This document provides a summary of the history of cinema from its origins in the late 19th century to recent developments. It describes early cinema innovations like the Kinetoscope and growth of the film industry. It discusses additions like sound, color and special effects. The rise and decline of the film industry with the advent of television is also summarized. The document concludes with notes on modern digital filmmaking and the recent 3D revival. It was prepared by a group of Turkish students for their e-magazine project.

1. TURKISH STUDENTS
PREPARED THEIR PARTS
E- MAGAZINE BY TURKISH STUDENTS

2. OUR WORK PLAN

3. HISTORY OF CINEMA:
 Learn about the history and development of
cinema, from the Kinetoscope in 1891 to today’s 3D
revival.

4. EARLY CINEMA
 No one person invented cinema. However, in 1891
the Edison Company in the USA successfully
demonstrated a prototype of the Kinetoscope,
which enabled one person at a time to view moving
pictures. At first, films were very short, sometimes
only a few minutes or less. They were shown at
fairgrounds and music halls or anywhere a screen
could be set up and a room darkened. Subjects
included local scenes and activities, views of
foreign lands, short comedies and events
considered newsworthy.

5. THE RISE OF THE FILM INDUSTRY
 By 1914, several national film industries were
established. Europe, Russia and Scandinavia were
as important as America. Films became longer, and
storytelling, or narrative, became the dominant
form.
 As more people paid to see movies, the industry
which grew around them was prepared to invest
more money in their production, distribution and
exhibition, so large studios were established and
special cinemas built.

6. ADDING COLOUR
 Colour was first added to black-and-white movies
through tinting, toning and stencilling. By 1906, the
principles of colour separation were used to
produce so-called ‘natural colour’ moving images
with the British Kinemacolor process, first
presented to the public in 1909.

7. ADDING SOUND
 The first attempts to add synchronised sound to
projected pictures used phonographic cylinders or
discs.
 The first feature-length movie incorporating
synchronised dialogue, The Jazz Singer (USA,
1927), used the Warner Brothers’ Vitaphone
system, which employed a separate record disc
with each reel of film for the sound.

8. CINEMA’S GOLDEN AGE
 By the early 1930s, nearly all feature-length movies
were presented with synchronised sound and, by
the mid-1930s, some were in full colour too. The
advent of sound secured the dominant role of the
American industry and gave rise to the ‘Golden Age
of Hollywood’.
 During the 1930s and 1940s, cinema was the
principal form of popular entertainment, with people
often attending cinemas twice weekly. In Britain the
highest attendances occurred in 1946, with over 31
million visits to the cinema each week.

9. COMPETING WITH TELEVISION
 The introduction of television in America prompted
a number of technical experiments designed to
maintain public interest in cinema.
 In 1952, the Cinerama process, using three
projectors and a wide, deeply curved screen
together with multi-track surround sound, was
premiered. It gave audiences a sense of greater
involvement and proved extremely popular.
However, it was technically cumbersome, and
widescreen cinema did not begin to be extensively
used until the introduction of CinemaScope in 1953
and Todd-AO in 1955, both of which used single
projectors.

10. CINEMA MAKES A DRAWBACK
 While cinemas had some success in fighting the
competition of television, they never regained the
position and influence they once held, and over the
next 30 years audiences dwindled. By 1984 cinema
attendances in Britain had sunk to one million a
week.

11. WHAT’S NEXT?
 In the past 20 years, film production has been profoundly
altered by the impact of rapidly improving digital technology.
Though productions may still be shot on film (and even this is
becoming less commonplace) most subsequent processes,
such as editing and special effects, are undertaken on
computers before the final images are transferred back to film.
The need for this final transfer is diminishing as more cinemas
invest in digital projection which is capable of producing
screen images that rival the sharpness, detail and brightness
of traditional film projection.

12.  In the past few years there has been a revival of
interest in 3D features, both animated and live
action, sparked by the availability of digital
technology. Whether this will be more than a short-
term phenomenon (as previous attempts at 3D in
the 1950s and 1980s had been) remains to be
seen.
 PREPARED BY YAĞMUR,NILUFER AND SUDE

13. REAL NAMES OF CELEBRITIES:
 1. Katy Perry
Real Name: Katy Hudson
The singer changed her name to avoid confusion with
that other Hudson she shares a name with: Kate
Hudson.
 2. Demi Moore
Real Name: Demetria Guynes
 3. Meg Ryan
Real Name: Margaret Mary Emily Anne Hyra
Is it just me or is her real name close to being a Fiona
Apple album title?

14.  4. Woody Allen
Real Name: Allen Konigsberg
 5.Alan Alda
Real Name: Alphonso d’Abruzzo
Alda’s last name was concocted by putting together
the first two letters of his first and last name. AL + DA
= Alda.
 6.Hulk Hogan
Real Name: Terry Jean Bollette
If I wanted to scare someone, I’d tell them my name
was Hulk, too.

15.  7.Kirk Douglas
Real Name: Issur Danielovitch Demsky
 8. Audrey Hepburn
Real Name: Edda Kathleen van Heemstra Hepburn-
Ruston
 9.Marilyn Monroe
Real Name: Norma Jean Mortensen
 10.Diane Keaton
Real name: Diane Hall
In real life, she shares a last name with her most
famous character, Annie Hall.
PREPARED BY DAMLA,HATICE AND MELIKE

16. MOST INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT
FILMS:
 That "candy" flower cup that Gene Wilder bit
into in Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory was
actually made of wax.

17.  In The Princess Diaries, Mia wasn't supposed to trip
and fall on the bleachers. That was just a clumsy
moment by Anne Hathaway, but director Garry
Marshall liked it and kept it in the film.

18.  Due to a miscommunication on set in The Hateful
Eight, Kurt Russell accidentally smashed an
antique guitar from 1870 instead of a prop.

19.  Richard Gere improvised the scene in Pretty
Woman when he snapped the necklace case on
Julia Roberts's fingers, so her reaction was totally
natural.

20.  Sylvester Stallone wanted to make sure the boxing
scenes looked real in Rocky IV, so he instructed
Dolph Lundgren to actually hit him. A punch to the
chest left Stallone in intensive care for eight days.

21.  Michelle Pfeiffer was literally vacuum-sealed into
her Catwoman costume for Batman Returns, which
made it very difficult to move and breathe.

22.  The movie Titanic cost more money to film than the
actual ship cost to build.

23.  Gal Gadot was actually five months pregnant while
filming the reshoots for Wonder Woman.

24.  The dog who played Toto in The Wizard of Oz
received a higher salary than most of the people
who played munchkins.

25.  In Alien, the actors were not told that the
xenomorph was going to explode from Kane's
chest, so the shocked reactions from everyone
were real, even causing Veronica Cartwright to
pass out.
 PREPARED BY ŞEYMA,GULCE AND AYSU

26. PUZZLES
PREPARED BY UĞUE AND EMIRHAN

28. ADVERTISEMENT

29.  ADVERTISEMENT WAS PREPARED BY ALL
TURKISH TEAM STUDENTS AND ALSO OUR
TEACHER’S DAUGHTER CEYDA. SCAN THE QR
CODE AND WATCH OUR FUNNY COMMERCIAL