
under a microscope by
a pathologist.
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3. Indications
 Diagnostic:
• Leukemia
• Myelofibrosis
• Aplastic Anemia
• Megaloblastic Anemia
• Infections (e.g.: Meningitis)
• Storage disorders (e.g.: Gaucher’s disease)
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4. Indications
 Therapeutic:
 Analgesia
 Anesthesia
 Anti-biotics
 Anti-neoplastics
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5. Contraindications
 Skin infection
 Bone disorders
(e.g.: Osteomyelitis)
 Haemorrhagic disorders
(e.g.: Hemophilia)
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6. Intra-osseous injection (IO)
A process of injecting directly
into the marrow of a bone to
provide a non-collapsible entry
point into the systemic venous
system.
This technique is used to
provide fluids and medication
when intravenous access is not
available.
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7. Indications
 Collapse
 Burns
 Obesity
 Edema
 Seizures
 Children aged 6 years or younger
 After failed attempting at IV access
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8. Contraindications
 Osteoporosis
 Vascular injury
 Burn at entry site
 Infection at entry site
 Fracture of the extremity
 Previous attempt at the same site
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